Kültürel Coğrafyanın Tanımı ve Genel Özellikleri
Özet
Beşerî coğrafyanın bir alt disiplini olan kültürel coğrafya Carl Sauer ile doğal görünüm olarak başlamıştır. Kültür dinamik olarak nesilden nesile değişime uğrayarak yeni ögeler belirler. Kültürel coğrafyada kültür grupları ile toplumun mekânsal işleyişi bakımından mekânsal farklılıkları ortaya koyar.
Sauer Amerika coğrafyasında Berkeley Okulunu kurmuş ve kültürel coğrafyada landscape ekolünü savunmuştur. Yeni kültürel coğrafyacılarda yeni ögeler ekleyerek alanı zenginleştirmiştir. Kültürel coğrafya anlaşmazlıkların, tutkuların, bağlılıkların ve coşkuların yaşandığı bir gelenek olarak dünya ile bir dizi entelektüel ve özünde siyasallaştırılmış ilişkiler olarak düşünülmelidir. Bundan dolayı ne zamana ne de mekâna sabitlenmiş bir düşünce tarzıdır. Yine de bu tarz düşünceyi oluşturmaya götüren kesin ipuçlarını ortaya çıkarmak mümkündür. Bu şekilde, kültürel coğrafya kapalı ve sınırlı bir akademik çalışma alanı olmadığı için açık ve dolu bir düşünce tarzıdır. Bütün olarak ele aldığımızda kültürel coğrafyada beş belirli temanın varlığı dikkati çeker. Bunlar eşyaların düzenlemesi olarak kültür, bir yaşam biçimi olarak kültür, anlam olarak kültür, yapı olarak kültür, güç olarak kültürdür. Bu temalar farklı biçimlerde birbirine bağlanmakta ve uzun zamandır varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bunlar hem bir düşünce tarzı hem de önemli bir araştırma ve tartışma sahası olarak kültürel coğrafyayı simgelemektedir.
Kültürel coğrafya artık sosyal teoriden kıta felsefelerine ve psikanalitik yaklaşımlara kadar uzanan heyecan verici bir kaynak ve gelenek yelpazesi olan alt dallara ayrılmıştır. Kültürel coğrafya için yerli ve yabancı kaynak taraması yapılmış ve alana ait çalışmalar bir araya getirerek alan yazılarının kavramsal çerçevesi oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmadaki amacımız, kültürel coğrafyanın kuruluşundan günümüze kadar geçirdiği evreleri ortaya koyarak daha ileri taşımaktır.
Referanslar
Aitken, S.C., Cutter, S.L., ve Foote, K.E., (1989). Environmental perception and behavioral geography, Geography in America, Amerika.
Aliağaoğlu, A. (2007). Davranışsal coğrafyaya bir örnek: Öğrenci merkezli Balıkesir şehir imajı. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 17-44.
Anderson, B., & Tolia-Kelly, D. (2004). Matter (s) in social and cultural geography. Geoforum, 35(6), 669-674.
Anderson, K., Domosh, M., Pile, S., & Thrıft, N. (2003). Handbook of cultural geography. 1. Bölüm, SAGE Publications.
Arı, Y., & Köse, A. (2005). İnsan-çevre etkileşimini yorumlamada yeni bir alternatif: Kültürel coğrafya. Ulusal coğrafya kongresi 2005 (Prof. Dr. İsmail Yalçınlar anısına) bildiriler kitabı içinde (51-59). Türk Coğrafya Kurumu Yayınları, İstanbul.
Arı, Y. (2005). Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasında peyzaj kavramı. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 10(13), 311-339.
Arı, Y. (2017). Çevresel determinizmden politik ekolojiye: Son 100 yılda Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de insan-çevre coğrafyasındaki yaklaşımlar. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 22(37), 1-34.
Atkinson, D., Jackson, P., Sibley, D., & Washbourne, N. (E.d.). (2005). Cultural geography. A critical dictionary of key concepts. IB Tauris.
Baker, A. R. H. (1984). Reflections on the relations of historical geography and the annales school of history 'in baker a r h and gregory D (E.d.) Explorations in historical geography: interpretative essays (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Bar-Gal, Y. (1984). The subjective significance of the landscape of Tsfat. Folklore, 95, 245-250.
Barnett, C. (1998). The cultural turn: fashion or progress in human geography?. Antipode, 30 (4), 379–394.
Bingham, N. (1996). Object-ions: from technological determinism towards geographies of relations. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 14(6), 635-657.
Blaut, J. (1979). A radical critique of cultural geography. Antipode 11, 25-9.
Blunt, A. Gruffudd, P. May, M. Ogborn, M., & Pinder, D. (Ed.). (2014). Cultural geograph in practice. Routledge.
Braudel, F. (1973). Capitalism and material life 1400-1800 (George Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London.
Braun, B., & Castree, N. (Ed.). (1998). Remaking reality: Nature at the millennium. Routledge.
Cook, I., & Crang, P. (1996). The world on a plate: culinary culture, displacement and geographical knowledges. Journal Of Material Culture, 1(2), 131-153.
Cosgrove, D. (1984). Social formation and symbolic land-scape. Croom Helm, London.
Cosgrove D., & Daniels, S. (Ed.). (1988). The iconographyof landscape: Essays on the symbolic repre-sentation, design, and use of past environments. Cambridge University Press.
Cosgrove, D. E. (1983). Towards a radical cultural geography. Antipode, 15, 1-11.
Cosgrove, D., & Jackson, P. (1987). New directions in cultural geography. Area, 95-101.
Crang, M. (1997a). Picturing practices: research through the tourist gaze. Progress in human geography, 21(3), 359-373.
Crang, M. (1997b). Cultural Geography. Routledge.
Daniels, S. J., & Cosgrove, D. (1987). Iconography and landscape in Cosgrove D and Daniels S J (eds) The iconography of landscape (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Dematteis, G. (1985). Le metafore della terra: La geografia umana tra mito e scienza (Feltrinelli, Torino).
Doughty, R. (1981). Environmental theology: trends and prospects in Christian thought. Progress in Human Geography, 5, 234-48.
Driver, F. (1985). Power, space, and the body: A critical assessment of foucault's discipline and punish, Society and Space, 3, 425-46.
Duncan, J. (1990). The city as text: The politics of landscape ınterpretation in the Kandyan Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
Duncan, J., & Duncan, N. (1988). (Re) reading the landscape. Environment and Planning D: Society and space, 6(2), 117-126.
Emekli, G. (2006). Coğrafya, kültür ve turizm: kültürel turizm. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 15, 51-59.
Foucault, M. (1970). The order of things, Tavistock, London.
Frenkel, S. (1992). Geography, empire, and environmental determinism. Geographical Review, 143-153.
Frenkel, S. (1992). Geography, empire, and environmental determinism. Geographical Review, 143-153.
Gregory, D. (1987). Areal differentiation and post-modern human geography, in Gregory D and Walford R (eds) Horizons in human geography (Macmillan, London) (in press)
Gregory, D., Urry, J. (1985). Social relations and spatial structures. Macmillan.
Hubbard, P. (2005). Space/place- cultural geography a critical dictionary of key concepts, Edited by David Atkinson, Peter.
Jackson, P. (1980). A plea for cultural geography, Area, 12, 110-13.
Jackson, P. (1985). Urban ethnography, Progress in Human Geography, 9, 157-76.
Jackson, P. (1989). Maps of meaning: An ıntroduction to cultural geography: Unwin Hyman. Routledge.
Jackson, P. (2000). Rematerialising social and culturalgeography, Social and Cultural Geography 1: 9–14.
Jackson, P., & Smith, S. J. (1984). Exploring social geography. Routledge Revivals.
James, P. E., & Martin, G. J. (1981). All possible worlds: A history of geographical ideas. John Wiley & Sons.
Johnston, R. J. (1987). Geography and Geographers, Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945, (Third edition), Edward Arnold, London.
Kaya, İ. (2015). Kültürel dönüş ve yeni kültürel coğrafya. Coğrafyacılar Derneği Uluslararası Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı 21-23 Mayıs 2015, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Kayserili, A. (2010). Carl Ortwin Sauer ve kültürel coğrafya. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 15(24), 177-190.
Leighly, J. (1976). Carl Sauer (obituary). Annals. Association of American Geographers, 66, 337-348.
Ley, D. (1985). Cultural/humanistic geography. Progress in Human Geography, 9, 415-23.
Ley, D. (1987). Styles of the times: liberal and neo-conservative landscapes in inner Vancouver, 1968-86. Journal of Historical Geography. 13, 40-56.
Ley, R. D. (1985). Photoreactivation of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and erythema in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 82(8), 2409-2411.
Longhurst, R. (2001). Bodies: Exploring Fluid Boundaries. Routledge, London.
Longhurst, R. (2007). Cultural geography. Different encounters, encountering difference. Documents d'anàlisi geogràfica, (50), 105-120.
Mackinder, H. (1904). Geographical pivot of history. Geographical Journal, 23:421-437.
Malfroy, S. (1984). Le paysage de la Suisse comme valeur et comme probleme. Nos Monuments D'art Et D'histoire, 35, 23-31.
Marcus, G. E., & Cushman, D. (1982). Ethnographies as text. Annual Review of Anthropology, 11, 25-69.
Marcus, G.E., & Fischer, M.M.J. (1986). Anthropology as cultural critique: an experimental moment in the human sciences. Chicago University Press.
Meinig, D. W. (1979). The beholding eye: Ten versions of the same scene. The interpretation of ordinary landscapes: Geographical essays, 33.
Mitchell, D. (1995). The end of public space? People's Park, definitions of the public, and democracy. Annals Of The Association Of American Geographers, 85(1), 108-133.
Mitchell, D. (2000). Cultural Geography: A Critical İntroduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1986). Iconology, image, text, ideology. Chicago University Press.
Nogue i Font, J. (1984). Humanistic geography and landscape: a humanistic interpretation of the landscape of 'La Garrotxa' (Catalonia) seen through literature and through five environmental experi ence groups. [Unpublished PhD dissertation] Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona.
Nogue i Font, J. (1986). La percepcio del bosc: la Garrotxa com a espai visut (Diputacio de Girona, Ajuntament d'Olot, Girona).
Okur, M., & Bilgili, M. (2021). Kültürel Coğrafya Bağlamında Temsil ve Temsil Ötesi Teoriler. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 30(1), 187-194.
Okur, M. (2022). Kültürel Dönüş ve Kültürel Coğrafya Öğretimi. Yapılandırılmış Gömülü Teori Yaklaşımı. [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi] Marmara Üniversitesi.
Olwig, K. (1984). Nature's ideological landscape.Allen & Unwin.
Özgüç, N. & Tümertekin, E. (2000). Coğrafya, geçmiş, kavramlar, coğrafyacılar. Çantay Kitabevi, İstanbul.
Peach, L. J. (2002). Legislating morality: pluralism and religious identity in lawmaking. Oxford University Press, USA.
Pepper, D. (1984). The roots of modern environmentalism. Croom Helm.
Philo, C. (1986). The same and the other: on geography, madness and outsiders, Loughborough, University of Technology, Department of Geography, Occasional Paper 11.
Philo, C. (2000). More words, more worlds: reflections on the cultural turn and human geography, in I. Cook, D. Crouch, S. Naylor and J. Ryan eds. Cultural Turns/Geographical Turns: Perspectives on Cultural Geography. Harlow, Pearson, 26–53.
Price, M., & Lewis, M. (1993). The reinvention of cultural geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83(1), 1-17.
Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. Pion.
Rose, G. (2003). A body of questions. In: Pryke, M., Rose, G., Whatmore, S. (Eds.), Using Social Theory: Thinking Through Research. Sage, London, pp. 47–65.
Sauer, C. (1956). The agency of man on the earth. In T. Williams (Ed.), Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, (pp. 49-69). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sauer, C. Ortwin (1925). The Morphology of Landscape. University of Californiya Publications in Geography, 2: 19-54.
Sayer, A. (1994). Cultural studies and “the economy, stupid”. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, 635–637.
Schein, R. H. (2004). Cultural traditions, duncan J.(Editor), A Companion to Cultural Geography, Blackwell Publishing, U.K., 11-23.
Schorske, C. E. (1981). Fin-de-siecle Vienna: politics and culture. Vintage Books.
Semple, E. C. (1911). Influences of the geographic environment. Henry Holt.
Silk, C. P., & Silk, J. A. (1985). Racism, nationalism and the creation of a regional myth: the southern States after the American Civil War ' in Burgess J A and Gold J R (eds) Geography, the media and popular culture.Croom Helm.
Singh, R.P.B. (1985). The personality and lifeworld of Varanasi as revealed in Shivaprasad Singh's novels: a study in literary geography. National Geographical Journal of India, 31, 291-318.
Suttles, G.D. (1984). The cumulative texture of local urban culture. American journal of Sociology ,90, 283-304.
Thomas, W. L. (1956.). Man's role in changing the face of the earth. Chicago University Press.
Thrift, N. J. (1983). Literature, the production of culture and the politics of place. Antipode, 15, 12-23.
Tümertekin, E., & Özgüç, N. (2002). Beşerî Coğrafya (İnsan-Kültür-Mekân). Çantay Yayınevi. İstanbul.
Youngs, M.J. (1985). The English television landscape documentary: a look at Granada' in Burgess J and Gold J R (eds) Geography, the media and popular culture (Croom Helm, London).
Zimolzak, C.E., & Stansfield, C.A. Jr. (1983). The Human Landscape. Geography and Culture.
Referanslar
Aitken, S.C., Cutter, S.L., ve Foote, K.E., (1989). Environmental perception and behavioral geography, Geography in America, Amerika.
Aliağaoğlu, A. (2007). Davranışsal coğrafyaya bir örnek: Öğrenci merkezli Balıkesir şehir imajı. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 17-44.
Anderson, B., & Tolia-Kelly, D. (2004). Matter (s) in social and cultural geography. Geoforum, 35(6), 669-674.
Anderson, K., Domosh, M., Pile, S., & Thrıft, N. (2003). Handbook of cultural geography. 1. Bölüm, SAGE Publications.
Arı, Y., & Köse, A. (2005). İnsan-çevre etkileşimini yorumlamada yeni bir alternatif: Kültürel coğrafya. Ulusal coğrafya kongresi 2005 (Prof. Dr. İsmail Yalçınlar anısına) bildiriler kitabı içinde (51-59). Türk Coğrafya Kurumu Yayınları, İstanbul.
Arı, Y. (2005). Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasında peyzaj kavramı. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 10(13), 311-339.
Arı, Y. (2017). Çevresel determinizmden politik ekolojiye: Son 100 yılda Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de insan-çevre coğrafyasındaki yaklaşımlar. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 22(37), 1-34.
Atkinson, D., Jackson, P., Sibley, D., & Washbourne, N. (E.d.). (2005). Cultural geography. A critical dictionary of key concepts. IB Tauris.
Baker, A. R. H. (1984). Reflections on the relations of historical geography and the annales school of history 'in baker a r h and gregory D (E.d.) Explorations in historical geography: interpretative essays (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Bar-Gal, Y. (1984). The subjective significance of the landscape of Tsfat. Folklore, 95, 245-250.
Barnett, C. (1998). The cultural turn: fashion or progress in human geography?. Antipode, 30 (4), 379–394.
Bingham, N. (1996). Object-ions: from technological determinism towards geographies of relations. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 14(6), 635-657.
Blaut, J. (1979). A radical critique of cultural geography. Antipode 11, 25-9.
Blunt, A. Gruffudd, P. May, M. Ogborn, M., & Pinder, D. (Ed.). (2014). Cultural geograph in practice. Routledge.
Braudel, F. (1973). Capitalism and material life 1400-1800 (George Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London.
Braun, B., & Castree, N. (Ed.). (1998). Remaking reality: Nature at the millennium. Routledge.
Cook, I., & Crang, P. (1996). The world on a plate: culinary culture, displacement and geographical knowledges. Journal Of Material Culture, 1(2), 131-153.
Cosgrove, D. (1984). Social formation and symbolic land-scape. Croom Helm, London.
Cosgrove D., & Daniels, S. (Ed.). (1988). The iconographyof landscape: Essays on the symbolic repre-sentation, design, and use of past environments. Cambridge University Press.
Cosgrove, D. E. (1983). Towards a radical cultural geography. Antipode, 15, 1-11.
Cosgrove, D., & Jackson, P. (1987). New directions in cultural geography. Area, 95-101.
Crang, M. (1997a). Picturing practices: research through the tourist gaze. Progress in human geography, 21(3), 359-373.
Crang, M. (1997b). Cultural Geography. Routledge.
Daniels, S. J., & Cosgrove, D. (1987). Iconography and landscape in Cosgrove D and Daniels S J (eds) The iconography of landscape (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Dematteis, G. (1985). Le metafore della terra: La geografia umana tra mito e scienza (Feltrinelli, Torino).
Doughty, R. (1981). Environmental theology: trends and prospects in Christian thought. Progress in Human Geography, 5, 234-48.
Driver, F. (1985). Power, space, and the body: A critical assessment of foucault's discipline and punish, Society and Space, 3, 425-46.
Duncan, J. (1990). The city as text: The politics of landscape ınterpretation in the Kandyan Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
Duncan, J., & Duncan, N. (1988). (Re) reading the landscape. Environment and Planning D: Society and space, 6(2), 117-126.
Emekli, G. (2006). Coğrafya, kültür ve turizm: kültürel turizm. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 15, 51-59.
Foucault, M. (1970). The order of things, Tavistock, London.
Frenkel, S. (1992). Geography, empire, and environmental determinism. Geographical Review, 143-153.
Frenkel, S. (1992). Geography, empire, and environmental determinism. Geographical Review, 143-153.
Gregory, D. (1987). Areal differentiation and post-modern human geography, in Gregory D and Walford R (eds) Horizons in human geography (Macmillan, London) (in press)
Gregory, D., Urry, J. (1985). Social relations and spatial structures. Macmillan.
Hubbard, P. (2005). Space/place- cultural geography a critical dictionary of key concepts, Edited by David Atkinson, Peter.
Jackson, P. (1980). A plea for cultural geography, Area, 12, 110-13.
Jackson, P. (1985). Urban ethnography, Progress in Human Geography, 9, 157-76.
Jackson, P. (1989). Maps of meaning: An ıntroduction to cultural geography: Unwin Hyman. Routledge.
Jackson, P. (2000). Rematerialising social and culturalgeography, Social and Cultural Geography 1: 9–14.
Jackson, P., & Smith, S. J. (1984). Exploring social geography. Routledge Revivals.
James, P. E., & Martin, G. J. (1981). All possible worlds: A history of geographical ideas. John Wiley & Sons.
Johnston, R. J. (1987). Geography and Geographers, Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945, (Third edition), Edward Arnold, London.
Kaya, İ. (2015). Kültürel dönüş ve yeni kültürel coğrafya. Coğrafyacılar Derneği Uluslararası Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı 21-23 Mayıs 2015, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Kayserili, A. (2010). Carl Ortwin Sauer ve kültürel coğrafya. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 15(24), 177-190.
Leighly, J. (1976). Carl Sauer (obituary). Annals. Association of American Geographers, 66, 337-348.
Ley, D. (1985). Cultural/humanistic geography. Progress in Human Geography, 9, 415-23.
Ley, D. (1987). Styles of the times: liberal and neo-conservative landscapes in inner Vancouver, 1968-86. Journal of Historical Geography. 13, 40-56.
Ley, R. D. (1985). Photoreactivation of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and erythema in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 82(8), 2409-2411.
Longhurst, R. (2001). Bodies: Exploring Fluid Boundaries. Routledge, London.
Longhurst, R. (2007). Cultural geography. Different encounters, encountering difference. Documents d'anàlisi geogràfica, (50), 105-120.
Mackinder, H. (1904). Geographical pivot of history. Geographical Journal, 23:421-437.
Malfroy, S. (1984). Le paysage de la Suisse comme valeur et comme probleme. Nos Monuments D'art Et D'histoire, 35, 23-31.
Marcus, G. E., & Cushman, D. (1982). Ethnographies as text. Annual Review of Anthropology, 11, 25-69.
Marcus, G.E., & Fischer, M.M.J. (1986). Anthropology as cultural critique: an experimental moment in the human sciences. Chicago University Press.
Meinig, D. W. (1979). The beholding eye: Ten versions of the same scene. The interpretation of ordinary landscapes: Geographical essays, 33.
Mitchell, D. (1995). The end of public space? People's Park, definitions of the public, and democracy. Annals Of The Association Of American Geographers, 85(1), 108-133.
Mitchell, D. (2000). Cultural Geography: A Critical İntroduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1986). Iconology, image, text, ideology. Chicago University Press.
Nogue i Font, J. (1984). Humanistic geography and landscape: a humanistic interpretation of the landscape of 'La Garrotxa' (Catalonia) seen through literature and through five environmental experi ence groups. [Unpublished PhD dissertation] Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona.
Nogue i Font, J. (1986). La percepcio del bosc: la Garrotxa com a espai visut (Diputacio de Girona, Ajuntament d'Olot, Girona).
Okur, M., & Bilgili, M. (2021). Kültürel Coğrafya Bağlamında Temsil ve Temsil Ötesi Teoriler. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 30(1), 187-194.
Okur, M. (2022). Kültürel Dönüş ve Kültürel Coğrafya Öğretimi. Yapılandırılmış Gömülü Teori Yaklaşımı. [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi] Marmara Üniversitesi.
Olwig, K. (1984). Nature's ideological landscape.Allen & Unwin.
Özgüç, N. & Tümertekin, E. (2000). Coğrafya, geçmiş, kavramlar, coğrafyacılar. Çantay Kitabevi, İstanbul.
Peach, L. J. (2002). Legislating morality: pluralism and religious identity in lawmaking. Oxford University Press, USA.
Pepper, D. (1984). The roots of modern environmentalism. Croom Helm.
Philo, C. (1986). The same and the other: on geography, madness and outsiders, Loughborough, University of Technology, Department of Geography, Occasional Paper 11.
Philo, C. (2000). More words, more worlds: reflections on the cultural turn and human geography, in I. Cook, D. Crouch, S. Naylor and J. Ryan eds. Cultural Turns/Geographical Turns: Perspectives on Cultural Geography. Harlow, Pearson, 26–53.
Price, M., & Lewis, M. (1993). The reinvention of cultural geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83(1), 1-17.
Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. Pion.
Rose, G. (2003). A body of questions. In: Pryke, M., Rose, G., Whatmore, S. (Eds.), Using Social Theory: Thinking Through Research. Sage, London, pp. 47–65.
Sauer, C. (1956). The agency of man on the earth. In T. Williams (Ed.), Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, (pp. 49-69). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sauer, C. Ortwin (1925). The Morphology of Landscape. University of Californiya Publications in Geography, 2: 19-54.
Sayer, A. (1994). Cultural studies and “the economy, stupid”. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, 635–637.
Schein, R. H. (2004). Cultural traditions, duncan J.(Editor), A Companion to Cultural Geography, Blackwell Publishing, U.K., 11-23.
Schorske, C. E. (1981). Fin-de-siecle Vienna: politics and culture. Vintage Books.
Semple, E. C. (1911). Influences of the geographic environment. Henry Holt.
Silk, C. P., & Silk, J. A. (1985). Racism, nationalism and the creation of a regional myth: the southern States after the American Civil War ' in Burgess J A and Gold J R (eds) Geography, the media and popular culture.Croom Helm.
Singh, R.P.B. (1985). The personality and lifeworld of Varanasi as revealed in Shivaprasad Singh's novels: a study in literary geography. National Geographical Journal of India, 31, 291-318.
Suttles, G.D. (1984). The cumulative texture of local urban culture. American journal of Sociology ,90, 283-304.
Thomas, W. L. (1956.). Man's role in changing the face of the earth. Chicago University Press.
Thrift, N. J. (1983). Literature, the production of culture and the politics of place. Antipode, 15, 12-23.
Tümertekin, E., & Özgüç, N. (2002). Beşerî Coğrafya (İnsan-Kültür-Mekân). Çantay Yayınevi. İstanbul.
Youngs, M.J. (1985). The English television landscape documentary: a look at Granada' in Burgess J and Gold J R (eds) Geography, the media and popular culture (Croom Helm, London).
Zimolzak, C.E., & Stansfield, C.A. Jr. (1983). The Human Landscape. Geography and Culture.
