Havayolu Ulaşımı
Özet
Küresel havayolu ulaşımı, günümüzde trilyonlarca dolar bütçelere ulaşan dev bir sektör haline gelmiştir. Sektör her yıl milyarlarca insanın ve milyonlarca ton ürünün dolaşımını sağlamaktadır. Havayolu taşımacılığı diğer ulaşım sistemlerine entegre bir ağdır. Bu ağ, uluslararası turizm ve dış ticarete yaptığı katkı ile küresel ekonominin vazgeçilmez bileşenlerindendir. Büyüyen dünya ekonomisi, gelişen orta sınıflar, küresel ticari bağlantılar havayolu ulaşımına talebi artırmaktır. 2024 yılında 9,7 milyar insan uçak seyahati yapmıştır. Yolcu sayısının 2052 yılında 25 milyara ulaşacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Günümüzde havayolu ulaşımına en büyük talep batı ülkelerinden gelirken, yakın vadede Asya’nın öne geçmesi beklenmektedir. Havayolu ulaşımının bir asrı aşan tarihinde çeşitli kriz dönemleri de yaşanmıştır. İki dünya savaşı ile küresel ekonomik krizler bunların başlıcalarıdır. Yine Covid 19 salgın süreci, havayolu ulaşımına tarihinin en derin krizlerinden birini yaşatmıştır. 2020 yılında salgın kısıtlamaları başlamış, yolcu sayısı üçte bire düşmüş ve sektör ciddi bir zarara uğramıştır. Havayolu sektörünün salgın öncesi düzeyine erişmesi 2023 yılını bulmuştur. Ülkemizde ise havayolu ulaşımı Cumhuriyet’in ilanından sonra hız kazanmış, büyük ölçüde dünya ile birlikte gelişmiş ve benzer süreçlerden etkilenmiştir.
Referanslar
ACI, (2024a). Annual world airport traffic dataset, https://store.aci.aero/form/annual-world-airport-traffic-report-2024-preview/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAgdC6BhCgARIsAPWNWH2v5L8oYiVI2xyrid_Ygp7mgft-cE-vV8l_ljjYrfRN7aUkpd-ag80aAk8wEALw_wcB (21.11.2024)
ACI, (2024b). Capacity&airport slots. https://www.aci-europe.org/industry-topics/industry-topics/2-capacity-airport-slots.html
ACI, (2024c). Top 20 Markets for air travel demand forecast according to latest aci world data. https://aci.aero/2024/02/14/top-20-markets-for-air-travel-demand-forecast-according-to-latest-aci-world-data/
ACI Report. (2024). ACI world airport traffic forecasts 2023–2052. https://store.aci.aero/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/WATF-Executive-Summary.pdf
Airports Council, (2020). Chapter 1 air freight – historical perspective industry background and key trends. https://airportscouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/CHAPTER-1-AIR-FREIGHT-%E2%80%93-HISTORICAL-PERSPECTIVE-INDUSTRY-BACKGROUND-AND-KEY-TRENDS.pdf
Airways Mag, (2023). The history of commercial flight: how global travel took off, https://www.airwaysmag.com/legacy-posts/how-global-travel-took-off
ATAG Raporu, Fact & figures, https://atag.org/facts-figures (25.11.2024)
Aydın, A. (2022). Türkiye havayolu taşımacılığı sektörünün yapısal analizi. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10 (2), 55-69.
Bakırcı, M. (2013). Ulaşım coğrafyası açısından Türkiye’de havayolu ulaşımının tarihsel gelişimi ve mevcut yapısı. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi(25), 340-377.
Boyne, W. J, Crouch, T. D. (2024). Construction of the sustaining wings: the problem of lift in history of flight in the invention of the airplane. https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-flight/Construction-of-the-sustaining-wings-the-problem-of-lift
Çelik, N. (2024). Uçak filosu 43 bin 430’a, yolcu sayısı 20 milyara yükselecek. https://www.dunya.com/sektorler/ucak-filosu-43-bin-430a-yolcu-sayisi-20-milyara-yukselecek-haberi-737983#google_vignette
DHMİ, (2022). Faaliyet Raporu 2021. Ankara: DHMİ. https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/FaaliyetRaporlari/Attachments/22/Faaliyet%20Raporu-31.05.2021web%20(3).pdf
DHMİ Raporu, (2023). Havayolu Sektör Raporu 2022. Ankara: DHMİ https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/HavaYoluSektorRaporlari/Attachments/16/2022-Havayolu-Sektor-Raporu.pdf
Garcia, M. (2024). Airbus CEO On ‘World Of Bottlenecks’ InSupply, SpiritAeroSystems, https://account.forbes.com/membership?eventSource=header&redirect=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisagarcia/2024/02/16/airbus-tackles-supply-chain-spirit-aerosystems-in-production-ramp-up/ (17.02.2024)
Gerede, E. (2011). Türkiye’deki Havayolu Taşımacılığına İlişkin Ekonomik Düzenlemelerin Havayolu İşletmelerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 505-537.
Gerede, E. (2015). Havayolu taşımacılığı ve ekonomik düzenlemeler teori ve Türkiye uygulaması. Ankara: Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları. https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/pdf/kurumsal/yayinlar/SHGM_Havayolu_Tasimaciligi_Kitabi.pdf
Global Newswire, (2024). Global Airportinvestment is estimatedtoreach USD 2,404 billion in 2040 from USD 200 billion in 2021, at a CAGR of 14.4% https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/02/16/2830751/0/en/Global-Airport-investment-is-estimated-to-reach-USD-2-404-billion-in-2040-from-USD-200-billion-in-2021-at-a-CAGR-of-14-4.html (11.11.2024)
IATA, (2020). Annual Review 2019. International Air Transport Association Annual Review 2019 75th Annual General Meeting, Seoul, June 2019 https://www.iata.org/contentassets/c81222d96c9a4e0bb4ff6ced0126f0bb/iata-annual-review-2019.pdf
IATA, (2023a) Passenger demand recovery continued in december 2022 & forthe full year. https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/2023-releases/2023-02-06-02
IATA, (2023b). Global outlook for air transport. https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/global-outlook-for-air-transport---december-2023---report/
IATA, (2024a). Annual review 2023. https://www.iata.org/contentassets/c81222d96c9a4e0bb4ff6ced0126f0bb/annual-review-2023.pdf
IATA, (2024b). Airline profitability outlook improves for 2024. https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/2024-releases/2024-06-03-01/
ICAO, (2022). The world of air transport in 2022. https://www.icao.int/sustainability/WorldofAirTransport/Pages/the-world-of-air-transport-in-2022.aspx (12.11.2024)
Korul, V. & Küçükönal, H. (2003). Türk sivil havacılık sisteminin yapısal analizi. Ege Academic Review, 3(1), 24-38
Markets And Markets, (2024). “Future of AirportIndustryto 2030 Market and Beyond”, https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/future-of-airport-industry-32544208.html?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiA0MG5BhD1ARIsAEcZtwS7UMR4ZtQ6_Go0tixUBUqEKZDBT4F4wqZr-JTMyymKc05Ad758f4gaAg1SEALw_wcB (07.11.2024)
McVean, (2024). Uçuş güvenliği: Uçaktan daha güvenli bir ulaşım aracı var mı? Uçak kazaları belli mevsimlerde daha sık mı gerçekleşir? https://evrimagaci.org/ucus-guvenligi-ucaktan-daha-guvenli-bir-ulasim-araci-var-mi-ucak-kazalari-belli-mevsimlerde-daha-sik-mi-gerceklesir-17339
Mohammad, Y. (2024). Air cargo statistics: industry, volume, & more https://www.contimod.com/air-cargo-statistics/#:~:text=Air%20cargo%20reached%2057.7%20million,trillion%20worth%20of%20goods%20annually.
OAG Statistic, 2024, Airline frequency and capacity statistic. https://www.oag.com/airline-frequency-and-capacity-statistics#:~:text=FLIGHTS%20IN%20THE%20SCHEDULE%201st%20JAN%20%2D%2017th%20NovemBER%202024&text=With%2032%2C793%2C269%20flights%20in%20total,flights%20per%20day%20is%20101%2C842
Oestergaard, K. (2023). Airbus and boeing report december and full-year 2022 commercial aircraft orders and deliveries.
Petrescu F.I.T. & Petrescu, R.V. (2012). The aviation history. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=yqSq6ve-ficC&printsec=copyright&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Prentice, B. Di Nota, A. & Hayes, L (2024). Global fleet and mro market forecast 2024-2034, https://www.oliverwyman.com/our-expertise/insights/2024/feb/global-fleet-and-mro-market-forecast-2024-2034.html
Rob, V. (2019). Aviation in the 1920’s – 1930’s. https://www.century-of-flight.net/commercial-aviation-industry-1920-1930/
Sentinel Aviation, “Over 40,000 airports in the world, only 9,000 served by commercial airlines” https://sentinel-aviation.com/blog/over-40000-airports-in-the-world-only-9000-served-by-commercial-airlines/#:~:text=There%20are%20over%2040%2C000%20airports,the%20rising%20demands%20of%20travellers (01.12.2024)
SGHM, (2010). “Grimsvötn yanardağının patlaması sonucunda oluşan volkanik kül bulutları ile ilgili basın açıklaması” https://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/haberler/1523-grimsvotn-yanardaginin-patlamasi-sonucunda-olusan-volkanik-kul-bulutlari-ile-ilgili-basin-aciklamasi
SHGM, (2024a). Tarihçe. https://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/1--tarihce
SHGM, (2024b). Sivil havacılık trafiğine açık havaalanları. https://web.shgm.gov.tr/doc2/havlist.pdf
Spartan, (2021). History of aviation. https://www.spartan.edu/news/history-of-aviation/
Statista, (2024). Projected size of the global aircraft fleet from 2020 to 2024, with a forecast for 2034. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282237/aircraft-fleet-size/
Tatar, C. (2018). Türk havacılık tarihi (1909-1954) milli mücadele dönemi öncesi ve sonrası Türk havacılığı. https://acikerisim.aku.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11630/4980
Tekin, A.S. (2020). Trablusgarp harbi ve havacılık tarihinde ilkler. Akademik Tarih ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 2, s.16-29. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1437233 s. 16-17
The Economist, (2013). Why Are no-frills airlines so cheap ? https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/10/17/why-are-no-frills-airlines-so-cheap
The Economist, (2017). Trends in the air-freight business. https://www.economist.com/business/2017/04/14/trends-in-the-air-freight-business
The Economist, (2018). Airbus and boeing are tightening their hold on the sky. https://www.economist.com/gulliver/2018/07/10/airbus-and-boeing-are-tightening-their-hold-on-the-sky
TUİK, (2024). Ulaştırma ve haberleşme verileri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=ulastirma-ve-haberlesme-112&dil=1
Tümertekin, E. (1976) Ulaşım Coğrafyası, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Yayını, No. 85
Uslu, S. & Dönmez, K. (2017). Hava trafik kontrol kaynaklı uçak kazalarının incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 9 (18), 271-287. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.302975
UTED, (2021). Pandemik havacılık stratejileri. https://www.uted.org/pandemik-havacilik-stratejileri
Referanslar
ACI, (2024a). Annual world airport traffic dataset, https://store.aci.aero/form/annual-world-airport-traffic-report-2024-preview/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAgdC6BhCgARIsAPWNWH2v5L8oYiVI2xyrid_Ygp7mgft-cE-vV8l_ljjYrfRN7aUkpd-ag80aAk8wEALw_wcB (21.11.2024)
ACI, (2024b). Capacity&airport slots. https://www.aci-europe.org/industry-topics/industry-topics/2-capacity-airport-slots.html
ACI, (2024c). Top 20 Markets for air travel demand forecast according to latest aci world data. https://aci.aero/2024/02/14/top-20-markets-for-air-travel-demand-forecast-according-to-latest-aci-world-data/
ACI Report. (2024). ACI world airport traffic forecasts 2023–2052. https://store.aci.aero/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/WATF-Executive-Summary.pdf
Airports Council, (2020). Chapter 1 air freight – historical perspective industry background and key trends. https://airportscouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/CHAPTER-1-AIR-FREIGHT-%E2%80%93-HISTORICAL-PERSPECTIVE-INDUSTRY-BACKGROUND-AND-KEY-TRENDS.pdf
Airways Mag, (2023). The history of commercial flight: how global travel took off, https://www.airwaysmag.com/legacy-posts/how-global-travel-took-off
ATAG Raporu, Fact & figures, https://atag.org/facts-figures (25.11.2024)
Aydın, A. (2022). Türkiye havayolu taşımacılığı sektörünün yapısal analizi. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10 (2), 55-69.
Bakırcı, M. (2013). Ulaşım coğrafyası açısından Türkiye’de havayolu ulaşımının tarihsel gelişimi ve mevcut yapısı. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi(25), 340-377.
Boyne, W. J, Crouch, T. D. (2024). Construction of the sustaining wings: the problem of lift in history of flight in the invention of the airplane. https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-flight/Construction-of-the-sustaining-wings-the-problem-of-lift
Çelik, N. (2024). Uçak filosu 43 bin 430’a, yolcu sayısı 20 milyara yükselecek. https://www.dunya.com/sektorler/ucak-filosu-43-bin-430a-yolcu-sayisi-20-milyara-yukselecek-haberi-737983#google_vignette
DHMİ, (2022). Faaliyet Raporu 2021. Ankara: DHMİ. https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/FaaliyetRaporlari/Attachments/22/Faaliyet%20Raporu-31.05.2021web%20(3).pdf
DHMİ Raporu, (2023). Havayolu Sektör Raporu 2022. Ankara: DHMİ https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/HavaYoluSektorRaporlari/Attachments/16/2022-Havayolu-Sektor-Raporu.pdf
Garcia, M. (2024). Airbus CEO On ‘World Of Bottlenecks’ InSupply, SpiritAeroSystems, https://account.forbes.com/membership?eventSource=header&redirect=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisagarcia/2024/02/16/airbus-tackles-supply-chain-spirit-aerosystems-in-production-ramp-up/ (17.02.2024)
Gerede, E. (2011). Türkiye’deki Havayolu Taşımacılığına İlişkin Ekonomik Düzenlemelerin Havayolu İşletmelerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 505-537.
Gerede, E. (2015). Havayolu taşımacılığı ve ekonomik düzenlemeler teori ve Türkiye uygulaması. Ankara: Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları. https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/pdf/kurumsal/yayinlar/SHGM_Havayolu_Tasimaciligi_Kitabi.pdf
Global Newswire, (2024). Global Airportinvestment is estimatedtoreach USD 2,404 billion in 2040 from USD 200 billion in 2021, at a CAGR of 14.4% https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/02/16/2830751/0/en/Global-Airport-investment-is-estimated-to-reach-USD-2-404-billion-in-2040-from-USD-200-billion-in-2021-at-a-CAGR-of-14-4.html (11.11.2024)
IATA, (2020). Annual Review 2019. International Air Transport Association Annual Review 2019 75th Annual General Meeting, Seoul, June 2019 https://www.iata.org/contentassets/c81222d96c9a4e0bb4ff6ced0126f0bb/iata-annual-review-2019.pdf
IATA, (2023a) Passenger demand recovery continued in december 2022 & forthe full year. https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/2023-releases/2023-02-06-02
IATA, (2023b). Global outlook for air transport. https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/global-outlook-for-air-transport---december-2023---report/
IATA, (2024a). Annual review 2023. https://www.iata.org/contentassets/c81222d96c9a4e0bb4ff6ced0126f0bb/annual-review-2023.pdf
IATA, (2024b). Airline profitability outlook improves for 2024. https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/2024-releases/2024-06-03-01/
ICAO, (2022). The world of air transport in 2022. https://www.icao.int/sustainability/WorldofAirTransport/Pages/the-world-of-air-transport-in-2022.aspx (12.11.2024)
Korul, V. & Küçükönal, H. (2003). Türk sivil havacılık sisteminin yapısal analizi. Ege Academic Review, 3(1), 24-38
Markets And Markets, (2024). “Future of AirportIndustryto 2030 Market and Beyond”, https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/future-of-airport-industry-32544208.html?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiA0MG5BhD1ARIsAEcZtwS7UMR4ZtQ6_Go0tixUBUqEKZDBT4F4wqZr-JTMyymKc05Ad758f4gaAg1SEALw_wcB (07.11.2024)
McVean, (2024). Uçuş güvenliği: Uçaktan daha güvenli bir ulaşım aracı var mı? Uçak kazaları belli mevsimlerde daha sık mı gerçekleşir? https://evrimagaci.org/ucus-guvenligi-ucaktan-daha-guvenli-bir-ulasim-araci-var-mi-ucak-kazalari-belli-mevsimlerde-daha-sik-mi-gerceklesir-17339
Mohammad, Y. (2024). Air cargo statistics: industry, volume, & more https://www.contimod.com/air-cargo-statistics/#:~:text=Air%20cargo%20reached%2057.7%20million,trillion%20worth%20of%20goods%20annually.
OAG Statistic, 2024, Airline frequency and capacity statistic. https://www.oag.com/airline-frequency-and-capacity-statistics#:~:text=FLIGHTS%20IN%20THE%20SCHEDULE%201st%20JAN%20%2D%2017th%20NovemBER%202024&text=With%2032%2C793%2C269%20flights%20in%20total,flights%20per%20day%20is%20101%2C842
Oestergaard, K. (2023). Airbus and boeing report december and full-year 2022 commercial aircraft orders and deliveries.
Petrescu F.I.T. & Petrescu, R.V. (2012). The aviation history. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=yqSq6ve-ficC&printsec=copyright&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Prentice, B. Di Nota, A. & Hayes, L (2024). Global fleet and mro market forecast 2024-2034, https://www.oliverwyman.com/our-expertise/insights/2024/feb/global-fleet-and-mro-market-forecast-2024-2034.html
Rob, V. (2019). Aviation in the 1920’s – 1930’s. https://www.century-of-flight.net/commercial-aviation-industry-1920-1930/
Sentinel Aviation, “Over 40,000 airports in the world, only 9,000 served by commercial airlines” https://sentinel-aviation.com/blog/over-40000-airports-in-the-world-only-9000-served-by-commercial-airlines/#:~:text=There%20are%20over%2040%2C000%20airports,the%20rising%20demands%20of%20travellers (01.12.2024)
SGHM, (2010). “Grimsvötn yanardağının patlaması sonucunda oluşan volkanik kül bulutları ile ilgili basın açıklaması” https://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/haberler/1523-grimsvotn-yanardaginin-patlamasi-sonucunda-olusan-volkanik-kul-bulutlari-ile-ilgili-basin-aciklamasi
SHGM, (2024a). Tarihçe. https://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/1--tarihce
SHGM, (2024b). Sivil havacılık trafiğine açık havaalanları. https://web.shgm.gov.tr/doc2/havlist.pdf
Spartan, (2021). History of aviation. https://www.spartan.edu/news/history-of-aviation/
Statista, (2024). Projected size of the global aircraft fleet from 2020 to 2024, with a forecast for 2034. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282237/aircraft-fleet-size/
Tatar, C. (2018). Türk havacılık tarihi (1909-1954) milli mücadele dönemi öncesi ve sonrası Türk havacılığı. https://acikerisim.aku.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11630/4980
Tekin, A.S. (2020). Trablusgarp harbi ve havacılık tarihinde ilkler. Akademik Tarih ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 2, s.16-29. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1437233 s. 16-17
The Economist, (2013). Why Are no-frills airlines so cheap ? https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/10/17/why-are-no-frills-airlines-so-cheap
The Economist, (2017). Trends in the air-freight business. https://www.economist.com/business/2017/04/14/trends-in-the-air-freight-business
The Economist, (2018). Airbus and boeing are tightening their hold on the sky. https://www.economist.com/gulliver/2018/07/10/airbus-and-boeing-are-tightening-their-hold-on-the-sky
TUİK, (2024). Ulaştırma ve haberleşme verileri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=ulastirma-ve-haberlesme-112&dil=1
Tümertekin, E. (1976) Ulaşım Coğrafyası, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Yayını, No. 85
Uslu, S. & Dönmez, K. (2017). Hava trafik kontrol kaynaklı uçak kazalarının incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 9 (18), 271-287. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.302975
UTED, (2021). Pandemik havacılık stratejileri. https://www.uted.org/pandemik-havacilik-stratejileri
