Maternal Dönemde Kadını Güçlendirme
Özet
Güçlendirme, daha eşitlikçi bir toplumun inşası olarak görülmesinin yanı sıra daha iyi sağlık sonuçları ile de ilişkilendirilmektedir. Maternal dönemde kadını güçlendirme, perinatal dönemde kadının iyilik haline ve annelikle ilgili zorluklarla baş etmesine katkı sağlayan bir unsur olarak görülmektedir. Maternal dönemde kadını güçlendirme; gebelik, doğum ve doğum sonrasına ilişkin fiziksel ve psikolojik değişikliklere uyum sağlamada içsel enerjinin arttığı bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Kadının güçlendirilmiş hissetmesi için bebeği ve kendi sağlık bakımına ilişkin bilgi elde etmesi, bilgiyi analiz etme ve karar verme becerisinin geliştirilmiş olması ve kendisi ve ailesinin sağlık bakımında savunucu olma için teşvik edilmiş olması gereklidir. Bu bölümde maternal dönemde güçlendirme kavramsal olarak sunulmuş ve güçlendirmeyi sağlayacak stratejilere yer verilmiştir. Bu stratejilerden bazıları maternal dönemde kadının sağlık okuryazarlığı, öz-yeterliliği ve öz-bakım düzeyini geliştirmedir. Ayrıca, antenatal bakımda kadını güçlendirmeyi hedefleyen ve yaygın olarak kullanılan Gebe Merkezli Model hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Sağlık profesyonellerinin bakımda toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğin yansımalarını gözlemleyerek kadını güçlendirici bakım sunması sadece gebelik değil aynı zamanda maternal dönemin yanı sıra yaşam boyu kadın sağlığını geliştirici öneme sahiptir.
Empowerment is not only seen as the foundation for building a more equitable society but is also associated with better health outcomes. Maternal empowerment is regarded as a factor that contributes to a woman's well-being during the perinatal period and helps her cope with the challenges of motherhood. Empowerment during the maternal period is defined as a process in which inner strength increases to adapt to the physical and psychological changes associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. For a woman to feel empowered, she needs to acquire knowledge about her baby’s and her own health care, develop skills in analyzing information and making decisions, and be encouraged to advocate for her and her family’s health care. This section conceptually introduces maternal empowerment and presents strategies to achieve it. Some of these strategies include improving a woman’s health literacy, self-efficacy, and self-care levels during the maternal period. Additionally, it provides information about the Centering Pregnancy Care Model, a widely used approach aimed at empowering women during antenatal care. Offering care that addresses the reflections of gender inequality and empowers women is essential for healthcare professionals, not only during pregnancy and the maternal period but also for enhancing women’s health throughout their lives.
Referanslar
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Referanslar
Kabeer N. Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. In: Discussing Women’s Empowerment—Theory and Practice. Stockholm: Novum Grafiska AB; 2001.
Malhotra A, Schuler SR, Boender C. Measuring Women's Empowerment as a Variable in International Development. Washington: World Bank; 2002.
Klugman J, Hanmer L, Twigg S, Hasan T, McCleary-Sills J, Santamaria J. Voice and agency: Empowering women and girls for shared prosperity. Washington: World Bank Publications; 2014.
Pratley P. Associations between quantitative measures of women's empowerment and access to care and health status for mothers and their children: A systematic review of evidence from the developing world. Social Science & Medicine. 2016;169:119–31. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.001.
James-Hkins L, Peters C, VanderEnde K, Bardin L, Yount KM. Women's agency and its relationship to current contraceptive use in lower- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of the literature. Global Public Health. 2016:1–16. doi:10.1080/17441692.2016.1239270.
Ahmed S, Creanga AA, Gillespie DG, Tsui AO. Economic status, education and empowerment: Implications for maternal health service utilization in developing countries. PLoS One. 2010;5(6):e11190. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011190.
World Health Organization. Committing to implementation of the Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016–2030): technical report (No. WHO/UHL/MCA/GS/23.01). World Health Organization; 2023.
International Confederation of Midwives (ICM). Philosophy and model of midwifery care. 2014. https://www.internationalmidwives.org/assets/ files/definitions- files/2018/06/eng- philosophy- and- model- of- midwifery- care.
Kabeer N. The conditions and consequences of choice: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva, 19991, p. 2.
Campbell S, Zhai J, Tan JY, Azami M, Cunningham K, Kruske S. Assessment tools measuring health-related empowerment in psychosocially vulnerable populations: A systematic review. International Journal for Equity in Health 2021; 20 (1): 246. doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01585-1.
Noordink TA, Verharen L, Schalk MJD, van Eck M, Van Regenmortel MRF. Measuring instruments for empowerment in social work: A scoping review. The British Journal of Social Work. 2021; 51 (4):1482–1508. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcab054.
Hermansson E, Mårtensson L. Empowerment in the midwifery context–a concept analysis. Midwifery. 2011; 27 (6): 811–816. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.08.005.
Alemayehu YK, Theall K, Lemma W, Hajito KW, Tushune K. The role of empowerment in the association between a woman’s educational status and infant mortality in ethiopia: Secondary analysis of demographic and health surveys. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 2015; 25 (4): 353–362. doi:10.4314/ejhs.v25i4.9.
Malik A, Park S, Mumtaz S, Rowther A, Zulfiqar S, Perin J, Zaidi A, Atif N, Rahman A, Surkan PJ. Perceived social support and women’s empowerment and their associations with pregnancy experiences in anxious women: A study from Urban Pakistan. Maternal Child Health Journal. 2023; 27 (5): 916–925. doi:10.1007/s10995-023-03588-6.
Somji A, Ramsey K, Dryer S, Makokha F, Ambasa C, Aryeh B, Booth K, Xueref S, Moore S, Mwenesi R, Rashid S. Taking care of your pregnancy: A mixed-methods study of group antenatal care in Kakamega County. Kenya. BMC Health Services Research. 2022; 22 (1): 969. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08200-1.
Tavananezhad N, Bolbanabad AM, Ghelichkhani F, Effati-Daryani F, Mirghafourvand M. The relationship between health literacy and empowerment in pregnant women: A cross-sectional study. BMC. Pregnancy. Childbirth. 2022; 22 (1): 351. doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04686-z.
World Health Organization. Maternal Health. Available: https://www.who.int/health-topics/maternal-health#tab=tab_3. Accessed on 15.11.2024.
Gavi Vaccine Alliance. Millennium Development Goals. Available: https://www.gavi.org/our-alliance/global-health-development/millennium-development-goals?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiApNW6BhD5ARIsACmEbkWXyZ5ijRhxLq44p0-2_-5LEBZCASpMwBwz5tX9PWbCVGYtKP9ya4UaAlsvEALw_wcB. Accessed on 01.11.2024.
Das S, Deepak, Singh RR. Does empowering women ınfluence maternal healthcare service utilization?: Evidence from National Family Health Survey-5, India. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2024; 28(4): 679-690. doi: 10.1007/s10995-023-03823-0.
Nieuwenhuijze M, Leahy-Warren P. Women's empowerment in pregnancy and childbirth: A concept analysis. Midwifery, 2019; 78: 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2019.07.015.
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