Risk Altındaki Çocukların Okula Hazırbulunuşluğu
Özet
“Risk Altındaki Çocukların Okula Hazırbulunuşluğu” bölümü, dezavantajlı koşullarda büyüyen çocukların okula başlangıç süreçlerini ve bu süreçte karşılaştıkları zorlukları incelemektedir. Yoksulluk, göçmenlik, özel gereksinimler ve dil sorunları gibi en sık karşılaşılan faktörler, bu çocukların eğitim hayatına uyum sağlamalarını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bölümde, özellikle okul öncesi dönemde sağlanacak bireysel destekler ve kapsayıcı eğitim politikalarının önemine dikkat çekilmektedir. Hazırbulunuşluk, çocukların okula başlamadan önce sahip oldukları bilişsel, sosyal, duygusal ve fiziksel becerilerin bütünü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu kavram, sadece akademik başarıyı değil, çocukların sosyal ilişkiler kurma, duygusal zekâlarını geliştirme ve stresle başa çıkma yetilerini de kapsamaktadır. Özellikle yoksulluk, çocukların bilişsel ve sosyal gelişimini olumsuz etkilerken, farklı kültürlerden gelen çocuklar dil ve uyum sorunları yaşamaktadır. Özel gereksinimli çocuklar için ise okula hazırbulunuşluğun desteklenebilmesi için bireyselleştirilmiş eğitim programlarının hazırlanması, uygulanması ve değerlendirilmesi, sınıf içi etkinliklerin çocuğun gereksinimleri doğrultusunda uyarlanması gerekmektedir. Bölüm, öğretmenlerin çocuk merkezli ve kapsayıcı stratejiler geliştirmesi, güvenli ve destekleyici bir öğrenme ortamı sağlaması ve ailelerle iş birliği yapmasının gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Eğitimde fırsat eşitliğinin sağlanması için okul-aile-toplum iş birliğiyle kapsayıcı yaklaşımlar uygulanması önerilmektedir. Bireysel ve toplumsal gelişim açısından okula hazırbulunuşluk süreci tüm risk altındaki çocuklar için kritik bir öneme sahiptir.
Referanslar
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Nisan-Mayıs-Haziran 2007 ISSN: 1303-0256
Beter, Ö (2005). Türkiye`ye gelen sığınmacı çocukların sorunları ve bu çocuklara yönelik sosyal
hizmetler. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2016). Poverty, stress, and brain development: New directions for prevention and intervention. Academic pediatrics, 16(3), S30-S36.
Bourke, R., Bevan-Brown, J., Carroll-Lind, J., Cullen, J., Kearney, A., Mentis, M., et al. (2002).
Special Education 2000: Monitoring and evaluation of the policy. Final report to Ministry of Education. Wellington: Ministry of Education.
Brandlistuen, R. E., Flato, M., Stoltenberg, C., Helland, S. S., & Wang, M. V. (2021). Gender gaps in preschool age: A study of behavior, neurodevelopment and pre-academic skills. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 49(5), 503–510.
Bredekamp, S. (2015). Erken çocukluk eğitiminde etkili uygulamalar. (Çev. Ed. İnan, H. Z. ve İnan. T.) İstanbul: Nobel Yayıncılık
Brodzeller, K. L., Ottley, J. R., Jung, J., & Coogle, C. G. (2018). Interventions and adaptations for children with autism spectrum disorder in inclusive early childhood settings. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46, 277-286.
Chandler, L. K. (1993). Steps in preparing for transition: Preschool to kindergarten. Teaching Exceptional Children, 25, 52-55.
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Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. (2013). The long reach of early childhood poverty. In Economic
stress, human capital, and families in Asia: Research and policy challenges (pp. 57-70).
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Associations of teacher-rated social, emotional, and cognitive development in kindergarten to self-reported wellbeing, peer relations, and academic test scores in middle childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 35, 76–84.
Gullo, D. F. (2018). A structural model of early indicators of school readiness among children of
poverty. Journal of Children and Poverty, 24(1), 3–24.
Fitzpatrick, C., Boers, E., & Pagani, L. S. (2020). Kindergarten readiness, later health, and social
costs. Pediatrics, 146(6), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0978
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Hartman, S., Winsler, A., & Manfra, L. (2017). Behavior concerns among lowincome, ethnically and linguistically diverse children in child care: Importance for school readiness and kindergarten achievement. Early Education and Development, 28(3), 255–273.
Hamerslag, R., Oostdam, R., & Tavecchio, L. (2018). Inside school readiness: The role of socioemotional and behavioral factors in relation to school, teachers, peers and academic outcome in kindergarten and first grade. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 26(1), 80–96.
Hanline, M. F., & Halvorsen, A. (1989). Parent perceptions of the integration transition process:
Overcoming artificial barriers. Exceptional Children, 55(6), 487-492.
Janus, M., Hughes, D., & Duku, E. .K. (2010). Patterns of school readiness among selected subgroups of Canadian children: Children with special needs and children with diverse language backgrounds. Canadian Council on Learning.https://edi-offordcentre.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2015/06/2010_05_06_SR_ subgroups_SN_ Lang_ CCL1. pdf.
Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M., & Crowley, M. (2015). Early social-emotional functioning and public health: The relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness. American Journal of Public Health, 105(11), 2283–2290.
Kağnıcı, D. Y. (2017). Suriyeli mülteci çocukların kültürel uyum sürecinde okul psikolojik danışmanlarına düşen rol ve sorumluluklar. İlköğretim Online, 16(4), 1768-1776.
Kargın, T., Akçamete, G., & Baydık, B. (2001). Okulöncesi yaşta işitme engelli çocuğu bulunan ailelerin anasınıfına geçiş sürecindeki gereksinimlerinin belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 3(1).
Keskinkılıç Kara, S. B., & Şentürk-Tüysüzer, B. (2017). Sığınmacı öğrencilerin eğitimi sürecinde yaşanan sorunlara ilişkin yönetici, öğretmen ve veli görüşleri. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 44(5), 236-250.
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La Paro, K. M., Pianta, R. C., & Cox, M. j. (2000). Teachers' reported transition practices for children transitioning into kindergarten and first grade. Exceptional Children, 67(1), 7-20.
Laursen, B., & Hoff, E. (2006). Person-centered and variable-centered approaches to Longitudinal data. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(3), 377–389.
Lewicki, K., Franze, M., Gottschling-Lang, A., & Hoffmann, W. (2018). Developmental differences between preschool boys and girls in northeastern Germany. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 26(3), 316–333.
McAfee, O., & Leong, D. (2011). Assessing and guiding young children’s development and learning (4th ed.) Upper Saddle, Nj:Pearson
MEB, (2024). Okul Öncesi Eğitim Programı
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 959–997.
Montes, G., Lotyczewski, B. S., Halterman, J. S., & Hightower, A. D. (2012). School readiness among children with behavior problems at entrance into kindergarten: Results from a US national study. European Journal of Pediatrics, 171, 541–548.
Morrison, G.S. (2021). Günümüzde Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi. (Çeviren: Doç. Dr.Sibel SÖNMEZ). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık
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Odom, S. L., Zercher, C., Li, S., Marquart, J. M., Sandall, S., & Brown, W. H. (2006). Social acceptance and rejection of preschool children with disabilities: A mixed-method analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(4), 807.
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Early Childhood Special Education, 9(4), 1-14.
Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., & Pianta, R. C. (2000). An ecological perspective on the transition to kindergarten: A theoretical framework to guide empirical research. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21(5), 491–511.
Sabol, T. J., & Pianta, R. C. (2012). Patterns of school readiness forecast achievement and socioemotional development at the end of elementary school. Child Development, 83(1), 282–299.
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Referanslar
Abenavoli, R. M., Greenberg, M. T., & Bierman, K. L. (2017). Identification and validation of school readiness profiles among high-risk kindergartners. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 38, 33–43.
Avşar Kurnaz, Ş. (2007). Türkiye’de Çocuk Yoksulluğu. Aile ve Toplum Yıl: 9 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 12
Nisan-Mayıs-Haziran 2007 ISSN: 1303-0256
Beter, Ö (2005). Türkiye`ye gelen sığınmacı çocukların sorunları ve bu çocuklara yönelik sosyal
hizmetler. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2016). Poverty, stress, and brain development: New directions for prevention and intervention. Academic pediatrics, 16(3), S30-S36.
Bourke, R., Bevan-Brown, J., Carroll-Lind, J., Cullen, J., Kearney, A., Mentis, M., et al. (2002).
Special Education 2000: Monitoring and evaluation of the policy. Final report to Ministry of Education. Wellington: Ministry of Education.
Brandlistuen, R. E., Flato, M., Stoltenberg, C., Helland, S. S., & Wang, M. V. (2021). Gender gaps in preschool age: A study of behavior, neurodevelopment and pre-academic skills. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 49(5), 503–510.
Bredekamp, S. (2015). Erken çocukluk eğitiminde etkili uygulamalar. (Çev. Ed. İnan, H. Z. ve İnan. T.) İstanbul: Nobel Yayıncılık
Brodzeller, K. L., Ottley, J. R., Jung, J., & Coogle, C. G. (2018). Interventions and adaptations for children with autism spectrum disorder in inclusive early childhood settings. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46, 277-286.
Chandler, L. K. (1993). Steps in preparing for transition: Preschool to kindergarten. Teaching Exceptional Children, 25, 52-55.
Division for Early Childhood. (2014). DEC recommended practices in early intervention/earlychildhood special education 2014. http://www.dec-sped.org/recommendedpractices adresinden 10.10. 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. (2013). The long reach of early childhood poverty. In Economic
stress, human capital, and families in Asia: Research and policy challenges (pp. 57-70).
Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Ercan, F. Z. (2018). Suriyeli sığınmacı çocukların eğitim durumları ve okul sosyal hizmeti. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
Fisher, R., Ury, W. L., & Patton, B. (2011). Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in. Penguin.
Garon-Carrier, G., Mavungu-Blouin, C., Letarte, M. J., Gobeil-Bourdeau, J., & Fitzpatrick, C. (2024). School readiness among vulnerable children: a systematic review of studies using a person-centered approach. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 37, 16.
Guhn, M., Gadermann, A. M., Almas, A., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Hertzman, C. (2016).
Associations of teacher-rated social, emotional, and cognitive development in kindergarten to self-reported wellbeing, peer relations, and academic test scores in middle childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 35, 76–84.
Gullo, D. F. (2018). A structural model of early indicators of school readiness among children of
poverty. Journal of Children and Poverty, 24(1), 3–24.
Fitzpatrick, C., Boers, E., & Pagani, L. S. (2020). Kindergarten readiness, later health, and social
costs. Pediatrics, 146(6), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0978
Fowler, S. A., Schwartz, I. S., & Atwater, J. (1991). Perspectives on the transition from preschool to kindergarten for children with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 58, 136-
145.
Halle, T., Zaff, J., Calkins, J., & Margie, N. (2000). Part II: Reviewing the literature on contributing factors to school readiness. Background for community-level work on school
readiness: A review of definitions, assessments, and investment strategies.
Hartman, S., Winsler, A., & Manfra, L. (2017). Behavior concerns among lowincome, ethnically and linguistically diverse children in child care: Importance for school readiness and kindergarten achievement. Early Education and Development, 28(3), 255–273.
Hamerslag, R., Oostdam, R., & Tavecchio, L. (2018). Inside school readiness: The role of socioemotional and behavioral factors in relation to school, teachers, peers and academic outcome in kindergarten and first grade. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 26(1), 80–96.
Hanline, M. F., & Halvorsen, A. (1989). Parent perceptions of the integration transition process:
Overcoming artificial barriers. Exceptional Children, 55(6), 487-492.
Janus, M., Hughes, D., & Duku, E. .K. (2010). Patterns of school readiness among selected subgroups of Canadian children: Children with special needs and children with diverse language backgrounds. Canadian Council on Learning.https://edi-offordcentre.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2015/06/2010_05_06_SR_ subgroups_SN_ Lang_ CCL1. pdf.
Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M., & Crowley, M. (2015). Early social-emotional functioning and public health: The relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness. American Journal of Public Health, 105(11), 2283–2290.
Kağnıcı, D. Y. (2017). Suriyeli mülteci çocukların kültürel uyum sürecinde okul psikolojik danışmanlarına düşen rol ve sorumluluklar. İlköğretim Online, 16(4), 1768-1776.
Kargın, T., Akçamete, G., & Baydık, B. (2001). Okulöncesi yaşta işitme engelli çocuğu bulunan ailelerin anasınıfına geçiş sürecindeki gereksinimlerinin belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 3(1).
Keskinkılıç Kara, S. B., & Şentürk-Tüysüzer, B. (2017). Sığınmacı öğrencilerin eğitimi sürecinde yaşanan sorunlara ilişkin yönetici, öğretmen ve veli görüşleri. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 44(5), 236-250.
Korkut, M. (2018). Mülteci çocukların sorunları ve beklentileri. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Samsun.
La Paro, K. M., Pianta, R. C., & Cox, M. j. (2000). Teachers' reported transition practices for children transitioning into kindergarten and first grade. Exceptional Children, 67(1), 7-20.
Laursen, B., & Hoff, E. (2006). Person-centered and variable-centered approaches to Longitudinal data. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(3), 377–389.
Lewicki, K., Franze, M., Gottschling-Lang, A., & Hoffmann, W. (2018). Developmental differences between preschool boys and girls in northeastern Germany. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 26(3), 316–333.
McAfee, O., & Leong, D. (2011). Assessing and guiding young children’s development and learning (4th ed.) Upper Saddle, Nj:Pearson
MEB, (2024). Okul Öncesi Eğitim Programı
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 959–997.
Montes, G., Lotyczewski, B. S., Halterman, J. S., & Hightower, A. D. (2012). School readiness among children with behavior problems at entrance into kindergarten: Results from a US national study. European Journal of Pediatrics, 171, 541–548.
Morrison, G.S. (2021). Günümüzde Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi. (Çeviren: Doç. Dr.Sibel SÖNMEZ). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık
NAEYC, (2003). Early Childhood Curriculum, Assessment, and Program Evaluation. Position Statement Adopted November.
NAEYC, (2009). National Association for the Education of Young Children, NAEYC Standards
for Early Childhood Professional Preparation Programs. (Washington, DC: NAEYC, 2009), 16.
Newman, L. (1996, January). Building the bridges: Early intervention to school Symposium conducted at the meeting of the sixth First Years of School Conference, Hobart, Australia
Odom, S. L., Zercher, C., Li, S., Marquart, J. M., Sandall, S., & Brown, W. H. (2006). Social acceptance and rejection of preschool children with disabilities: A mixed-method analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(4), 807.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2022). OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report September 2022: Paying the Price of War. OECD Publishing.
ÖZEGM, (2024). https://orgm.meb.gov.tr/
Pagani, L. S., Fitzpatrick, C., Archambault, I., & Janosz, M. (2010). School readiness and later achievement: A French Canadian replication and extension. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 984–994.
Pan, X. S., Li, C., & Watts, T. W. (2023). Associations between preschool cognitive and behavioral skills and college enrollment: Evidence from the Chicago School Readiness Project. Developmental Psychology, 59(3), 474–486.
Parent, S., Lupien, S., Herba, C. M., Dupere, V., Gunnar, M. R., & Seguin, J. R. (2019). Children’s cortisol response to the transition from preschool to formal schooling: A review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 99, 196–205.
Parcel, T. L., & Bixby, M. S. (2016). The ties that bind: Social capital, families, and children's well‐being. Child Development Perspectives, 10(2), 87-92.
Pingault, J. B., Tremblay, R. E., Vitaro, F., Japel, C., Boivin, M., & Cote, S. M. (2015). Early nonparental care and social behavior in elementary school: Support for a social group adaptation hypothesis. Child Development, 86(5), 1469–1488.
Polat, O. (2018). (“Polat, 2018”). Kriminoloj ve Kriminalistik Kriminoloji ve Kriminalastik Üzerine Notlar, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 4. Baskı, Ankara.
Reichow, B., Boyd., B. A., Barton, E.E., & Odom, S. L. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of early childhood special education. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Rice, M. L., & O'Brien, M. (1990). Transitions: Times of change and accommodation. Topics in
Early Childhood Special Education, 9(4), 1-14.
Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., & Pianta, R. C. (2000). An ecological perspective on the transition to kindergarten: A theoretical framework to guide empirical research. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21(5), 491–511.
Sabol, T. J., & Pianta, R. C. (2012). Patterns of school readiness forecast achievement and socioemotional development at the end of elementary school. Child Development, 83(1), 282–299.
Sandilos, L. E., Whittaker, J. V., Vitiello, V. E., & Kinzie, M. B. (2019). Preschoolers’ school readiness profiles and the teacher-child relationship: A latent transitioncapproach. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 62, 185–198.
Schertz, H. (2009). Book Review: Sandall, SR, & Schwartz, IS (2008). Building Blocks for Teaching Preschoolers with Special Needs . Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes. 236 pages. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24(3), 190-192.
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