Gebelikte Bedenin Dönüşümü ve Bakım Gereksinimleri: Sağlıklı Bir Yolculuk İçin Rehber
Özet
Bu bölümde, gebelik sürecinde anne adaylarının beden dönüşümü, değişen gereksinimler, uyku ve dinlenme alışkanlıkları, ergonomik düzenlemeler, kozmetik ürün kullanımı, çalışma yaşamı ve çevresel koşulların sağlık üzerindeki etkileri ile ilaç, alkol ve sigara tüketiminin riskleri ele alınmıştır. Gebelikte meydana gelen fizyolojik ve psikolojik değişimlerin anne ve fetüs sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiş, bu süreçte sağlık profesyonellerinin gebelere yönelik danışmanlık ve rehberlik hizmetlerinin önemi vurgulanmıştır. Bu bölüm, sağlıklı bir gebelik süreci için ergonomik uyum, güvenli kozmetik ürün seçimi, riskli alışkanlıkların önlenmesi ve çalışma ortamlarının düzenlenmesi gibi kritik konularda multidisipliner bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, sağlık profesyonellerinin anne adaylarına bireyselleştirilmiş destek sağlayarak bakım vermeleri ve gebelerin sağlıklı yaşam alışkanlıklarının desteklenmesinin gerekliliği üzerinde durulmuştur.
This section addresses the topics of maternal body transformation, evolving needs during pregnancy, sleep and rest habits, ergonomic adjustments, cosmetic product use, the health impacts of work-life and environmental conditions, as well as the risks associated with medication, alcohol, and tobacco use during pregnancy. The physiological and psychological changes occurring in pregnancy and their effects on maternal and fetal health are evaluated, emphasizing the importance of counseling and guidance services provided by healthcare professionals to pregnant women. This section offers a multidisciplinary approach to critical issues such as ergonomic adaptation, the selection of safe cosmetic products, the prevention of risky behaviors, and the regulation of work environments to ensure a healthy pregnancy process. Additionally, it highlights the necessity for healthcare professionals to provide individualized support and care, promoting healthy lifestyle habits among pregnant women.
Referanslar
Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Williams Obstetrics. 25th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.
Moore KL, Persaud TVN, Torchia MG. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2019.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 204: Fetal Growth Restriction. Obstet Gynecol; 2019;133(2).
Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, et al. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2020.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). "Physiologic Adaptations to Pregnancy." ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 189.
MedlinePlus. (2021). Pregnancy Trimesters. https://medlineplus.gov/pregnancytrimesters.html. Accessed June 14, 2024.
American Pregnancy Association. (2021). The Three Trimesters of Pregnancy. https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-trimesters/
Gümüşsoy S, Kavlak O. Gebelikte Fizyolojik Değişiklikler. In: Sevil Ü, Ertem G (ed.) Perinatoloji ve Bakım. Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2016.p. 101-126.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(2).
Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2009.
Stagnaro-Green A. Maternal thyroid disease and preterm delivery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 2012;97(1):15-17. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2672.
American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes. Available from: https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/gestational-diabetes. Accessed June 14, 2024.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Nutrition During Pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/nutrition-during-pregnancy (2018). Accessed June 14, 2024.
American College of Nurse-Midwives. Nutrition during pregnancy. [PDF]. Available from: https://www.midwife.org/ACNM/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000733/Nutrition-During-Pregnancy---English.pdf. Accessed June 14, 2024.
Smith JA. Cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Res; 2018;44(5):710-719.
Koruk F. Gebeliğin oluşumu ve fizyolojisi. In: Şentürk Erenel A, Vural G, eds. Hemşireler ve Ebeler İçin Perinatal Bakım. İstanbul Medikal Sağlık ve Yayıncılık; 2020:135-157.
Sangkhae V, Fisher AL, Ganz T, Nemeth E. Iron homeostasis during pregnancy: maternal, placental, and fetal regulatory mechanisms. Annu Rev Nutr; 2023;43:279-300. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-061021-030404.
Ajong AB, Kenfack B, Ali IM, et al. Calcium supplementation in pregnancy: an analysis of potential determinants in an under-resourced setting. PLoS One; 2023;18(10):e0292303. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292303.
Dey M, Dhume P, Sharma SK, et al. Folic acid: the key to a healthy pregnancy - A prospective study on fetomaternal outcome. Tzu Chi Med J; 2023;36(1):98-102. doi:10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_110_23.
Pongpanit K, Dayan N, Janaudis-Ferreira T, Roig M, Spahija J, Bertagnolli M. Exercise effects on maternal vascular health and blood pressure during pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol; 2024. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwae165.
Patel P, Balanchivadze N. Hematologic findings in pregnancy: a guide for the internist. Cureus; 2021;13(5):e15149. doi:10.7759/cureus.15149.
Grieger JA, Clifton VL. A review of the impact of dietary intakes in human pregnancy on infant birthweight. Nutrients; 2014;7(1):153-178. doi:10.3390/nu7010153.
US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA; 2017;317(2):183-189. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19438.
Smith JL. Gastrointestinal adaptations in pregnancy. Clin Colon Rectal Surg; 2018;31(2):101-107.
Jones R, Sharma S. Gastrointestinal physiology and disease during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol; 2020;67:90-101.
WHO. Essential Nutrition Actions: Improving Maternal, Newborn, Infant and Young Child Health and Nutrition. Geneva: WHO; 2013. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/84409/9789241505550_eng.pdf
Peña-Rosas JP, et al. Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2012;(12):CD004736. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub4.
Van den Broek N, et al. Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2011;(1):CD004073.
Rumbold A, et al. Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2011;(1):CD004073.
WHO. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy to prevent pre-eclampsia and its complications. WHO Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia. Geneva: WHO; 2011.WHO. Calcium supplementation in pregnant women. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
WHO. Calcium supplementation in pregnant women. Geneva: WHO; 2013. Accessed June 14, 2024.
Cheung KL, Lafayette RA. Renal physiology of pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis; 2013;20(3):209-214. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2013.01.012.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. How much water should I drink during pregnancy? Accessed June 14, 2024. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/ask-acog/how-much-water-should-i-drink-during-pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Urinary tract infections in pregnant individuals. Clinical Consensus No. 4. Obstet Gynecol; 2023;142:435-445.
Gürlek B, Çolak S, Yılmaz B. Gebelikte cinsel yolla bulaşan hastalıkların yönetimi. Journal of Human Rhythm; 2020;6(2):53-73.
Mayo Clinic. Skin conditions during pregnancy. Published 2022. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/pregnancy-and-skin/faq-20058078
American Academy of Dermatology. Skin changes during pregnancy. Published 2022. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-basics/skin-care-during-pregnancy
American Pregnancy Association. Skin changes during pregnancy. Published 2022. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/is-it-safe/skin-changes-during-pregnancy-1122/
National Health Service. Healthy diet in pregnancy. Published 2021. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/healthy-diet/
Jones K. Relaxin hormone and its effects on joint laxity during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs; 2018;47(2):183-190. doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2017.12.001.
Garcia M, Martinez E. Impact of hormonal changes on muscle weakness and fatigue during pregnancy. Int J Womens Health Reprod Sci; 2021;9(1):75-81. doi:10.15296/ijwhr.2021.13.
Roberts J, Adams K. Exercise prescription guidelines for pregnant women: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health; 2019;16(8):626-634. doi:10.1123/jpah.2018-0227.
Smith L. Importance of nutrition for musculoskeletal health during pregnancy. Nutr Diet; 2020;77(2):185-193. doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12602.
Davis R, Miller S, Thompson L. The role of postural support in reducing musculoskeletal discomfort during pregnancy. J Womens Health Phys Ther; 2022;46(1):28-35. doi:10.1097/JWH.0000000000000225.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee Opinion No. 736: Optimizing postpartum care. Obstet Gynecol; 2018;131(5).
March of Dimes. Skin changes during pregnancy. Published 2022. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/skin-changes-during-pregnancy.aspx
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Weight gain during pregnancy. Published 2013. Accessed June 15, 2024. https://www.acog.org/-/media/project/acog/acogorg/clinical/files/committee-opinion/articles/2013/01/weight-gain-during-pregnancy.pdf
Ugwudike B, Kwok M. Update on gestational diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol; 2023;35(5):453-459. doi:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000901.
Haddad-Tóvolli R, Claret M. Metabolic and feeding adjustments during pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol; 2023;19(10):564-580. doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00871-y.
Mulder JWCM, Kusters DM, Roeters van Lennep JE, Hutten BA. Lipid metabolism during pregnancy: consequences for mother and child. Curr Opin Lipidol; 2024;35(3):133-140. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000927.
Lee KA, Gay CL. Sleep in late pregnancy predicts length of labor and type of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 2004;191(6):2041-2046.
Mindell JA, Jacobson BJ. Sleep disturbances during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs; 2000;29(6):590-597.
Franklin ME, Conner-Kerr T, Hicks J, et al. Effect of pregnancy on lumbar mechanics. Spine J; 1998;23(22):2435-2440.
Barbosa MA, Silva IC, Pereira R, et al. Posture education for pregnant women. Int J Gynecol Obstet;2003;81(1):39-44.
Mendes R, Garcia L, Sousa A. Ergonomic interventions for pregnant workers. J Ergonomics; 2019;72(3):45-51.
Waters TR, Dick RB, Chaffin DB, et al. Recommendations for evaluating and implementing ergonomic interventions for pregnant workers. Hum Factors;2014;56(5):891-901.
Trivedi MK, Kroumpouzos G, Murase JE. A review of the safety of cosmetic procedures during pregnancy and lactation. Int J Womens Dermatol; 2017;3(1):6-10. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.01.005.
Martin B, Zubair N. Cosmetic products in pregnancy: A review of harmful components. Dermatol Rep; 2009;1(1):9-15.
Koren G, Ornoy A. Topical retinoids in pregnancy: What we know. Can Fam Physician;2006;52(7):855-856.
Bagatin E, Freitas TH. Salicylic acid in dermatology. Clin Dermatol;2017;35(4):453-459.
Darbre PD. Paraben exposure and breast cancer risk. J Appl Toxicol; 2006;26(3):191-197.
Swan SH. Environmental phthalate exposure in pregnancy and reproductive outcomes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol; 2008;20(4):232-236.
Kurganova T. Hydroquinone in skin care products during pregnancy. Int J Dermatol; 2011;50(6):681-684.
Naylor MF, Rigel DS, Kopf AW, et al. Sunscreen use and pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol; 2002;47(1):67-71.
Farage MA, Miller KW, Berardesca E, Maibach HI. Safety assessment of personal care products. Food Chem Toxicol; 2010;48(8-9):2135-2142.
Lazarou D, Fotiou S. Allergic contact dermatitis in pregnancy. Contact Dermatitis; 2007;56(2):69-75.
MacDonald LA, Waters TR, Napolitano PG, et al. Job strain and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Public Health; 2005;95(8):1360-1366.
Barbosa MA, et al. Posture education for pregnant workers. Int J Gynecol Obstet; 2003;81(1):39-44.
Chia SE, Ong CN, Tsakok FM. Exposure to organic solvents and pregnancy outcomes. Occup Med; 2006;56(1):1-9.
Brouwers MM, van der Zee S, Kogevinas M, et al. Environmental pesticide exposure and pregnancy outcomes. Environ Res; 2007;104(3):282-289.
Ritz B, Wilhelm M. Air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Curr Opin Pediatr; 2008;20(2):229-234.
Hobel CJ, Dunkel-Schetter C, Roesch SC. Maternal stress as a trigger for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 2008;199(5 Suppl):S22-S28.
Gray RH, Smith ME, Kandakai TL, et al. Psychosocial stress and pregnancy outcomes. Lancet; 2001;357(9264):1223-1227.
Waters TR, Dick RB, Chaffin DB, et al. Ergonomic interventions for pregnant workers. Hum Factors; 2014;56(5):891-901.
Bateman BT, Bansil P, Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pregnancy. BMJ; 2013;346:f1546.
Meador KJ, Reynolds MW, Crean S, et al. Epilepsy medications and birth defects. Neurology; 2018;91(14):e1211-e1219.
Jones KL, Smith DW, Ulleland CN, et al. Fetal alcohol syndrome. Lancet; 1973;302(7836):999-1001.
May PA, Gossage JP, Kalberg WO, et al. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevalence. JAMA; 2018;319(5):474-482.
Kramer MS, Séguin L, Lydon J, et al. Low birth weight and prenatal smoking. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol; 2001;15(6):504-511.
Jauniaux E, Burton GJ. Placental responses to cigarette smoking. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol; 2007;293(4):R1333-R1341.
Referanslar
Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Williams Obstetrics. 25th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.
Moore KL, Persaud TVN, Torchia MG. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2019.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 204: Fetal Growth Restriction. Obstet Gynecol; 2019;133(2).
Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, et al. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2020.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). "Physiologic Adaptations to Pregnancy." ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 189.
MedlinePlus. (2021). Pregnancy Trimesters. https://medlineplus.gov/pregnancytrimesters.html. Accessed June 14, 2024.
American Pregnancy Association. (2021). The Three Trimesters of Pregnancy. https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-trimesters/
Gümüşsoy S, Kavlak O. Gebelikte Fizyolojik Değişiklikler. In: Sevil Ü, Ertem G (ed.) Perinatoloji ve Bakım. Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2016.p. 101-126.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(2).
Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2009.
Stagnaro-Green A. Maternal thyroid disease and preterm delivery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 2012;97(1):15-17. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2672.
American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes. Available from: https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/gestational-diabetes. Accessed June 14, 2024.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Nutrition During Pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/nutrition-during-pregnancy (2018). Accessed June 14, 2024.
American College of Nurse-Midwives. Nutrition during pregnancy. [PDF]. Available from: https://www.midwife.org/ACNM/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000733/Nutrition-During-Pregnancy---English.pdf. Accessed June 14, 2024.
Smith JA. Cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Res; 2018;44(5):710-719.
Koruk F. Gebeliğin oluşumu ve fizyolojisi. In: Şentürk Erenel A, Vural G, eds. Hemşireler ve Ebeler İçin Perinatal Bakım. İstanbul Medikal Sağlık ve Yayıncılık; 2020:135-157.
Sangkhae V, Fisher AL, Ganz T, Nemeth E. Iron homeostasis during pregnancy: maternal, placental, and fetal regulatory mechanisms. Annu Rev Nutr; 2023;43:279-300. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-061021-030404.
Ajong AB, Kenfack B, Ali IM, et al. Calcium supplementation in pregnancy: an analysis of potential determinants in an under-resourced setting. PLoS One; 2023;18(10):e0292303. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292303.
Dey M, Dhume P, Sharma SK, et al. Folic acid: the key to a healthy pregnancy - A prospective study on fetomaternal outcome. Tzu Chi Med J; 2023;36(1):98-102. doi:10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_110_23.
Pongpanit K, Dayan N, Janaudis-Ferreira T, Roig M, Spahija J, Bertagnolli M. Exercise effects on maternal vascular health and blood pressure during pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol; 2024. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwae165.
Patel P, Balanchivadze N. Hematologic findings in pregnancy: a guide for the internist. Cureus; 2021;13(5):e15149. doi:10.7759/cureus.15149.
Grieger JA, Clifton VL. A review of the impact of dietary intakes in human pregnancy on infant birthweight. Nutrients; 2014;7(1):153-178. doi:10.3390/nu7010153.
US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA; 2017;317(2):183-189. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19438.
Smith JL. Gastrointestinal adaptations in pregnancy. Clin Colon Rectal Surg; 2018;31(2):101-107.
Jones R, Sharma S. Gastrointestinal physiology and disease during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol; 2020;67:90-101.
WHO. Essential Nutrition Actions: Improving Maternal, Newborn, Infant and Young Child Health and Nutrition. Geneva: WHO; 2013. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/84409/9789241505550_eng.pdf
Peña-Rosas JP, et al. Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2012;(12):CD004736. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub4.
Van den Broek N, et al. Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2011;(1):CD004073.
Rumbold A, et al. Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2011;(1):CD004073.
WHO. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy to prevent pre-eclampsia and its complications. WHO Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia. Geneva: WHO; 2011.WHO. Calcium supplementation in pregnant women. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
WHO. Calcium supplementation in pregnant women. Geneva: WHO; 2013. Accessed June 14, 2024.
Cheung KL, Lafayette RA. Renal physiology of pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis; 2013;20(3):209-214. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2013.01.012.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. How much water should I drink during pregnancy? Accessed June 14, 2024. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/ask-acog/how-much-water-should-i-drink-during-pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Urinary tract infections in pregnant individuals. Clinical Consensus No. 4. Obstet Gynecol; 2023;142:435-445.
Gürlek B, Çolak S, Yılmaz B. Gebelikte cinsel yolla bulaşan hastalıkların yönetimi. Journal of Human Rhythm; 2020;6(2):53-73.
Mayo Clinic. Skin conditions during pregnancy. Published 2022. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/pregnancy-and-skin/faq-20058078
American Academy of Dermatology. Skin changes during pregnancy. Published 2022. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-basics/skin-care-during-pregnancy
American Pregnancy Association. Skin changes during pregnancy. Published 2022. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/is-it-safe/skin-changes-during-pregnancy-1122/
National Health Service. Healthy diet in pregnancy. Published 2021. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/healthy-diet/
Jones K. Relaxin hormone and its effects on joint laxity during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs; 2018;47(2):183-190. doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2017.12.001.
Garcia M, Martinez E. Impact of hormonal changes on muscle weakness and fatigue during pregnancy. Int J Womens Health Reprod Sci; 2021;9(1):75-81. doi:10.15296/ijwhr.2021.13.
Roberts J, Adams K. Exercise prescription guidelines for pregnant women: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health; 2019;16(8):626-634. doi:10.1123/jpah.2018-0227.
Smith L. Importance of nutrition for musculoskeletal health during pregnancy. Nutr Diet; 2020;77(2):185-193. doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12602.
Davis R, Miller S, Thompson L. The role of postural support in reducing musculoskeletal discomfort during pregnancy. J Womens Health Phys Ther; 2022;46(1):28-35. doi:10.1097/JWH.0000000000000225.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee Opinion No. 736: Optimizing postpartum care. Obstet Gynecol; 2018;131(5).
March of Dimes. Skin changes during pregnancy. Published 2022. Accessed June 14, 2024. https://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/skin-changes-during-pregnancy.aspx
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Weight gain during pregnancy. Published 2013. Accessed June 15, 2024. https://www.acog.org/-/media/project/acog/acogorg/clinical/files/committee-opinion/articles/2013/01/weight-gain-during-pregnancy.pdf
Ugwudike B, Kwok M. Update on gestational diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol; 2023;35(5):453-459. doi:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000901.
Haddad-Tóvolli R, Claret M. Metabolic and feeding adjustments during pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol; 2023;19(10):564-580. doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00871-y.
Mulder JWCM, Kusters DM, Roeters van Lennep JE, Hutten BA. Lipid metabolism during pregnancy: consequences for mother and child. Curr Opin Lipidol; 2024;35(3):133-140. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000927.
Lee KA, Gay CL. Sleep in late pregnancy predicts length of labor and type of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 2004;191(6):2041-2046.
Mindell JA, Jacobson BJ. Sleep disturbances during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs; 2000;29(6):590-597.
Franklin ME, Conner-Kerr T, Hicks J, et al. Effect of pregnancy on lumbar mechanics. Spine J; 1998;23(22):2435-2440.
Barbosa MA, Silva IC, Pereira R, et al. Posture education for pregnant women. Int J Gynecol Obstet;2003;81(1):39-44.
Mendes R, Garcia L, Sousa A. Ergonomic interventions for pregnant workers. J Ergonomics; 2019;72(3):45-51.
Waters TR, Dick RB, Chaffin DB, et al. Recommendations for evaluating and implementing ergonomic interventions for pregnant workers. Hum Factors;2014;56(5):891-901.
Trivedi MK, Kroumpouzos G, Murase JE. A review of the safety of cosmetic procedures during pregnancy and lactation. Int J Womens Dermatol; 2017;3(1):6-10. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.01.005.
Martin B, Zubair N. Cosmetic products in pregnancy: A review of harmful components. Dermatol Rep; 2009;1(1):9-15.
Koren G, Ornoy A. Topical retinoids in pregnancy: What we know. Can Fam Physician;2006;52(7):855-856.
Bagatin E, Freitas TH. Salicylic acid in dermatology. Clin Dermatol;2017;35(4):453-459.
Darbre PD. Paraben exposure and breast cancer risk. J Appl Toxicol; 2006;26(3):191-197.
Swan SH. Environmental phthalate exposure in pregnancy and reproductive outcomes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol; 2008;20(4):232-236.
Kurganova T. Hydroquinone in skin care products during pregnancy. Int J Dermatol; 2011;50(6):681-684.
Naylor MF, Rigel DS, Kopf AW, et al. Sunscreen use and pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol; 2002;47(1):67-71.
Farage MA, Miller KW, Berardesca E, Maibach HI. Safety assessment of personal care products. Food Chem Toxicol; 2010;48(8-9):2135-2142.
Lazarou D, Fotiou S. Allergic contact dermatitis in pregnancy. Contact Dermatitis; 2007;56(2):69-75.
MacDonald LA, Waters TR, Napolitano PG, et al. Job strain and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Public Health; 2005;95(8):1360-1366.
Barbosa MA, et al. Posture education for pregnant workers. Int J Gynecol Obstet; 2003;81(1):39-44.
Chia SE, Ong CN, Tsakok FM. Exposure to organic solvents and pregnancy outcomes. Occup Med; 2006;56(1):1-9.
Brouwers MM, van der Zee S, Kogevinas M, et al. Environmental pesticide exposure and pregnancy outcomes. Environ Res; 2007;104(3):282-289.
Ritz B, Wilhelm M. Air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Curr Opin Pediatr; 2008;20(2):229-234.
Hobel CJ, Dunkel-Schetter C, Roesch SC. Maternal stress as a trigger for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 2008;199(5 Suppl):S22-S28.
Gray RH, Smith ME, Kandakai TL, et al. Psychosocial stress and pregnancy outcomes. Lancet; 2001;357(9264):1223-1227.
Waters TR, Dick RB, Chaffin DB, et al. Ergonomic interventions for pregnant workers. Hum Factors; 2014;56(5):891-901.
Bateman BT, Bansil P, Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pregnancy. BMJ; 2013;346:f1546.
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