Aktivasyon Sonrası Güçlendirme (Post-Activation Potentiation)

Aagaard, P., Andersen, J. L., Bennekou, M., Larsson, B., Olesen, J. L., Crameri, R., ... & Kjaer, M. (2011). Effects of resistance training on endurance capacity and muscle fiber composition in young top‐level cyclists. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 21(6), e298-e307.

Allen, D. G., Lamb, G. D., & Westerblad, H. (2008). Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiological reviews, 88(1), 287-332.

Babault, N., Maffiuletti, N. A., & Pousson, M. (2008). Postactivation potentiation in human knee extensors during dynamic passive movements. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(4), 735-743.

Babault, N., Desbrosses, K., Fabre, M. S., Michaut, A., & Pousson, M. (2006). Neuromuscular fatigue development during maximal concentric and isometric knee extensions. Journal of applied physiology, 100(3), 780-785.

Baudry, S., & Duchateau, J. (2007). Postactivation potentiation in a human muscle: effect on the rate of torque development of tetanic and voluntary isometric contractions. Journal of Applied Physiology, 102(4), 1394-1401.

Blazevich, A. J., & Babault, N. (2019). Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans: historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and current issues. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 1359.

Brito, R., Alamo, L., Lundberg, U., Guerrero, J. R., Pinto, A., Sulbarán, G., ... & Padrón, R. (2011). A molecular model of phosphorylation-based activation and potentiation of tarantula muscle thick filaments. Journal of molecular biology, 414(1), 44-61.

Brown, I. E., & Loeb, G. E. (1998). Post-activation potentiation—a clue for simplifying models of muscle dynamics. American zoologist, 38(4), 743-754.

Brown, I. E., & Loeb, G. E. (1999). Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle. I. The effects of post-activation potentiation on the time course and velocity dependencies of force production. Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility, 20(5), 443-456.

Decostre, V., Gillis, J. M., & Gailly, P. (2000). Effect of adrenaline on the post-tetanic potentiation in mouse skeletal muscle. Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility, 21, 247-254.

Enoka, R. M. (2008). Neuromechanics of human movement. Human kinetics.

Enoka, R. M., & Duchateau, J. (2008). Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. The Journal of physiology, 586(1), 11-23.

Ereline, J., Gapeyeva, H., & Pääsuke, M. (2011). Comparison of twitch contractile properties of plantarflexor muscles in Nordic combined athletes, cross-country skiers, and sedentary men. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(1), 61-67.

Folland, J. P., Wakamatsu, T., & Fimland, M. S. (2008). The influence of maximal isometric activity on twitch and H-reflex potentiation, and quadriceps femoris performance. European journal of applied physiology, 104, 739-748.

Fowles, J. R., & Green, H. J. (2003). Coexistence of potentiation and low-frequency fatigue during voluntary exercise in human skeletal muscle. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 81(12), 1092-1100.

Gittings, W., Huang, J., Smith, I. C., Quadrilatero, J., & Vandenboom, R. (2011). The effect of skeletal myosin light chain kinase gene ablation on the fatigability of mouse fast muscle. Journal of muscle research and cell motility, 31, 337-348.

Grange, R. W., & Houston, M. E. (1991). Simultaneous potentiation and fatigue in quadriceps after a 60-second maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Journal of applied physiology, 70(2), 726-731.

Grange, R. W., Vandenboom, R., & Houston, M. E. (1993). Physiological significance of myosin phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 18(3), 229-242.

Greenberg, M. J., Mealy, T. R., Watt, J. D., Jones, M., Szczesna-Cordary, D., & Moore, J. R. (2009). The molecular effects of skeletal muscle myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 297(2), R265-R274.

Güllich, A., & Schmidtbleicher, D. (1996). MVC-induced short-term potentiation of explosive force. New studies in athletics, 11, 67-84.

Hamada, T. A. K. U., Sale, D. G., & Macdougall, J. D. (2000). Postactivation potentiation in endurance-trained male athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 32(2), 403-411.

Hamada, T., Sale, D. G., MacDougall, J. D., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000). Postactivation potentiation, fiber type, and twitch contraction time in human knee extensor muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(6), 2131–2137. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2131

Hancock, A. P., Sparks, K. E., & Kullman, E. L. (2015). Postactivation potentiation enhances swim performance in collegiate swimmers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(4), 912-917. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000744.

Hodgson, M. J., Docherty, D., & Zehr, E. P. (2008). Postactivation potentiation of force is independent of h-reflex excitability. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 3(2), 219-231.

Hodgson, M., Docherty, D., & Robbins, D. (2005). Post-activation potentiation: underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports medicine, 35, 585-595.

Houston, M. E., & Grange, R. W. (1991). Torque potentiation and myosin light-chain phosphorylation in human muscle following a fatiguing contraction. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 69(2), 269-273.

Houston, M. E., Green, H. J., & Stull, J. T. (1985). Myosin light chain phosphorylation and isometric twitch potentiation in intact human muscle. Pflügers Archiv, 403, 348-352.

Jeffreys, I. (2007). Jeffreys I (2007) Warm-up revisited: The ramp method of optimizing warm-ups. Professional Strength and Conditioning.(6), 12-18.

Kilduff, L. P., Bevan, H., Kingsley, M. I., Owen, N. J., Bennett, M., Bunce, P. J., ... & Cunningham, D. (2007). Postactivation potentiation in professional rugby players: Optimal recovery. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1134-1138.

Lexell, J., Taylor, C. C., & Sjöström, M. (1988). What is the cause of the ageing atrophy?: Total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15-to 83-year-old men. Journal of the neurological sciences, 84(2-3), 275-294.

Lima LC, Oliveira FB, Oliveira TP, Assumpcao CO, Greco CC, Cardozo AC, Denadai BS. (2014). Postactiation Potentiation Biases Maximal Isometric Strength Assessment, BioMed Research International, 1-7.

McNeil, C. J., Butler, J. E., Taylor, J. L., & Gandevia, S. C. (2013). Testing the excitability of human motoneurons. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 152.

Metzger, J. M., & Moss, R. L. (1990). Calcium-sensitive cross-bridge transitions in mammalian fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers. Science, 247(4946), 1088-1090.

Miyamoto, N., Kanehisa, H., Fukunaga, T., & Kawakami, Y. (2011). Effect of postactivation potentiation on the maximal voluntary isokinetic concentric torque in humans. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(1), 186-192.

Morana, C., & Perrey, S. (2009). Time course of postactivation potentiation during intermittent submaximal fatiguing contractions in endurance-and power-trained athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(5), 1456-1464.

Rassier, D. E., & Macintosh, B. R. (2000). Coexistence of potentiation and fatigue in skeletal muscle. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research, 33, 499-508.

Requena, B., de Villarreal, E. S. S., Gapeyeva, H., Ereline, J., García, I., & Pääsuke, M. (2011). Relationship between postactivation potentiation of knee extensor muscles, sprinting and vertical jumping performance in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(2), 367-373.

Robbins, D.W. (2005). Postactivation potentiation and its practical applicability: A brief review. J. Strenght and Cond. Res. 19(2), 453-458.

Ryder, J. W., Lau, K. S., Kamm, K. E., & Stull, J. T. (2007). Enhanced Skeletal Muscle Contraction with Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation by a Calmodulin-sensing Kinase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(28), 20447-20454.

Sale, D.G. (2002). Postactivation potentiation: role in human performance. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 30(3), 138-143.

Schantz, P., Randall‐Fox, E., Hutchison, W., Tydén, A., & Åstrand, P. O. (1983). Muscle fibre type distribution, muscle cross‐sectional area and maximal voluntary strength in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 117(2), 219-226.

Science for Sport. (2022). Post-Activation Potentiation. https://www.scienceforsport.com/post-activation-potentiation/. Erişim: 08.01.2024

Seitz, L. B., & Haff, G. G. (2016). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation of jump, sprint, throw, and upper-body ballistic performances: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(2), 231-240.

Stone, M. H., Sands, W. A., Pierce, K. C., Ramsey, M. W., & Haff, G. G. (2008). Power and power potentiation among strength-power athletes: preliminary study. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 3(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.1.55

Stuart, D. S., Lingley, M. D., Grange, R. W., & Houston, M. E. (1988). Myosin light chain phosphorylation and contractile performance of human skeletal muscle. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 66(1), 49-54.

Sweeney, H. L., & Stull, J. T. (1986). Phosphorylation of myosin in permeabilized mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 250(4), C657-C660.

Sweeney, H. L., & Stull, J. T. (1990). Alteration of cross-bridge kinetics by myosin light chain phosphorylation in rabbit skeletal muscle: implications for regulation of actin-myosin interaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87(1), 414-418.

Tesch, P. A., & Karlsson, J. (1985). Muscle fiber types and size in trained and untrained muscles of elite athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 59(6), 1716-1720.

Tillin, N. A., & Bishop, D. (2009). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports medicine, 39, 147-166.

Trimble, M. H., & Harp, S. S. (1998). Postexercise potentiation of the H-reflex humans. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 30, 933-941.

Tsimachidis, C., Patikas, D., Galazoulas, C., Bassa, E., & Kotzamanidis, C. (2013). The post-activation potentiation effect on sprint performance after combined resistance/sprint training in junior basketball players. Journal of sports sciences, 31(10), 1117-1124.

Vandervoort, A. A., Quinlan, J., & McComas, A. J. (1983). Twitch potentiation after voluntary contraction. Experimental neurology, 81(1), 141-152.

Weber, K.R., Brown, L.E., Coburn, J.W., & Zinder, S.M (2008). Acute effects of heavy-load squats on consecutive squat jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(2), 726-730.

Wilson, J. M., Duncan, N. M., Marin, P. J., Brown, L. E., Loenneke, J. P., Wilson, S. M., ... & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2013). Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(3), 854-859.

Wilson, J. M., Loenneke, J. P., Jo, E., Wilson, G. J., Zourdos, M. C., & Kim, J. S. (2012). The effects of endurance, strength, and power training on muscle fiber type shifting. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(6), 1724-1729.

Wyland, T.P., Van Dorin, J.D., ve Reyes, G.F.C. (2015). Postactivation potentation effects from accommodating resistance combined with heavy back squats on short sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res. 29: 3115- 3123.

Zehr, P. E. (2002). Considerations for use of the Hoffmann reflex in exercise studies. European journal of applied physiology, 86, 455-468.

Aagaard, P., Andersen, J. L., Bennekou, M., Larsson, B., Olesen, J. L., Crameri, R., ... & Kjaer, M. (2011). Effects of resistance training on endurance capacity and muscle fiber composition in young top‐level cyclists. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 21(6), e298-e307.

Allen, D. G., Lamb, G. D., & Westerblad, H. (2008). Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiological reviews, 88(1), 287-332.

Babault, N., Maffiuletti, N. A., & Pousson, M. (2008). Postactivation potentiation in human knee extensors during dynamic passive movements. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(4), 735-743.

Babault, N., Desbrosses, K., Fabre, M. S., Michaut, A., & Pousson, M. (2006). Neuromuscular fatigue development during maximal concentric and isometric knee extensions. Journal of applied physiology, 100(3), 780-785.

Baudry, S., & Duchateau, J. (2007). Postactivation potentiation in a human muscle: effect on the rate of torque development of tetanic and voluntary isometric contractions. Journal of Applied Physiology, 102(4), 1394-1401.

Blazevich, A. J., & Babault, N. (2019). Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans: historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and current issues. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 1359.

Brito, R., Alamo, L., Lundberg, U., Guerrero, J. R., Pinto, A., Sulbarán, G., ... & Padrón, R. (2011). A molecular model of phosphorylation-based activation and potentiation of tarantula muscle thick filaments. Journal of molecular biology, 414(1), 44-61.

Brown, I. E., & Loeb, G. E. (1998). Post-activation potentiation—a clue for simplifying models of muscle dynamics. American zoologist, 38(4), 743-754.

Brown, I. E., & Loeb, G. E. (1999). Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle. I. The effects of post-activation potentiation on the time course and velocity dependencies of force production. Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility, 20(5), 443-456.

Decostre, V., Gillis, J. M., & Gailly, P. (2000). Effect of adrenaline on the post-tetanic potentiation in mouse skeletal muscle. Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility, 21, 247-254.

Enoka, R. M. (2008). Neuromechanics of human movement. Human kinetics.

Enoka, R. M., & Duchateau, J. (2008). Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. The Journal of physiology, 586(1), 11-23.

Ereline, J., Gapeyeva, H., & Pääsuke, M. (2011). Comparison of twitch contractile properties of plantarflexor muscles in Nordic combined athletes, cross-country skiers, and sedentary men. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(1), 61-67.

Folland, J. P., Wakamatsu, T., & Fimland, M. S. (2008). The influence of maximal isometric activity on twitch and H-reflex potentiation, and quadriceps femoris performance. European journal of applied physiology, 104, 739-748.

Fowles, J. R., & Green, H. J. (2003). Coexistence of potentiation and low-frequency fatigue during voluntary exercise in human skeletal muscle. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 81(12), 1092-1100.

Gittings, W., Huang, J., Smith, I. C., Quadrilatero, J., & Vandenboom, R. (2011). The effect of skeletal myosin light chain kinase gene ablation on the fatigability of mouse fast muscle. Journal of muscle research and cell motility, 31, 337-348.

Grange, R. W., & Houston, M. E. (1991). Simultaneous potentiation and fatigue in quadriceps after a 60-second maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Journal of applied physiology, 70(2), 726-731.

Grange, R. W., Vandenboom, R., & Houston, M. E. (1993). Physiological significance of myosin phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 18(3), 229-242.

Greenberg, M. J., Mealy, T. R., Watt, J. D., Jones, M., Szczesna-Cordary, D., & Moore, J. R. (2009). The molecular effects of skeletal muscle myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 297(2), R265-R274.

Güllich, A., & Schmidtbleicher, D. (1996). MVC-induced short-term potentiation of explosive force. New studies in athletics, 11, 67-84.

Hamada, T. A. K. U., Sale, D. G., & Macdougall, J. D. (2000). Postactivation potentiation in endurance-trained male athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 32(2), 403-411.

Hamada, T., Sale, D. G., MacDougall, J. D., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000). Postactivation potentiation, fiber type, and twitch contraction time in human knee extensor muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(6), 2131–2137. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2131

Hancock, A. P., Sparks, K. E., & Kullman, E. L. (2015). Postactivation potentiation enhances swim performance in collegiate swimmers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(4), 912-917. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000744.

Hodgson, M. J., Docherty, D., & Zehr, E. P. (2008). Postactivation potentiation of force is independent of h-reflex excitability. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 3(2), 219-231.

Hodgson, M., Docherty, D., & Robbins, D. (2005). Post-activation potentiation: underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports medicine, 35, 585-595.

Houston, M. E., & Grange, R. W. (1991). Torque potentiation and myosin light-chain phosphorylation in human muscle following a fatiguing contraction. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 69(2), 269-273.

Houston, M. E., Green, H. J., & Stull, J. T. (1985). Myosin light chain phosphorylation and isometric twitch potentiation in intact human muscle. Pflügers Archiv, 403, 348-352.

Jeffreys, I. (2007). Jeffreys I (2007) Warm-up revisited: The ramp method of optimizing warm-ups. Professional Strength and Conditioning.(6), 12-18.

Kilduff, L. P., Bevan, H., Kingsley, M. I., Owen, N. J., Bennett, M., Bunce, P. J., ... & Cunningham, D. (2007). Postactivation potentiation in professional rugby players: Optimal recovery. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1134-1138.

Lexell, J., Taylor, C. C., & Sjöström, M. (1988). What is the cause of the ageing atrophy?: Total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15-to 83-year-old men. Journal of the neurological sciences, 84(2-3), 275-294.

Lima LC, Oliveira FB, Oliveira TP, Assumpcao CO, Greco CC, Cardozo AC, Denadai BS. (2014). Postactiation Potentiation Biases Maximal Isometric Strength Assessment, BioMed Research International, 1-7.

McNeil, C. J., Butler, J. E., Taylor, J. L., & Gandevia, S. C. (2013). Testing the excitability of human motoneurons. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 152.

Metzger, J. M., & Moss, R. L. (1990). Calcium-sensitive cross-bridge transitions in mammalian fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers. Science, 247(4946), 1088-1090.

Miyamoto, N., Kanehisa, H., Fukunaga, T., & Kawakami, Y. (2011). Effect of postactivation potentiation on the maximal voluntary isokinetic concentric torque in humans. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(1), 186-192.

Morana, C., & Perrey, S. (2009). Time course of postactivation potentiation during intermittent submaximal fatiguing contractions in endurance-and power-trained athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(5), 1456-1464.

Rassier, D. E., & Macintosh, B. R. (2000). Coexistence of potentiation and fatigue in skeletal muscle. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research, 33, 499-508.

Requena, B., de Villarreal, E. S. S., Gapeyeva, H., Ereline, J., García, I., & Pääsuke, M. (2011). Relationship between postactivation potentiation of knee extensor muscles, sprinting and vertical jumping performance in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(2), 367-373.

Robbins, D.W. (2005). Postactivation potentiation and its practical applicability: A brief review. J. Strenght and Cond. Res. 19(2), 453-458.

Ryder, J. W., Lau, K. S., Kamm, K. E., & Stull, J. T. (2007). Enhanced Skeletal Muscle Contraction with Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation by a Calmodulin-sensing Kinase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(28), 20447-20454.

Sale, D.G. (2002). Postactivation potentiation: role in human performance. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 30(3), 138-143.

Schantz, P., Randall‐Fox, E., Hutchison, W., Tydén, A., & Åstrand, P. O. (1983). Muscle fibre type distribution, muscle cross‐sectional area and maximal voluntary strength in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 117(2), 219-226.

Science for Sport. (2022). Post-Activation Potentiation. https://www.scienceforsport.com/post-activation-potentiation/. Erişim: 08.01.2024

Seitz, L. B., & Haff, G. G. (2016). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation of jump, sprint, throw, and upper-body ballistic performances: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(2), 231-240.

Stone, M. H., Sands, W. A., Pierce, K. C., Ramsey, M. W., & Haff, G. G. (2008). Power and power potentiation among strength-power athletes: preliminary study. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 3(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.1.55

Stuart, D. S., Lingley, M. D., Grange, R. W., & Houston, M. E. (1988). Myosin light chain phosphorylation and contractile performance of human skeletal muscle. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 66(1), 49-54.

Sweeney, H. L., & Stull, J. T. (1986). Phosphorylation of myosin in permeabilized mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 250(4), C657-C660.

Sweeney, H. L., & Stull, J. T. (1990). Alteration of cross-bridge kinetics by myosin light chain phosphorylation in rabbit skeletal muscle: implications for regulation of actin-myosin interaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87(1), 414-418.

Tesch, P. A., & Karlsson, J. (1985). Muscle fiber types and size in trained and untrained muscles of elite athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 59(6), 1716-1720.

Tillin, N. A., & Bishop, D. (2009). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports medicine, 39, 147-166.

Trimble, M. H., & Harp, S. S. (1998). Postexercise potentiation of the H-reflex humans. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 30, 933-941.

Tsimachidis, C., Patikas, D., Galazoulas, C., Bassa, E., & Kotzamanidis, C. (2013). The post-activation potentiation effect on sprint performance after combined resistance/sprint training in junior basketball players. Journal of sports sciences, 31(10), 1117-1124.

Vandervoort, A. A., Quinlan, J., & McComas, A. J. (1983). Twitch potentiation after voluntary contraction. Experimental neurology, 81(1), 141-152.

Weber, K.R., Brown, L.E., Coburn, J.W., & Zinder, S.M (2008). Acute effects of heavy-load squats on consecutive squat jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(2), 726-730.

Wilson, J. M., Duncan, N. M., Marin, P. J., Brown, L. E., Loenneke, J. P., Wilson, S. M., ... & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2013). Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(3), 854-859.

Wilson, J. M., Loenneke, J. P., Jo, E., Wilson, G. J., Zourdos, M. C., & Kim, J. S. (2012). The effects of endurance, strength, and power training on muscle fiber type shifting. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(6), 1724-1729.

Wyland, T.P., Van Dorin, J.D., ve Reyes, G.F.C. (2015). Postactivation potentation effects from accommodating resistance combined with heavy back squats on short sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res. 29: 3115- 3123.

Zehr, P. E. (2002). Considerations for use of the Hoffmann reflex in exercise studies. European journal of applied physiology, 86, 455-468.