Understanding Work Integration Social Enterprises Through Social Entrepreneurship and Social Economy Perspectives
Özet
This study explores the pivotal role of Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs) in addressing long-term unemployment and fostering inclusive economic growth. By focusing on marginalized groups, WISEs provide tailored education, training, and employment opportunities, thereby enhancing societal well-being and supporting the broader social economy. Drawing on Karl Polanyi’s conceptual framework of economic integration, this work examines how WISEs utilize a blend of market exchange, reciprocity, and redistribution to create sustainable employment models. Social entrepreneurship and social enterprises are integral to this process, as they embody a community-driven approach to addressing socio-economic challenges through innovative and collective strategies. These organizations effectively mitigate institutional gaps left by conventional labor markets, offering innovative solutions to employment barriers. Despite their potential to promote equity, empowerment, and sustainable labor market integration, WISEs face ongoing structural and financial challenges that necessitate further research into their long-term viability and impact. By embedding economic activities within broader social frameworks, WISEs exemplify a community-driven approach to socio-economic transformation, aligning economic goals with social imperatives.
Referanslar
Abay, A. R. (2004). Bir sosyal politika olarak yoksullukla mücadelede sosyal yardımlaşma ve dayanışma vakıflarının yeri. Sivil Toplum, 2(6-7), 77-92.
Adam, S. (2009). Social economy and the Greek welfare state: Can Polanyi help us? Paper presented at the 2nd EMES International Conference on Social Enterprise, Trento, Italy, July 1-4, 2009.
Barton, S., Porter, H., Murphy, S., & Lysaght, R. (2021). Potential outcomes of work integration social enterprises for people who are homeless, at risk of homelessness, or transitioning out of homelessness. Social Enterprise Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/sej-07-2021-0054
Borzaga, C., & Defourny, J. (Eds.). (2001). The emergence of social enterprise. Routledge.
Borzaga, C., Galera, G., & Nogales, R. (2008). Social enterprise: A new model for poverty reduction and employment generation. EMES Report for UNDP, 15-34.
Brooks, A. (2009). Social entrepreneurship: A modern approach to social value creation. Pearson Education, Inc.
Brouard, F., & Larivet, S. (2010). Essay of clarifications and definitions of the related concepts of social enterprise, social entrepreneur and social entrepreneurship. In A. Fayolle & H. Matlay (Eds.), Handbook of research on social entrepreneurship (pp. 29-56). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Buğra, A. (2000). Önsöz. In K. Polanyi, Büyük dönüşüm (pp. 11-32). İletişim Yayınları.
Buğra, A. (2001). Ekonomik kriz karşısında Türkiye'nin geleneksel refah rejimi. Toplum ve Bilim, 89, 22-30.
Buğra, A. (2009). Polanyi'nin çifte hareket kavramı ve günümüz piyasa toplumunda siyaset. In A. Buğra & K. Ağartan (Eds.), 21. yüzyılda Karl Polanyi'yi okumak: Bir siyasi proje olarak piyasa ekonomisi (pp. 237-260). İletişim Yayınları.
Cook, B., Dodds, C., & Mitchell, W. (2003). Social entrepreneurship: False premises and dangerous forebodings. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 38(1), 57-71.
Cooney, K. (2016). Work integration social enterprises in the United States: Operating at the nexus of public policy, markets, and community. Nonprofit Policy Forum, 7, 435-460. https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2016-0009
Defourney, J., & Nyssens, M. (2006). Defining social enterprise. In M. Nyssens (Ed.), Social enterprise: At the crossroads of market, public policies, and civil society (pp. 3-26). Routledge.
Doherty, B., Haugh, H., & Lyon, F. (2014). Social enterprises as hybrid organizations: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(4), 417-436.
Dumludağ, D. (2004). Küreselleşmeyi Büyük dönüşüm üzerinden okumak. Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 19(1), 121-136.
EC. (2011). Creating a favourable climate for social enterprises, key stakeholders in the social economy and innovation, COM (2011) 682 Final. European Commission.
Ferguson, K. M., & Islam, N. (2008). Conceptualizing outcomes with street-living young adults: Grounded theory approach to evaluating the social enterprise intervention. Qualitative Social Work, 7(2), 217-237.
Gardin, L. (2006). A variety of resource mixes inside social enterprises. In M. Nyssens (Ed.), Social enterprise: At the crossroads of market, public policies, and civil society (pp. 111-136). Routledge.
Gruber, C. (2003). National profiles of work integration social enterprises: Austria. Working Papers Series No. 03/06. EMES European Research Network.
Harding, R. (2004). Social enterprise: The new economic engine? Business Strategy Review, 15(4), 39-43.
Hoogendoorn, B., & Hartog, C. (2011). Prevalence and determinants of social entrepreneurship at the macro-level. EIM Research Reports, H201022.
Kerlin, J. A. (2006). Social enterprise in the United States and Europe: Understanding and learning from the differences. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 17(3), 246-262.
Laville, J.-L. (2011). What is the third sector? From the non-profit sector to the social and solidarity economy: Theoretical debate and European reality. EMES European Research Network Working Paper WP No: 11.01.
Laville, J.-L., Lamaitre, A., & Nyssens, M. (2006). Public policies and social enterprises in Europe: The challenge of institutionalization. In M. Nyssens (Ed.), Social enterprise: At the crossroads of market, public policies, and civil society (pp. 272-295). Routledge.
Lawrence, T., Phillips, N., & Tracey, P. (2012). From the guest editors: Educating social entrepreneurs and social innovators. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(3), 319-323.
Leadbeater, C. (1997). The rise of the social entrepreneur. Demos.
Lepoutre, J., Justo, R., Terjesen, S., & Bosma, N. (2013). Designing a global standardized methodology for measuring social entrepreneurship activity: The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Social Entrepreneurship Study. Small Business Economics, 40(3), 693-714.
Mair, J. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: Taking stock and looking ahead. In F. Alain & M. Harry (Eds.), Handbook of research on social entrepreneurship (pp. 15-28). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Martin, R. L., & Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring, 28-39.
McKinnon, K., Kennedy, M., Barraket, J., & DeCotta, T. (2020). Is being in work good for wellbeing? Work integration social enterprises in regional Australia. Australian Geographer, 51, 361-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2020.1781322
Noya, A., & Clarence, E. (2007). Executive summary. In A. Noya & E. Clarence (Eds.), The social economy: Building inclusive economies (pp. 9-22). OECD.
OECD. (2010). SMEs, entrepreneurship and innovation. OECD.
OECD. (2013). Job creation through the social economy and social entrepreneurship. OECD.
Özuğurlu, M. (2011). Sosyal politika okumaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi.
Peredo, A. M., & McLean, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41, 56-65.
Polanyi, K. (2000). Büyük dönüşüm (A. Buğra, Trans.). İletişim Yayınları.
Smith, W. K., Gonin, M., & Besharov, M. L. (2013). Managing social-business tensions: A review and research agenda for social enterprise. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(3), 407-442.
Standing, G. (2009). Work after globalization: Building occupational citizenship. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Tsai, I., & Kao, M. (2008). The embeddedness of social entrepreneurship. Abstracts. ISTR 8th International Conference, Universitat de Barcelona.
Weerawardena, J., & Mort, G. S. (2006). Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 21-35.
Westerdahl, S., & Westlund, H. (1998). Social economy and new jobs: A summary of twenty case studies in European regions. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 69(2), 193-218.
Referanslar
Abay, A. R. (2004). Bir sosyal politika olarak yoksullukla mücadelede sosyal yardımlaşma ve dayanışma vakıflarının yeri. Sivil Toplum, 2(6-7), 77-92.
Adam, S. (2009). Social economy and the Greek welfare state: Can Polanyi help us? Paper presented at the 2nd EMES International Conference on Social Enterprise, Trento, Italy, July 1-4, 2009.
Barton, S., Porter, H., Murphy, S., & Lysaght, R. (2021). Potential outcomes of work integration social enterprises for people who are homeless, at risk of homelessness, or transitioning out of homelessness. Social Enterprise Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/sej-07-2021-0054
Borzaga, C., & Defourny, J. (Eds.). (2001). The emergence of social enterprise. Routledge.
Borzaga, C., Galera, G., & Nogales, R. (2008). Social enterprise: A new model for poverty reduction and employment generation. EMES Report for UNDP, 15-34.
Brooks, A. (2009). Social entrepreneurship: A modern approach to social value creation. Pearson Education, Inc.
Brouard, F., & Larivet, S. (2010). Essay of clarifications and definitions of the related concepts of social enterprise, social entrepreneur and social entrepreneurship. In A. Fayolle & H. Matlay (Eds.), Handbook of research on social entrepreneurship (pp. 29-56). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Buğra, A. (2000). Önsöz. In K. Polanyi, Büyük dönüşüm (pp. 11-32). İletişim Yayınları.
Buğra, A. (2001). Ekonomik kriz karşısında Türkiye'nin geleneksel refah rejimi. Toplum ve Bilim, 89, 22-30.
Buğra, A. (2009). Polanyi'nin çifte hareket kavramı ve günümüz piyasa toplumunda siyaset. In A. Buğra & K. Ağartan (Eds.), 21. yüzyılda Karl Polanyi'yi okumak: Bir siyasi proje olarak piyasa ekonomisi (pp. 237-260). İletişim Yayınları.
Cook, B., Dodds, C., & Mitchell, W. (2003). Social entrepreneurship: False premises and dangerous forebodings. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 38(1), 57-71.
Cooney, K. (2016). Work integration social enterprises in the United States: Operating at the nexus of public policy, markets, and community. Nonprofit Policy Forum, 7, 435-460. https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2016-0009
Defourney, J., & Nyssens, M. (2006). Defining social enterprise. In M. Nyssens (Ed.), Social enterprise: At the crossroads of market, public policies, and civil society (pp. 3-26). Routledge.
Doherty, B., Haugh, H., & Lyon, F. (2014). Social enterprises as hybrid organizations: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(4), 417-436.
Dumludağ, D. (2004). Küreselleşmeyi Büyük dönüşüm üzerinden okumak. Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 19(1), 121-136.
EC. (2011). Creating a favourable climate for social enterprises, key stakeholders in the social economy and innovation, COM (2011) 682 Final. European Commission.
Ferguson, K. M., & Islam, N. (2008). Conceptualizing outcomes with street-living young adults: Grounded theory approach to evaluating the social enterprise intervention. Qualitative Social Work, 7(2), 217-237.
Gardin, L. (2006). A variety of resource mixes inside social enterprises. In M. Nyssens (Ed.), Social enterprise: At the crossroads of market, public policies, and civil society (pp. 111-136). Routledge.
Gruber, C. (2003). National profiles of work integration social enterprises: Austria. Working Papers Series No. 03/06. EMES European Research Network.
Harding, R. (2004). Social enterprise: The new economic engine? Business Strategy Review, 15(4), 39-43.
Hoogendoorn, B., & Hartog, C. (2011). Prevalence and determinants of social entrepreneurship at the macro-level. EIM Research Reports, H201022.
Kerlin, J. A. (2006). Social enterprise in the United States and Europe: Understanding and learning from the differences. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 17(3), 246-262.
Laville, J.-L. (2011). What is the third sector? From the non-profit sector to the social and solidarity economy: Theoretical debate and European reality. EMES European Research Network Working Paper WP No: 11.01.
Laville, J.-L., Lamaitre, A., & Nyssens, M. (2006). Public policies and social enterprises in Europe: The challenge of institutionalization. In M. Nyssens (Ed.), Social enterprise: At the crossroads of market, public policies, and civil society (pp. 272-295). Routledge.
Lawrence, T., Phillips, N., & Tracey, P. (2012). From the guest editors: Educating social entrepreneurs and social innovators. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(3), 319-323.
Leadbeater, C. (1997). The rise of the social entrepreneur. Demos.
Lepoutre, J., Justo, R., Terjesen, S., & Bosma, N. (2013). Designing a global standardized methodology for measuring social entrepreneurship activity: The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Social Entrepreneurship Study. Small Business Economics, 40(3), 693-714.
Mair, J. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: Taking stock and looking ahead. In F. Alain & M. Harry (Eds.), Handbook of research on social entrepreneurship (pp. 15-28). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Martin, R. L., & Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring, 28-39.
McKinnon, K., Kennedy, M., Barraket, J., & DeCotta, T. (2020). Is being in work good for wellbeing? Work integration social enterprises in regional Australia. Australian Geographer, 51, 361-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2020.1781322
Noya, A., & Clarence, E. (2007). Executive summary. In A. Noya & E. Clarence (Eds.), The social economy: Building inclusive economies (pp. 9-22). OECD.
OECD. (2010). SMEs, entrepreneurship and innovation. OECD.
OECD. (2013). Job creation through the social economy and social entrepreneurship. OECD.
Özuğurlu, M. (2011). Sosyal politika okumaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi.
Peredo, A. M., & McLean, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41, 56-65.
Polanyi, K. (2000). Büyük dönüşüm (A. Buğra, Trans.). İletişim Yayınları.
Smith, W. K., Gonin, M., & Besharov, M. L. (2013). Managing social-business tensions: A review and research agenda for social enterprise. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(3), 407-442.
Standing, G. (2009). Work after globalization: Building occupational citizenship. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Tsai, I., & Kao, M. (2008). The embeddedness of social entrepreneurship. Abstracts. ISTR 8th International Conference, Universitat de Barcelona.
Weerawardena, J., & Mort, G. S. (2006). Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 21-35.
Westerdahl, S., & Westlund, H. (1998). Social economy and new jobs: A summary of twenty case studies in European regions. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 69(2), 193-218.
