Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Üreme Hastalıkları ve Üreme Kusurları
Özet
Referanslar
Sheldon IM, Williams EJ, Miller ANA, Nash DM, Herath S. (2008). Uterine diseases in cattle after parturition. The Veterinary Journal, 176(1), 115–121. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.031
Gilbert RO, Bosu WTK, Peter, AT. (1990). The effect of endotoxin on luteal function in Holstein heifers. Theriogenology, 33(3), 645–651. doi:10.1016/0093-691x(90)90541-z
Korkmaz Ö, Küplülü Ş. (2014) Yüksek Süt Verimli İneklerde İnfertilite Nedenleri. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1) 49-54.
Drillich M, Wagener K. (2018). Pathogenesis of uterine diseases in dairy cattle and implications for fertility. Animal Reproduction, 15(Suppl 1): 879–885. doi: 10.21451/1984-3143-AR2018-0023
University of Minnesota Extension. Mastitis Effect of Reproduction 2011. (10.05.2024 tarihinde https://qualitycounts.umn.edu/sites/qualitycounts.umn.edu/files/2022-01/f-ah-1.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Takahashi M. (2011). Heat stress on reproductive function and fertility in mammals. Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 11(1), 37–47. doi:10.1007/s12522-011-0105-6
Ambrose DJ. (2014). Postpartum Anestrus and its Management in Dairy Cattle. Bovine Reproduction, 456–470. doi:10.1002/9781118833971.ch5
Alaçam E, Gökçen H. (1983). İneklerde Fertilite Sorunları ve Çözüm Yolları. U. V. Veteriner Fakültesinde, "Panel" olarak sunulmuştur.
Hidiroglou M. (1979). Trace Element Deficiencies and Fertility in Ruminants: A Review. Journal of Dairy Science, 62(8), 1195–1206. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(79)83400-1
Sheldon IM, Lewis, GS, LeBlanc S, Gilbert RO. (2006). Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology, 65(8), 1516–1530. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.08.0
Fenwick MA, Llewellyn S, Fitzpatrick R, Kenny DA, Murphy JJ, Patton J, Wathes D C. (2007). Negative energy balance in dairy cows is associated with specific changes in IGF-binding protein expression in the oviduct. Reproduction, 135(1), 63–75. doi:10.1530/rep-07-0243
Butler ST, Pelton SH, Butler WR. (2006). Energy Balance, Metabolic Status, and the First Postpartum Ovarian Follicle Wave in Cows Administered Propylene Glycol. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(8), 2938–2951. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72566-8
Kesler DJ, Garverick HA. (1982). Ovarian Cysts in Dairy Cattle: a Review. Journal of Animal Science, 55(5), 1147–1159. doi:10.2527/jas1982.5551147x
Hamilton SA, Garverick HA, Keisler DH, Xu ZZ, Loos K, Youngquist RS, Salfen BE. (1995). Characterization of Ovarian Follicular Cysts and Associated Endocrine Profiles in Dairy Cows1. Biology of Reproduction, 53(4), 890–898. doi:10.1095/biolreprod53.4.890
Karsavuranoğlu G, Sarıbay MK, Gözer A, Bahan O. (2002). İneklerde Ovaryum Kistlerinin Tanısı, Tedavisi ve Korunma Yöntemleri. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 11(2): 121-136, 2022
Pérez-Marín CC, Quintela, L. A. (2013). Current Insights in the Repeat Breeder Cow Syndrome. Animals, 13(13), 2187. doi: 10.3390/ani13132187
Diskin M, Morris D. (2008). Embryonic and Early Foetal Losses in Cattle and Other Ruminants. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 43, 260–267. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01171.x
Formigoni A, Trevisi E. (2003). Transition Cow: Interaction with Fertility. Veterinary Research Communications, 27, 143–152. doi:10.1023/b:verc.0000014131.34839.4c
Wathes DC, Oguejiofor CF, Thomas C, Cheng Z. (2019). Importance of Viral Disease in Dairy Cow Fertility. Engineering, doi:10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.020
BonDurant RH. (2005). Venereal Diseases of Cattle: Natural History, Diagnosis, and the Role of Vaccines in their Control. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 21(2), 383–408. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2005.03.002
MSD Veterinary Manual. Abortion in Cattle 2021. (10.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/abortion-in-large-animals/abortion-in-cattle adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Bazer FW, Ying W, Wang X, Dunlap, KA, Zhou B, Johnson GA, Wu G. (2015). The many faces of interferon tau. Amino Acids, 47(3), 449–460. doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1905-x
Çetin H, Uçar EH. (2018). Doğum Sonrası Problemler ve Mastitis. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırması Enstitüsü Dergisi 58, 15-22
Azawi OI. (2008). Postpartum uterine infection in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 105(3-4), 187–208. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.01.01
Melendez P, Bartolome J, Roeschmann C, Soto B, Arevalo A, Möller J, Coarsey M. (2021). The association of prepartum urine pH, plasma total calcium concentration at calving and postpartum diseases in Holstein dairy cattle. Animal, 15(3), 100148. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100148
Rısco CA, Youngquıst RS, Shore MD. (2007). Postpartum Uterine Infections. Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology, 339–344. doi:10.1016/b978-072169323-1.50047-7
Sandals WCD, Curtis RA, Cote JF, Martin WS. (1979). The Effect of Retained Placenta and Metritis Complex on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle — A Case Control Study. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 20(5): 131-135.
Imhof S, Luternauer M, Hüsler J, Steiner A, Hirsbrunner G. (2019). Therapy of retained fetal membranes in cattle: comparison of two treatment protocols. Animal Reproduction Science. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.04.01
Mahnani A, Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi A, Ansari-Mahyari S, Ghorbani, GR. (2021). Assessing the consequences and economic impact of retained placenta in Holstein dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 175, 61–68. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.0
Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. Reproductive Prolapses of Cattle 2018. (13.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.uaex.uada.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-3102.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Goff JP, Horst RL. (1997). Physiological Changes at Parturition and Their Relationship to Metabolic Disorders. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(7), 1260–1268. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76055-7
MSD Veterinary Manual. Uterine Prolapse and Eversion in Animals 2021. (20.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/uterine-prolapse-and-eversion/uterine-prolapse-and-eversion-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Wyse J, Latif S, Gurusinge S, McCormick J, Weston LA, Stephen CP. (2022). Phytoestrogens: A Review of Their Impacts on Reproductive Physiology and Other Effects upon Grazing Livestock. Animals.9;12(19):2709. doi:10.3390/ani12192709
Minervini F, Dell’Aquila, ME (2008). Zearalenone and Reproductive Function in Farm Animals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9(12), 2570–2584. doi:10.3390/ijms9122570
MSD Veterinary Manual. Nitrate and Nitrite Poisoning in Animals 2021. (20.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/toxicology/nitrate-and-nitrite-poisoning/nitrate-and-nitrite-poisoning-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Doğan F, Dağalp SB. (2017). Sığırlarda Viral Nedenli Abort Olgularının Etiyopatogenezi. MAKÜ Sag. Bil. Enst. Derg. 2017, 5(1): 66-77
MSD Veterinary Manual. Trichomoniasis in Cattle 2020. (20.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/trichomoniasis/trichomoniasis-in-cattle adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MSD Veterinary Manual. Abortion in Cattle 2021. (20.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/abortion-in-large-animals/abortion-in-cattle adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
BonDurant RH. (2005). Venereal Diseases of Cattle: Natural History, Diagnosis, and the Role of Vaccines in their Control. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 21(2), 383–408. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2005.03.002
Eckel EF, Ametaj BN. (2020). Bacterial Endotoxins and Their Role in Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows: Mucosal Vaccine Perspectives. Dairy, 1(1), 61–90. doi:10.3390/dairy1010006
Magata F. (2020). Lipopolysaccharide-induced mechanisms of ovarian dysfunction in cows with uterine inflammatory diseases. Journal of Reproduction and Development. doi:10.1262/jrd.2020-021
Evans A, Mossa F, Walsh S, Scheetz D, Jimenez-Krassel F, Ireland J, … Ireland J. (2012). Effects of Maternal Environment During Gestation on Ovarian Folliculogenesis and Consequences for Fertility in Bovine Offspring. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47, 31–37. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02052.x
Koyama K, Koyama T, Sugımoto M. (2018). Repeatability of antral follicle count according parity in dairy cows. Journal of Reproduction and Development. doi:10.1262/jrd.2018-062
Adnane M, Kaıdı R, Hanzen C, England GCW. (2017). Risk factors of clinical and subclinical endometritis in cattle: a review. TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, 41, 1–11. doi:10.3906/vet-1603-63
Pinedo PJ, Melendez P, Villagomez-Cortes JA, Risco CA. (2009). Effect of high somatic cell counts on reproductive performance of Chilean dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(4), 1575–1580. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1783
Lavon Y, Leitner G, Voet H, Wolfenson D. (2010). Naturally occurring mastitis effects on timing of ovulation, steroid and gonadotrophic hormone concentrations, and follicular and luteal growth in cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(3), 911–921. doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2112
Santos JE, Cerri RL, Ballou M, Higginbotham G, Kirk J. (2004). Effect of timing of first clinical mastitis occurrence on lactational and reproductive performance of Holstein dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 80(1-2), 31–45. doi:10.1016/s0378-4320(03)00133-7
Barker AR, Schrick FN, Lewis MJ, Dowlen HH, Oliver SP. (1998). Influence of Clinical Mastitis During Early Lactation on Reproductive Performance of Jersey Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(5), 1285–1290. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(98)75690-5
Hansen PJ, Soto P, Natzke RP. (2004). Mastitis and Fertility in Cattle- Possible Involvement of Inflammation or Immune Activation in Embryonic Mortality. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 51(4), 294–301. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2004.00160.x
Soto P, Natzke RP, Hansen PJ. (2003). Identification of Possible Mediators of Embryonic Mortality Caused by Mastitis: Actions of Lipopolysaccharide, Prostaglandin F2alpha, and the Nitric Oxide Generator, Sodium Nitroprusside Dihydrate, on Oocyte Maturation and Embryonic Development in Cattle. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 50(3), 263–272. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0897.2003.00085.x
Skarzynski D, Piotrowska K, Bah M, Korzekwa A, Woclawek-Potocka I, Sawai K, Okuda K. (2009). Effects of Exogenous Tumour Necrosis Factor-α on the Secretory Function of the Bovine Reproductive Tract Depend on Tumour Necrosis Factor-α Concentrations. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44(3), 371–379. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.01016.x
Wolfenson D, Leitner G, Lavon Y. (2015). The Disruptive Effects of Mastitis on Reproduction and Fertility in Dairy Cows. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 14(4), 4125. doi:10.4081/ijas.2015.4125
Fathalla M, Abdou MSS, Fahmi H. (1978). Case report: Bartholin gland cyst in the cow. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 19(12):340.
Bademkıran S, Yeşilmen S, Yokus B. (2009). Unilateral Bartholin Gland Cyst in A Pregnant Heifer. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi. 2009:23 (1): 61-63
Manokaran S, Sivasankar K, Palanisamy M, Selvaraju M, Napolean RE. (2014). Unilateral Bartholin’s gland Cyst in a Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cow. International Journal of Livestock Research. Vol 4 (9) Dec 14. doi:10.5455/ijlr.20141120091023
Stilwell G, Peleteiro MC. (2010). Uterine Adenocarcinoma with Pulmonary, Liver and Mesentery Metastasis in a Holstein Cow. Veterinary Medicine International, 2010, 1–3. doi:10.4061/2010/727856
Mimoune N, Kaidi R, Belarbi A, Kaddour R, Azzous MY. (2017). Ovarian tumors in cattle: case reports. Human and Veterinary Medicine.9(2):41-44.
Sachan V, Kumar R, Saxena A. (2018). Uterine leiomyoma in a cow- a case report. Indıan Journal of Animal Health. 57(2):235-238. DOI:10.36062/ijah.57.2.2018.235-238
Kılınç B, Oruç E. (2014). Mezbahada Kesime Alınan İneklerde Ovaryum ve Uterus Lezyonlarının Patolojik Yöntemlerle Araştırılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 0, 10.10.2014. doi.org/10.17094/avbd.96153
Dutt R, Singh G, Gahalot SC, Patil SS, Sharma K, Dhaka AP, Yadav V. (2019). Mucometra Assocıated wıth Cystıc Ovarıan Dısease and Uterıne Unıcornıs ın Sahıwal Cow. Exploratory Animal and Medical Research, Vol.9, Issue- 1, 2019, p. 82-83
Yadav SP, Dholpuria S, Sarswat CS, Yadava CL, Sharma KK, Bajia NP. (2020). An unusual case of mucometra associated withcystic ovarian disease in a Jersy cow: A case report. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2020; 8(5): 832-834
Diskin MG, Parr MH,Morris DG. (2012). Embryo death in cattle: an update. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 24(1), 244. doi:10.1071/rd1191
Gadelha ICN, Fonseca NBS, Oloris SCS, Melo MM, Soto-Blanco B. (2014). Gossypol Toxicity from Cottonseed Products. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1–11. doi:10.1155/2014/231635
Partners in Reproduction. Early Embryonic Death. (25.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.partners-in-reproduction.com/diseases-disorders/pregnancy-disorders/embryonic-mortality/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Parkinson TJ. (2019). Infertility in the Cow Due to Functional and Management Deficiencies. Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, 361–407. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-7233-8.00022-7
Nowacka J, Switonski M, Mackowski M, Slota E, Radko A, Zabek T, Urbaniak K. (2011). The ambiguity of freemartinism diagnosis in cattle revealed by cytogenetic and molecular techniques. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 49(No. 6), 239–243. doi:10.17221/4306-cjas
Kozubska-Sobocińska A, Smołucha G, Danielak-Czech B. (2019). Early Diagnostics of Freemartinism in Polish Holstein-Friesian Female Calves. Animals, 9(11), 971. doi:10.3390/ani9110971
Fisher AD, Crowe MA, Prendiville DJ, Enright WJ. (1997). Indoor space allowance: effects on growth, behaviour, adrenal and immune responses of finishing beef heifers. Animal Science, 64(01), 53–62. doi:10.1017/s135772980001554x
Wang J, Li J, Wang F, Xiao J, Wang Y, Yang H, … Cao Z. (2020). Heat stress on calves and heifers: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 11(1). doi:10.1186/s40104-020-00485-8
MSD Veterinary Manual. Breeding Programs for Heifer Replacements and Cows 2023. (29.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/management-of-reproduction-cattle/breeding-programs-for-heifer-replacements-and-cows adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Duplessis M, Cue RI, Santschi DE, Lefebvre DM, Lacroix R. (2015). Weight, height, and relative-reliability indicators as a management tool for reducing age at first breeding and calving of dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(3), 2063–2073. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8279
Daradics Z, Crecan CM, Rus MA, Morar IA, Mircean MV, Cătoi A F, Cecan AD, Cătoi C. (2021). Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows and Horses: Comparison to Human Metabolic Syndrome. Life, 16;11(12):1406. doi: 10.3390/life11121406.
Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. A)- Damızlık Boğa Adaylarının Temininde Aranılacak Sağlık Şartları ve Verim Özellikleri. (02.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Belgeler/Mevzuat/Talimatlar/HAYGEM/SPERMA_EMBRIYO_OVUM.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Resmi Gazete. İhbarı Mecburi Hastalıklar/22 Ocak 2011/ Sayı: 27823. (02.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/01/20110122-4.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Capela L, Leites I, Romão R, Lopes-da-Costa L, Pereira RMLN. (2022). Impact of Heat Stress on Bovine Sperm Quality and Competence. Animals. 12(8): 975. doi: 10.3390/ani12080975
Morrell JM. (2020). Heat stress and bull fertility. Theriogenology. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.014
North Dakota State University. Cold Exposure and Bull Fertility 2009. (08.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/livestock/beef/cold-exposure-and-bull-fertility adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
National Animal Disease Information Service. The Importance of The Bull in Herd Fertility. (08.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/beef-herd-fertility/bull-fertility/#:~:text=Lameness%2FPhysical%20Fitness,bulls%20and%20routine%20foot%20care. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Koziol JH, Sheets T, Wickware CL, Johnson TA. (2022). Composition and diversity of the seminal microbiota in bulls and its association with semen parameters. Theriogenology, 1:182:17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.01.029.
Van Camp SD. (1997). Common Causes of Infertility in the Bull. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 13(2), 203–231. doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30336-4
Bell G. (2006). Clinical: Diseases of the bovine scrotum. Livestock, 11(7), 19–23. doi:10.1111/j.2044-3870.2006.tb00064.x
O’Toole D, Sondgeroth KS. (2015). Histophilosis as a Natural Disease. Histophilus Somni, 15–48. doi:10.1007/82_2015_5008
New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. Bull Health 2007. (08.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/111325/bull-health.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Zajac AM, Hansen JW, Whittier WD, Eversole DE. (1991). The effect of parasite control on fertility in beef heifers. Veterinary Parasitology, 40(3-4), 281–291. doi:10.1016/0304-4017(91)90108-8
Spence S, Fraser G, Dettmann E, Battese D. (1992). Production responses to internal parasite control in dairy cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal, 69(9), 217–220. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb09928.x
Craig, TM. (1988). Impact of Internal Parasites on Beef Cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 66(6), 1565. doi:10.2527/jas1988.6661565x
Sabarinathan A, Krishnakumar K, Umamageswari J, Arunmozhi N, Rangasamy S, Kalyaan US. (2020). Management of Balanoposthitis in a Crossbred Jersey Bull. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(7): 2814-2816, doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.907.332
MSD Veterinary Manual. Viral Infections Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Cattle 2022. (15.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/respiratory-system/bovine-respiratory-disease-complex/viral-infections-associated-with-bovine-respiratory-disease-complex-in-cattle?query=infectious%20pustular%20balanoposthitis adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Sylla L, Stradaioli G, Manuali E, Rota A, Zelli R, Vincenti L, Monaci M. (2005). The effect of Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. mycoides LC of bovine origin on in vitro fertilizing ability of bull spermatozoa and embryo development. Animal Reproduction Science, 85(1-2), 81–93. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.03.007
Suri AK, Guerin B, Humblot P, Thibier M. (1986). Effect of infection of the genital tract on the concentration of IgG and albumin in bull serum and semen. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 13(3), 273–278. doi:10.1016/0165-2427(86)90079-6
Yanmaz LE, Doğan E, Okumuş Z. (2015). Sığırlarda Prepisyum ve Penis Hastalıkları. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal Veterinary Science Surgical- Special Topics. 2015;1(2):43-7
Oklahoma State University. Management of Bull Preputial Injuries 2023.(20.06.2024 tarihinde https://news.okstate.edu/articles/veterinary-medicine/2023/bull-prepuce-injuries.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Vetlexicon. Paraphimosis in Cows ISSN 2398-2993, Contributes: Ash Phipps, Mark Burnell. (22.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.vetlexicon.com/bovis/reproduction/articles/paraphimosis/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Baglet CV. (2001). Infectious Reproductive Diseases of Small Ruminants. Utah State University Extension Electronic Publishing. June 2001.
Shaokat A, Zhıhuı Z, Gao Z, Jın Zı K, Pan ZY. (2019). Reproductive problems in small ruminants (Sheep and goats): a substantial economicloss in the world. Large Animal Review, 2019; 25: 215-223 215
Gülyaz V, Özdemir S. (2010). Kombine Hazırlanan Koyun Çiçek ve Koyun-Keçi Vebası Aşısının Bağışıklık ve Zararsızlığının Saptanması. Pendik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 2010, 37 (1)
Şimşek A, Koçhan A. (2022). Koyun ve Keçilerde Çiçek Hastalığı. Küçük Ruminantların Viral Enfeksiyonları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.29-31.
Ganzinelli S, Rodriguez A, Schnittger L, Florin-Christensen M. (2017). Babesia in Domestic Ruminants. Parasitic Protozoa of Farm Animals and Pets.pp 215-239. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5 9
Nagore D, Garcı́a-Sanmartı́n J, Garcı́a-Pérez AL, Juste RA, Hurtado A. (2004). Identification, genetic diversity and prevalence of Theileria and Babesia species in a sheep population from Northern Spain. International Journal for Parasitology, 34(9), 1059–1067. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.05.008
MSD Veterinary Manual. Uterine Prolapse and Eversion in Animals 2021. (25.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/uterine-prolapse-and-eversion/uterine-prolapse-and-eversion-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Majeed AF, Al-Sadi HI, Ridha AM. (1995). Ovine placenta related to binucleated cells in fetal membrane retention. Small Ruminant Research, 17(1), 97–99. doi:10.1016/0921-4488(95)00648-5
MSD Veterinary Manual. Retained Fetal Membranes in Does and Ewes 2022. (02.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/retained-fetal-membranes-in-large-animals-retained-placenta/retained-fetal-membranes-in-does-and-ewes adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MSD Veterinary Manual. Pyometra in Production Animals 2022. (04.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/uterine-diseases-in-production-animals/pyometra-in-production-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MSD Veterinary Manual. Metritis in Production Animals 2022. (04.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/uterine-diseases-in-production-animals/metritis-in-production-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MSD Veterinary Manual. Endometritis in Production Animals 2022. (04.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/uterine-diseases-in-production-animals/endometritis-in-production-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
University of California. Pregnancy Toxemıa ın Sheep and Goats. (11.07.2024 tarihinde https://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk446/files/inline-files/2017-dr-meera-heller-prognancy-toxemia.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MSD Veterinary Manual. Pregnancy Toxemia in Sheep and Goats (Twin Lamb Disease, Pregnancy Ketosis) 2022. (13.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/metabolic-disorders/hepatic-lipidosis/pregnancy-toxemia-in-sheep-and-goats adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Marteniuk JV, Herdt TH. (1988). Pregnancy Toxemia and Ketosis of Ewes and Does. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 4(2), 307–315. doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)31050-1
Colorado State University Extension. Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis) in Ewes and Does 8/2010. (15.07.2024 tarihinde https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/pregnancy-toxemia-ketosis-in-ewes-and-does-1-630/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Brozos C, Mavrogianni VS, Fthenakis GC. (2011). Treatment and Control of Peri-Parturient Metabolic Diseases: Pregnancy Toxemia, Hypocalcemia, Hypomagnesemia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 27(1), 105–113. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.004
Aslan S, Darbaz İ, Ergene O. (2017). Koyun ve Keçilerde Metabolik Problemler ve Reprodüksiyona Etkileri. Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri, Doğum ve Jinekoloji, Özel Konular, 2017;3(2):137-44
MSD Veterinary Manual. Pregnancy Toxemia in Sheep and Goats 2022. (16.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/metabolic-disorders/hepatic-lipidosis/pregnancy-toxemia-in-sheep-and-goats adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Reed K. (2016). Fertility of Herbivores Consuming Phytoestrogen-containing Medicago and Trifolium Species. Agriculture, 6(3), 35. doi:10.3390/agriculture603003
MSD Veterinary Manual. Fescue Poisoning in Animals 2021. (16.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/toxicology/mycotoxicoses/fescue-poisoning-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Garcıa-perez AL, Barandıka J, Oporto B, Povedano I, Juste RA. (2003). Anaplasma phagocytophilaas an Abortifacient Agent in Sheep Farms from Northern Spain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 990(1), 429–432. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07406.x
Giudice E, Giannetto C, Torina A, Gianesella M. (2011). Anaplasma Phagocytophilum Intragranulocytic Morulae in Aborting Sheep: A Herd Case in Sicily. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 58(3), 263–267. doi:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01190.x
Arsenault J, Dubreuil P, Girard C, Simard C, Bélanger D. (2003). Maedi-visna impact on productivity in Quebec sheep flocks (Canada). Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 59(3), 125–137. doi:10.1016/s0167-5877(03)00086-2
Farm Advisory Service. Maedi Visna 2020. (16.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.fas.scot/downloads/maedi-visna/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Kostoulas P, Leontides L, Billinis C, Amiridis GS, Florou M. (2006). The association of sub-clinical paratuberculosis with the fertility of Greek dairy ewes and goats varies with parity. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 74(2-3), 226–238. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.12.001
Chima JC., Ernø H, Ojo MO. (1986). Characterization and identification of caprine, genital mycoplasmas. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 27(4):531-9. doi: 10.1186/BF03548132
EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Candiani D, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D.(2017). Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation(EU) No 2016/429): ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis). EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). 4;15(10):e04994. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4994.
University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension. Reproductive Problems in Rams 1996. (17.07.2024 tarihinde https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2333&context=extensionhist adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Stewart JL, Vieson MD, Shipley CF. (2018). Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis as a pathogen of the reproductive tract of male small ruminants: case study and review. Clinical Theriogenology, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2018, pp:107-117.
New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. Cheesy Gland Caseous Lymphadenitis in Sheep 2005. (20.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/180370/cheesy-gland.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Gouletsou PG, Fthenakis GC, Tzora A, Cripps PJ, Saratsis P. (2006). Isolation of Arcanobacterium pyogenes from the scrotal skin and the prepuce of healthy rams or from rams with testicular abnormalities. Small Ruminant Research, 63(1-2), 177–182. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.01.016
Moustacas VS, Silva TMA, Costa LF, Carvalho Júnior CA, Santos RL, Paixão T.A. (2014). Clinical and Pathological Changes in Rams Experimentally Infected with Actinobacillus seminis and Histophilus somni. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1–10. doi:10.1155/2014/241452
Al-Katib W, Dennis S. (2009). Ovine genital actinobacillosis: A review. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 57(6), 352–358. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2009.64722
Mbai K, Munyua SJM, Gathumbi PK, Mbiuki SM. (1996). Actinobacillus seminis as a cause of ram infertility in Kenya. Small Ruminant Research, 21(3), 227–231. doi:10.1016/0921-4488(95)00837-3
Scott P. (2012). Ram breeding soundness - some common scrotal and testicular abnormalities. Livestock, 17(4), 37–41. doi:10.1111/j.2044-3870.2012.00126.x
Del Carmen Ferreras M, Muñoz M, Pérez V, Benavides J, García-Pariente C, Fuertes M, … García-Marín JF. (2007). Unilateral Orchitis and Epididymitis Caused by Salmonella Enterica Subspecies Diarizonae Infection in a Ram. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19(2), 194–197. doi:10.1177/104063870701900211
Bulgin MS. (1990). Epididymitis in Rams and Lambs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 6(3), 683–690. doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30840-9
Rhodes AP. (1976). The Effect of Extensıve Chorıoptıc Mange of the Scrotum on Reproductıve Functıon of the Ram. Australian Veterinary Journal, 52(6), 250–257. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1976.tb00100.x
Martin GB, Blache D, Miller DW, Vercoe PE. (2010). Interactions between nutrition and reproduction in the management of the mature male ruminant. Animal, 4(07), 1214–1226. doi:10.1017/s1751731109991674
MSD Veterinary Manual. Factors Affecting Reproductive Performance of Sheep 2021. (20.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/management-of-reproduction-sheep/factors-affecting-reproductive-performance-of-sheep adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Maquivar MG, Smith SM, Busboom JR. (2021). Reproductive Management of Rams and Ram Lambs during the Pre-Breeding Season in US Sheep Farms. Animals, 11(9): 2503. doi: 10.3390/ani11092503
Fthenakis GC, Mavrogianni VS, Gallidis E, Papadopoulos E. (2015). Interactions between parasitic infections and reproductive efficiency in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology, 208(1-2), 56–66. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.017
Virbac. The importance of deworming rams before mating. (20.07.2024 tarihinde https://za.virbac.com/home/every-health-care/pagecontent/every-advices/sheep-management--pre-mating-related-articles/the-importance-of-deworming-ra-1.html#:~:text=Although%20rams%20make%20up%20only,result%20in%20poor%20reproductive%20performance. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Gouletsou PG, Fthenakis GC. (2010). Clinical evaluation of reproductive ability of rams. Small Ruminant Research, 92(1-3), 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.04.005
Stewart JL, Shipley CF. (2021). Management of Reproductive Diseases in Male Small Ruminants. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 37(1), 105–123. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.10.0
NADIS Animal Health Skills. Ram Diseases: Pre and Post Sale 2018. (20.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/sheep/ram-diseases-pre-and-post-sale/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Ezzı A, Ladds P W, Hoffmann D, Foster RA, Brıggs GD. (1988). Pathology of varicocele in the ram. Australian Veterinary Journal, 65(1), 11–15. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14922.x
University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension. Reproductive Problems in Rams 1996. (20.07.2024 tarihinde https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2333&context=extensionhist adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Yepez PJ, Klabnik JL, Lozier JW, Niehaus AJ, Miesner MD, Prado TM, Anderson DE, Mulon PY. (2021). Surgical management and outcome of acquired inguinal hernias in mature bulls: 13 cases (2005–2017). American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 259: Issue 8, doi: 10.2460/javma.259.8.909
Amare E, Haben F. (2020). Hernias in Farm Animals and its Management technique- A Review. International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case. 2020/11, 2692-5877, doi: 10.46998/IJCMCR.2020.04.000091
Özel Ç, Şen G, Hitit M, Koçak N, Güzeloğlu A, Semacan A, Kurar E. (2014). Bir keçide hermafroditizm olgusu: Klinik ve genetik yaklaşım. Eurasian Journal Veterinary Science, 2014, 30, 4, 227-231, doi: 10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.201447381
Basrur PK. (1993). Congenital Abnormalities of the Goat. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 9(1), 183–202. doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30680-0
Ramadan RO, Hassan AME. (1988). Intersexuality in goats. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 36(3), 120–124.doi: 10.1080/00480169.1988.35505
Eaton ON, Simmons VL. (1939). Hermaphrodism in milk goats. Journal of Heredity, 30(6), 261–266. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a104733
An-Najah National University. Genetic Defects in Sheep. 02.08.2024 tarihinde https://agri.najah.edu/sites/default/files/Lecture%2018_0.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Farrer JH, Sikka SC, Xie HW, Constantinide D, Rajfer J. (1985). Impaired testosterone biosynthesis in cryptorchidism. Fertility and Sterility, 44(1), 125–132. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)48689-9
Scott P. (2012). Some common genetic defects in sheep. Livestock, 17(2), 42–45. doi:10.1111/j.2044-3870.2011.00056.x
Ajala OO, Oyeyemi MO, Aderoju OA. (2000). Double Cervix in a five-year-old white Fulani Cow. African Journal of Biomedical Research. ISSN: 1119-5096, Vol 3. 201-202
Timurkaan, N., & Ozer, H. (2002). Uterus didelphys in a goat. Veterinary Record, 151(7), 217–217. doi:10.1136/vr.151.7.217
MSD Veterinary Manual. Female Genital Abnormalities of Animals 2021. 06.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/congenital-and-inherited-anomalies-of-the-reproductive-system/female-genital-abnormalities-of-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Koziol J, Palmer C. (2023). Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of testicular degeneration in the bull. Clinical Theriogenology, 15. doi:10.58292/ct.v15.9271
Ito Y, Takahashi K, Okamoto M, Toishi Y. (2019). Case Report of Acute Testicular Atrophy with Oligospermia in a Holstein Bull. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association, 72(9):539-544, doı:10.12935/jvma.72.539
Arrebola-Molina FA, Sánchez-Gómez A, Querino-Santiago FJ, Pérez-Marín C, Borjas-Muñoz F, Abecia JA. (2020). Semen characteristics of a ram population in southern Spain: An on-farm program of elimination of low-fertility males diagnosed by electroejaculation. Small Ruminant Research, 183, 106038. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.10603
Chand N, Tyagi S, Dutta D, Prasad R. (2019). Effect of heavy metals on oxidative markers and semen quality parameters in HF crossbred bulls. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 89(6):632-636, doi: 10.56093/ijans.v89i6.91114
Seifi-Jamadi A, Zhandi M, Kohram H, Luceño NL, Leemans B, Henrotte E, … Van Soom A. (2020). Influence of seasonal differences on semen quality and subsequent embryo development of Belgian Blue bulls. Theriogenology. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.08.037
Beef Reproduction Task Force. Influence of Heat Stress on Male Fertility. 06.08.2024 tarihinde https://beefrepro.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Wettemann.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Stowe HM, Calcatera SM, Dimmick MA, Andrae JG, Duckett SK, Pratt SL. (2014). The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e113163. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113163
Tkachev AV, Tkacheva OL, Zubova TV, Pleshkov VA, Smolovskaya OV. (2020). Effect of Mycotoxins on the Spermatozoa and Embryos of Animals. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331 doi: 10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.s3.47.55
Iannuzzi, L., Molteni, L., Di Meo, G. P., de Giovanni, A., Perucatti, A., Succi, G., … Cribiu, E. P. (2001). A case of azoospermia in a bull carrying a Y-autosome reciprocal translocation. Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 95(3-4), 225–227. doi:10.1159/000059349
Rezende FM, Dietsch GO, Peñagaricano F. (2018). Genetic dissection of bull fertility in US Jersey dairy cattle. Animal Genetics. doi:10.1111/age.12710
Özbek M, Hitit M, Kaya A, Jousan FD, Memili D. (2021). Sperm Functional Genome Associated With Bull Fertility. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2021; 8: 610888. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.610888
Asghari A, Marashi SA, Ansari-Pour N. (2017). A sperm-specific proteome-scale metabolic network model identifies non-glycolytic genes for energy deficiency in asthenozoospermia. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 63(2), 100–112. doi:10.1080/19396368.2016.1263367
Gunn A, Baker M. (2024). Effect of incorrect storage of bull semen samples on sperm morphology assessment. Clinical Theriogenology, 16. doi:10.58292/ct.v16.9972
Referanslar
Sheldon IM, Williams EJ, Miller ANA, Nash DM, Herath S. (2008). Uterine diseases in cattle after parturition. The Veterinary Journal, 176(1), 115–121. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.031
Gilbert RO, Bosu WTK, Peter, AT. (1990). The effect of endotoxin on luteal function in Holstein heifers. Theriogenology, 33(3), 645–651. doi:10.1016/0093-691x(90)90541-z
Korkmaz Ö, Küplülü Ş. (2014) Yüksek Süt Verimli İneklerde İnfertilite Nedenleri. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1) 49-54.
Drillich M, Wagener K. (2018). Pathogenesis of uterine diseases in dairy cattle and implications for fertility. Animal Reproduction, 15(Suppl 1): 879–885. doi: 10.21451/1984-3143-AR2018-0023
University of Minnesota Extension. Mastitis Effect of Reproduction 2011. (10.05.2024 tarihinde https://qualitycounts.umn.edu/sites/qualitycounts.umn.edu/files/2022-01/f-ah-1.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Takahashi M. (2011). Heat stress on reproductive function and fertility in mammals. Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 11(1), 37–47. doi:10.1007/s12522-011-0105-6
Ambrose DJ. (2014). Postpartum Anestrus and its Management in Dairy Cattle. Bovine Reproduction, 456–470. doi:10.1002/9781118833971.ch5
Alaçam E, Gökçen H. (1983). İneklerde Fertilite Sorunları ve Çözüm Yolları. U. V. Veteriner Fakültesinde, "Panel" olarak sunulmuştur.
Hidiroglou M. (1979). Trace Element Deficiencies and Fertility in Ruminants: A Review. Journal of Dairy Science, 62(8), 1195–1206. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(79)83400-1
Sheldon IM, Lewis, GS, LeBlanc S, Gilbert RO. (2006). Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology, 65(8), 1516–1530. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.08.0
Fenwick MA, Llewellyn S, Fitzpatrick R, Kenny DA, Murphy JJ, Patton J, Wathes D C. (2007). Negative energy balance in dairy cows is associated with specific changes in IGF-binding protein expression in the oviduct. Reproduction, 135(1), 63–75. doi:10.1530/rep-07-0243
Butler ST, Pelton SH, Butler WR. (2006). Energy Balance, Metabolic Status, and the First Postpartum Ovarian Follicle Wave in Cows Administered Propylene Glycol. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(8), 2938–2951. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72566-8
Kesler DJ, Garverick HA. (1982). Ovarian Cysts in Dairy Cattle: a Review. Journal of Animal Science, 55(5), 1147–1159. doi:10.2527/jas1982.5551147x
Hamilton SA, Garverick HA, Keisler DH, Xu ZZ, Loos K, Youngquist RS, Salfen BE. (1995). Characterization of Ovarian Follicular Cysts and Associated Endocrine Profiles in Dairy Cows1. Biology of Reproduction, 53(4), 890–898. doi:10.1095/biolreprod53.4.890
Karsavuranoğlu G, Sarıbay MK, Gözer A, Bahan O. (2002). İneklerde Ovaryum Kistlerinin Tanısı, Tedavisi ve Korunma Yöntemleri. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 11(2): 121-136, 2022
Pérez-Marín CC, Quintela, L. A. (2013). Current Insights in the Repeat Breeder Cow Syndrome. Animals, 13(13), 2187. doi: 10.3390/ani13132187
Diskin M, Morris D. (2008). Embryonic and Early Foetal Losses in Cattle and Other Ruminants. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 43, 260–267. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01171.x
Formigoni A, Trevisi E. (2003). Transition Cow: Interaction with Fertility. Veterinary Research Communications, 27, 143–152. doi:10.1023/b:verc.0000014131.34839.4c
Wathes DC, Oguejiofor CF, Thomas C, Cheng Z. (2019). Importance of Viral Disease in Dairy Cow Fertility. Engineering, doi:10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.020
BonDurant RH. (2005). Venereal Diseases of Cattle: Natural History, Diagnosis, and the Role of Vaccines in their Control. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 21(2), 383–408. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2005.03.002
MSD Veterinary Manual. Abortion in Cattle 2021. (10.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/abortion-in-large-animals/abortion-in-cattle adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Bazer FW, Ying W, Wang X, Dunlap, KA, Zhou B, Johnson GA, Wu G. (2015). The many faces of interferon tau. Amino Acids, 47(3), 449–460. doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1905-x
Çetin H, Uçar EH. (2018). Doğum Sonrası Problemler ve Mastitis. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırması Enstitüsü Dergisi 58, 15-22
Azawi OI. (2008). Postpartum uterine infection in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 105(3-4), 187–208. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.01.01
Melendez P, Bartolome J, Roeschmann C, Soto B, Arevalo A, Möller J, Coarsey M. (2021). The association of prepartum urine pH, plasma total calcium concentration at calving and postpartum diseases in Holstein dairy cattle. Animal, 15(3), 100148. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100148
Rısco CA, Youngquıst RS, Shore MD. (2007). Postpartum Uterine Infections. Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology, 339–344. doi:10.1016/b978-072169323-1.50047-7
Sandals WCD, Curtis RA, Cote JF, Martin WS. (1979). The Effect of Retained Placenta and Metritis Complex on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle — A Case Control Study. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 20(5): 131-135.
Imhof S, Luternauer M, Hüsler J, Steiner A, Hirsbrunner G. (2019). Therapy of retained fetal membranes in cattle: comparison of two treatment protocols. Animal Reproduction Science. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.04.01
Mahnani A, Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi A, Ansari-Mahyari S, Ghorbani, GR. (2021). Assessing the consequences and economic impact of retained placenta in Holstein dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 175, 61–68. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.0
Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. Reproductive Prolapses of Cattle 2018. (13.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.uaex.uada.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-3102.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Goff JP, Horst RL. (1997). Physiological Changes at Parturition and Their Relationship to Metabolic Disorders. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(7), 1260–1268. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76055-7
MSD Veterinary Manual. Uterine Prolapse and Eversion in Animals 2021. (20.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/uterine-prolapse-and-eversion/uterine-prolapse-and-eversion-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Wyse J, Latif S, Gurusinge S, McCormick J, Weston LA, Stephen CP. (2022). Phytoestrogens: A Review of Their Impacts on Reproductive Physiology and Other Effects upon Grazing Livestock. Animals.9;12(19):2709. doi:10.3390/ani12192709
Minervini F, Dell’Aquila, ME (2008). Zearalenone and Reproductive Function in Farm Animals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9(12), 2570–2584. doi:10.3390/ijms9122570
MSD Veterinary Manual. Nitrate and Nitrite Poisoning in Animals 2021. (20.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/toxicology/nitrate-and-nitrite-poisoning/nitrate-and-nitrite-poisoning-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Doğan F, Dağalp SB. (2017). Sığırlarda Viral Nedenli Abort Olgularının Etiyopatogenezi. MAKÜ Sag. Bil. Enst. Derg. 2017, 5(1): 66-77
MSD Veterinary Manual. Trichomoniasis in Cattle 2020. (20.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/trichomoniasis/trichomoniasis-in-cattle adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MSD Veterinary Manual. Abortion in Cattle 2021. (20.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/abortion-in-large-animals/abortion-in-cattle adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
BonDurant RH. (2005). Venereal Diseases of Cattle: Natural History, Diagnosis, and the Role of Vaccines in their Control. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 21(2), 383–408. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2005.03.002
Eckel EF, Ametaj BN. (2020). Bacterial Endotoxins and Their Role in Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows: Mucosal Vaccine Perspectives. Dairy, 1(1), 61–90. doi:10.3390/dairy1010006
Magata F. (2020). Lipopolysaccharide-induced mechanisms of ovarian dysfunction in cows with uterine inflammatory diseases. Journal of Reproduction and Development. doi:10.1262/jrd.2020-021
Evans A, Mossa F, Walsh S, Scheetz D, Jimenez-Krassel F, Ireland J, … Ireland J. (2012). Effects of Maternal Environment During Gestation on Ovarian Folliculogenesis and Consequences for Fertility in Bovine Offspring. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47, 31–37. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02052.x
Koyama K, Koyama T, Sugımoto M. (2018). Repeatability of antral follicle count according parity in dairy cows. Journal of Reproduction and Development. doi:10.1262/jrd.2018-062
Adnane M, Kaıdı R, Hanzen C, England GCW. (2017). Risk factors of clinical and subclinical endometritis in cattle: a review. TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, 41, 1–11. doi:10.3906/vet-1603-63
Pinedo PJ, Melendez P, Villagomez-Cortes JA, Risco CA. (2009). Effect of high somatic cell counts on reproductive performance of Chilean dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(4), 1575–1580. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1783
Lavon Y, Leitner G, Voet H, Wolfenson D. (2010). Naturally occurring mastitis effects on timing of ovulation, steroid and gonadotrophic hormone concentrations, and follicular and luteal growth in cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(3), 911–921. doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2112
Santos JE, Cerri RL, Ballou M, Higginbotham G, Kirk J. (2004). Effect of timing of first clinical mastitis occurrence on lactational and reproductive performance of Holstein dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 80(1-2), 31–45. doi:10.1016/s0378-4320(03)00133-7
Barker AR, Schrick FN, Lewis MJ, Dowlen HH, Oliver SP. (1998). Influence of Clinical Mastitis During Early Lactation on Reproductive Performance of Jersey Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(5), 1285–1290. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(98)75690-5
Hansen PJ, Soto P, Natzke RP. (2004). Mastitis and Fertility in Cattle- Possible Involvement of Inflammation or Immune Activation in Embryonic Mortality. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 51(4), 294–301. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2004.00160.x
Soto P, Natzke RP, Hansen PJ. (2003). Identification of Possible Mediators of Embryonic Mortality Caused by Mastitis: Actions of Lipopolysaccharide, Prostaglandin F2alpha, and the Nitric Oxide Generator, Sodium Nitroprusside Dihydrate, on Oocyte Maturation and Embryonic Development in Cattle. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 50(3), 263–272. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0897.2003.00085.x
Skarzynski D, Piotrowska K, Bah M, Korzekwa A, Woclawek-Potocka I, Sawai K, Okuda K. (2009). Effects of Exogenous Tumour Necrosis Factor-α on the Secretory Function of the Bovine Reproductive Tract Depend on Tumour Necrosis Factor-α Concentrations. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44(3), 371–379. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.01016.x
Wolfenson D, Leitner G, Lavon Y. (2015). The Disruptive Effects of Mastitis on Reproduction and Fertility in Dairy Cows. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 14(4), 4125. doi:10.4081/ijas.2015.4125
Fathalla M, Abdou MSS, Fahmi H. (1978). Case report: Bartholin gland cyst in the cow. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 19(12):340.
Bademkıran S, Yeşilmen S, Yokus B. (2009). Unilateral Bartholin Gland Cyst in A Pregnant Heifer. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi. 2009:23 (1): 61-63
Manokaran S, Sivasankar K, Palanisamy M, Selvaraju M, Napolean RE. (2014). Unilateral Bartholin’s gland Cyst in a Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cow. International Journal of Livestock Research. Vol 4 (9) Dec 14. doi:10.5455/ijlr.20141120091023
Stilwell G, Peleteiro MC. (2010). Uterine Adenocarcinoma with Pulmonary, Liver and Mesentery Metastasis in a Holstein Cow. Veterinary Medicine International, 2010, 1–3. doi:10.4061/2010/727856
Mimoune N, Kaidi R, Belarbi A, Kaddour R, Azzous MY. (2017). Ovarian tumors in cattle: case reports. Human and Veterinary Medicine.9(2):41-44.
Sachan V, Kumar R, Saxena A. (2018). Uterine leiomyoma in a cow- a case report. Indıan Journal of Animal Health. 57(2):235-238. DOI:10.36062/ijah.57.2.2018.235-238
Kılınç B, Oruç E. (2014). Mezbahada Kesime Alınan İneklerde Ovaryum ve Uterus Lezyonlarının Patolojik Yöntemlerle Araştırılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 0, 10.10.2014. doi.org/10.17094/avbd.96153
Dutt R, Singh G, Gahalot SC, Patil SS, Sharma K, Dhaka AP, Yadav V. (2019). Mucometra Assocıated wıth Cystıc Ovarıan Dısease and Uterıne Unıcornıs ın Sahıwal Cow. Exploratory Animal and Medical Research, Vol.9, Issue- 1, 2019, p. 82-83
Yadav SP, Dholpuria S, Sarswat CS, Yadava CL, Sharma KK, Bajia NP. (2020). An unusual case of mucometra associated withcystic ovarian disease in a Jersy cow: A case report. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2020; 8(5): 832-834
Diskin MG, Parr MH,Morris DG. (2012). Embryo death in cattle: an update. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 24(1), 244. doi:10.1071/rd1191
Gadelha ICN, Fonseca NBS, Oloris SCS, Melo MM, Soto-Blanco B. (2014). Gossypol Toxicity from Cottonseed Products. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1–11. doi:10.1155/2014/231635
Partners in Reproduction. Early Embryonic Death. (25.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.partners-in-reproduction.com/diseases-disorders/pregnancy-disorders/embryonic-mortality/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Parkinson TJ. (2019). Infertility in the Cow Due to Functional and Management Deficiencies. Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, 361–407. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-7233-8.00022-7
Nowacka J, Switonski M, Mackowski M, Slota E, Radko A, Zabek T, Urbaniak K. (2011). The ambiguity of freemartinism diagnosis in cattle revealed by cytogenetic and molecular techniques. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 49(No. 6), 239–243. doi:10.17221/4306-cjas
Kozubska-Sobocińska A, Smołucha G, Danielak-Czech B. (2019). Early Diagnostics of Freemartinism in Polish Holstein-Friesian Female Calves. Animals, 9(11), 971. doi:10.3390/ani9110971
Fisher AD, Crowe MA, Prendiville DJ, Enright WJ. (1997). Indoor space allowance: effects on growth, behaviour, adrenal and immune responses of finishing beef heifers. Animal Science, 64(01), 53–62. doi:10.1017/s135772980001554x
Wang J, Li J, Wang F, Xiao J, Wang Y, Yang H, … Cao Z. (2020). Heat stress on calves and heifers: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 11(1). doi:10.1186/s40104-020-00485-8
MSD Veterinary Manual. Breeding Programs for Heifer Replacements and Cows 2023. (29.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/management-of-reproduction-cattle/breeding-programs-for-heifer-replacements-and-cows adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Duplessis M, Cue RI, Santschi DE, Lefebvre DM, Lacroix R. (2015). Weight, height, and relative-reliability indicators as a management tool for reducing age at first breeding and calving of dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(3), 2063–2073. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8279
Daradics Z, Crecan CM, Rus MA, Morar IA, Mircean MV, Cătoi A F, Cecan AD, Cătoi C. (2021). Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows and Horses: Comparison to Human Metabolic Syndrome. Life, 16;11(12):1406. doi: 10.3390/life11121406.
Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. A)- Damızlık Boğa Adaylarının Temininde Aranılacak Sağlık Şartları ve Verim Özellikleri. (02.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Belgeler/Mevzuat/Talimatlar/HAYGEM/SPERMA_EMBRIYO_OVUM.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Resmi Gazete. İhbarı Mecburi Hastalıklar/22 Ocak 2011/ Sayı: 27823. (02.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/01/20110122-4.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Capela L, Leites I, Romão R, Lopes-da-Costa L, Pereira RMLN. (2022). Impact of Heat Stress on Bovine Sperm Quality and Competence. Animals. 12(8): 975. doi: 10.3390/ani12080975
Morrell JM. (2020). Heat stress and bull fertility. Theriogenology. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.014
North Dakota State University. Cold Exposure and Bull Fertility 2009. (08.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/livestock/beef/cold-exposure-and-bull-fertility adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
National Animal Disease Information Service. The Importance of The Bull in Herd Fertility. (08.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/beef-herd-fertility/bull-fertility/#:~:text=Lameness%2FPhysical%20Fitness,bulls%20and%20routine%20foot%20care. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Koziol JH, Sheets T, Wickware CL, Johnson TA. (2022). Composition and diversity of the seminal microbiota in bulls and its association with semen parameters. Theriogenology, 1:182:17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.01.029.
Van Camp SD. (1997). Common Causes of Infertility in the Bull. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 13(2), 203–231. doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30336-4
Bell G. (2006). Clinical: Diseases of the bovine scrotum. Livestock, 11(7), 19–23. doi:10.1111/j.2044-3870.2006.tb00064.x
O’Toole D, Sondgeroth KS. (2015). Histophilosis as a Natural Disease. Histophilus Somni, 15–48. doi:10.1007/82_2015_5008
New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. Bull Health 2007. (08.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/111325/bull-health.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Zajac AM, Hansen JW, Whittier WD, Eversole DE. (1991). The effect of parasite control on fertility in beef heifers. Veterinary Parasitology, 40(3-4), 281–291. doi:10.1016/0304-4017(91)90108-8
Spence S, Fraser G, Dettmann E, Battese D. (1992). Production responses to internal parasite control in dairy cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal, 69(9), 217–220. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb09928.x
Craig, TM. (1988). Impact of Internal Parasites on Beef Cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 66(6), 1565. doi:10.2527/jas1988.6661565x
Sabarinathan A, Krishnakumar K, Umamageswari J, Arunmozhi N, Rangasamy S, Kalyaan US. (2020). Management of Balanoposthitis in a Crossbred Jersey Bull. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(7): 2814-2816, doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.907.332
MSD Veterinary Manual. Viral Infections Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Cattle 2022. (15.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/respiratory-system/bovine-respiratory-disease-complex/viral-infections-associated-with-bovine-respiratory-disease-complex-in-cattle?query=infectious%20pustular%20balanoposthitis adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Sylla L, Stradaioli G, Manuali E, Rota A, Zelli R, Vincenti L, Monaci M. (2005). The effect of Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. mycoides LC of bovine origin on in vitro fertilizing ability of bull spermatozoa and embryo development. Animal Reproduction Science, 85(1-2), 81–93. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.03.007
Suri AK, Guerin B, Humblot P, Thibier M. (1986). Effect of infection of the genital tract on the concentration of IgG and albumin in bull serum and semen. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 13(3), 273–278. doi:10.1016/0165-2427(86)90079-6
Yanmaz LE, Doğan E, Okumuş Z. (2015). Sığırlarda Prepisyum ve Penis Hastalıkları. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal Veterinary Science Surgical- Special Topics. 2015;1(2):43-7
Oklahoma State University. Management of Bull Preputial Injuries 2023.(20.06.2024 tarihinde https://news.okstate.edu/articles/veterinary-medicine/2023/bull-prepuce-injuries.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Vetlexicon. Paraphimosis in Cows ISSN 2398-2993, Contributes: Ash Phipps, Mark Burnell. (22.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.vetlexicon.com/bovis/reproduction/articles/paraphimosis/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Baglet CV. (2001). Infectious Reproductive Diseases of Small Ruminants. Utah State University Extension Electronic Publishing. June 2001.
Shaokat A, Zhıhuı Z, Gao Z, Jın Zı K, Pan ZY. (2019). Reproductive problems in small ruminants (Sheep and goats): a substantial economicloss in the world. Large Animal Review, 2019; 25: 215-223 215
Gülyaz V, Özdemir S. (2010). Kombine Hazırlanan Koyun Çiçek ve Koyun-Keçi Vebası Aşısının Bağışıklık ve Zararsızlığının Saptanması. Pendik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 2010, 37 (1)
Şimşek A, Koçhan A. (2022). Koyun ve Keçilerde Çiçek Hastalığı. Küçük Ruminantların Viral Enfeksiyonları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.29-31.
Ganzinelli S, Rodriguez A, Schnittger L, Florin-Christensen M. (2017). Babesia in Domestic Ruminants. Parasitic Protozoa of Farm Animals and Pets.pp 215-239. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5 9
Nagore D, Garcı́a-Sanmartı́n J, Garcı́a-Pérez AL, Juste RA, Hurtado A. (2004). Identification, genetic diversity and prevalence of Theileria and Babesia species in a sheep population from Northern Spain. International Journal for Parasitology, 34(9), 1059–1067. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.05.008
MSD Veterinary Manual. Uterine Prolapse and Eversion in Animals 2021. (25.06.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/uterine-prolapse-and-eversion/uterine-prolapse-and-eversion-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Majeed AF, Al-Sadi HI, Ridha AM. (1995). Ovine placenta related to binucleated cells in fetal membrane retention. Small Ruminant Research, 17(1), 97–99. doi:10.1016/0921-4488(95)00648-5
MSD Veterinary Manual. Retained Fetal Membranes in Does and Ewes 2022. (02.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/retained-fetal-membranes-in-large-animals-retained-placenta/retained-fetal-membranes-in-does-and-ewes adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MSD Veterinary Manual. Pyometra in Production Animals 2022. (04.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/uterine-diseases-in-production-animals/pyometra-in-production-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MSD Veterinary Manual. Metritis in Production Animals 2022. (04.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/uterine-diseases-in-production-animals/metritis-in-production-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MSD Veterinary Manual. Endometritis in Production Animals 2022. (04.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/uterine-diseases-in-production-animals/endometritis-in-production-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
University of California. Pregnancy Toxemıa ın Sheep and Goats. (11.07.2024 tarihinde https://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk446/files/inline-files/2017-dr-meera-heller-prognancy-toxemia.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MSD Veterinary Manual. Pregnancy Toxemia in Sheep and Goats (Twin Lamb Disease, Pregnancy Ketosis) 2022. (13.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/metabolic-disorders/hepatic-lipidosis/pregnancy-toxemia-in-sheep-and-goats adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Marteniuk JV, Herdt TH. (1988). Pregnancy Toxemia and Ketosis of Ewes and Does. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 4(2), 307–315. doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)31050-1
Colorado State University Extension. Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis) in Ewes and Does 8/2010. (15.07.2024 tarihinde https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/pregnancy-toxemia-ketosis-in-ewes-and-does-1-630/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Brozos C, Mavrogianni VS, Fthenakis GC. (2011). Treatment and Control of Peri-Parturient Metabolic Diseases: Pregnancy Toxemia, Hypocalcemia, Hypomagnesemia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 27(1), 105–113. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.004
Aslan S, Darbaz İ, Ergene O. (2017). Koyun ve Keçilerde Metabolik Problemler ve Reprodüksiyona Etkileri. Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri, Doğum ve Jinekoloji, Özel Konular, 2017;3(2):137-44
MSD Veterinary Manual. Pregnancy Toxemia in Sheep and Goats 2022. (16.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/metabolic-disorders/hepatic-lipidosis/pregnancy-toxemia-in-sheep-and-goats adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Reed K. (2016). Fertility of Herbivores Consuming Phytoestrogen-containing Medicago and Trifolium Species. Agriculture, 6(3), 35. doi:10.3390/agriculture603003
MSD Veterinary Manual. Fescue Poisoning in Animals 2021. (16.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/toxicology/mycotoxicoses/fescue-poisoning-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Garcıa-perez AL, Barandıka J, Oporto B, Povedano I, Juste RA. (2003). Anaplasma phagocytophilaas an Abortifacient Agent in Sheep Farms from Northern Spain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 990(1), 429–432. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07406.x
Giudice E, Giannetto C, Torina A, Gianesella M. (2011). Anaplasma Phagocytophilum Intragranulocytic Morulae in Aborting Sheep: A Herd Case in Sicily. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 58(3), 263–267. doi:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01190.x
Arsenault J, Dubreuil P, Girard C, Simard C, Bélanger D. (2003). Maedi-visna impact on productivity in Quebec sheep flocks (Canada). Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 59(3), 125–137. doi:10.1016/s0167-5877(03)00086-2
Farm Advisory Service. Maedi Visna 2020. (16.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.fas.scot/downloads/maedi-visna/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Kostoulas P, Leontides L, Billinis C, Amiridis GS, Florou M. (2006). The association of sub-clinical paratuberculosis with the fertility of Greek dairy ewes and goats varies with parity. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 74(2-3), 226–238. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.12.001
Chima JC., Ernø H, Ojo MO. (1986). Characterization and identification of caprine, genital mycoplasmas. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 27(4):531-9. doi: 10.1186/BF03548132
EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Candiani D, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D.(2017). Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation(EU) No 2016/429): ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis). EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). 4;15(10):e04994. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4994.
University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension. Reproductive Problems in Rams 1996. (17.07.2024 tarihinde https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2333&context=extensionhist adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Stewart JL, Vieson MD, Shipley CF. (2018). Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis as a pathogen of the reproductive tract of male small ruminants: case study and review. Clinical Theriogenology, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2018, pp:107-117.
New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. Cheesy Gland Caseous Lymphadenitis in Sheep 2005. (20.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/180370/cheesy-gland.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Gouletsou PG, Fthenakis GC, Tzora A, Cripps PJ, Saratsis P. (2006). Isolation of Arcanobacterium pyogenes from the scrotal skin and the prepuce of healthy rams or from rams with testicular abnormalities. Small Ruminant Research, 63(1-2), 177–182. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.01.016
Moustacas VS, Silva TMA, Costa LF, Carvalho Júnior CA, Santos RL, Paixão T.A. (2014). Clinical and Pathological Changes in Rams Experimentally Infected with Actinobacillus seminis and Histophilus somni. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1–10. doi:10.1155/2014/241452
Al-Katib W, Dennis S. (2009). Ovine genital actinobacillosis: A review. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 57(6), 352–358. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2009.64722
Mbai K, Munyua SJM, Gathumbi PK, Mbiuki SM. (1996). Actinobacillus seminis as a cause of ram infertility in Kenya. Small Ruminant Research, 21(3), 227–231. doi:10.1016/0921-4488(95)00837-3
Scott P. (2012). Ram breeding soundness - some common scrotal and testicular abnormalities. Livestock, 17(4), 37–41. doi:10.1111/j.2044-3870.2012.00126.x
Del Carmen Ferreras M, Muñoz M, Pérez V, Benavides J, García-Pariente C, Fuertes M, … García-Marín JF. (2007). Unilateral Orchitis and Epididymitis Caused by Salmonella Enterica Subspecies Diarizonae Infection in a Ram. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19(2), 194–197. doi:10.1177/104063870701900211
Bulgin MS. (1990). Epididymitis in Rams and Lambs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 6(3), 683–690. doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30840-9
Rhodes AP. (1976). The Effect of Extensıve Chorıoptıc Mange of the Scrotum on Reproductıve Functıon of the Ram. Australian Veterinary Journal, 52(6), 250–257. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1976.tb00100.x
Martin GB, Blache D, Miller DW, Vercoe PE. (2010). Interactions between nutrition and reproduction in the management of the mature male ruminant. Animal, 4(07), 1214–1226. doi:10.1017/s1751731109991674
MSD Veterinary Manual. Factors Affecting Reproductive Performance of Sheep 2021. (20.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/management-of-reproduction-sheep/factors-affecting-reproductive-performance-of-sheep adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Maquivar MG, Smith SM, Busboom JR. (2021). Reproductive Management of Rams and Ram Lambs during the Pre-Breeding Season in US Sheep Farms. Animals, 11(9): 2503. doi: 10.3390/ani11092503
Fthenakis GC, Mavrogianni VS, Gallidis E, Papadopoulos E. (2015). Interactions between parasitic infections and reproductive efficiency in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology, 208(1-2), 56–66. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.017
Virbac. The importance of deworming rams before mating. (20.07.2024 tarihinde https://za.virbac.com/home/every-health-care/pagecontent/every-advices/sheep-management--pre-mating-related-articles/the-importance-of-deworming-ra-1.html#:~:text=Although%20rams%20make%20up%20only,result%20in%20poor%20reproductive%20performance. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Gouletsou PG, Fthenakis GC. (2010). Clinical evaluation of reproductive ability of rams. Small Ruminant Research, 92(1-3), 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.04.005
Stewart JL, Shipley CF. (2021). Management of Reproductive Diseases in Male Small Ruminants. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 37(1), 105–123. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.10.0
NADIS Animal Health Skills. Ram Diseases: Pre and Post Sale 2018. (20.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/sheep/ram-diseases-pre-and-post-sale/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Ezzı A, Ladds P W, Hoffmann D, Foster RA, Brıggs GD. (1988). Pathology of varicocele in the ram. Australian Veterinary Journal, 65(1), 11–15. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14922.x
University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension. Reproductive Problems in Rams 1996. (20.07.2024 tarihinde https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2333&context=extensionhist adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Yepez PJ, Klabnik JL, Lozier JW, Niehaus AJ, Miesner MD, Prado TM, Anderson DE, Mulon PY. (2021). Surgical management and outcome of acquired inguinal hernias in mature bulls: 13 cases (2005–2017). American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 259: Issue 8, doi: 10.2460/javma.259.8.909
Amare E, Haben F. (2020). Hernias in Farm Animals and its Management technique- A Review. International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case. 2020/11, 2692-5877, doi: 10.46998/IJCMCR.2020.04.000091
Özel Ç, Şen G, Hitit M, Koçak N, Güzeloğlu A, Semacan A, Kurar E. (2014). Bir keçide hermafroditizm olgusu: Klinik ve genetik yaklaşım. Eurasian Journal Veterinary Science, 2014, 30, 4, 227-231, doi: 10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.201447381
Basrur PK. (1993). Congenital Abnormalities of the Goat. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 9(1), 183–202. doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30680-0
Ramadan RO, Hassan AME. (1988). Intersexuality in goats. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 36(3), 120–124.doi: 10.1080/00480169.1988.35505
Eaton ON, Simmons VL. (1939). Hermaphrodism in milk goats. Journal of Heredity, 30(6), 261–266. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a104733
An-Najah National University. Genetic Defects in Sheep. 02.08.2024 tarihinde https://agri.najah.edu/sites/default/files/Lecture%2018_0.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Farrer JH, Sikka SC, Xie HW, Constantinide D, Rajfer J. (1985). Impaired testosterone biosynthesis in cryptorchidism. Fertility and Sterility, 44(1), 125–132. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)48689-9
Scott P. (2012). Some common genetic defects in sheep. Livestock, 17(2), 42–45. doi:10.1111/j.2044-3870.2011.00056.x
Ajala OO, Oyeyemi MO, Aderoju OA. (2000). Double Cervix in a five-year-old white Fulani Cow. African Journal of Biomedical Research. ISSN: 1119-5096, Vol 3. 201-202
Timurkaan, N., & Ozer, H. (2002). Uterus didelphys in a goat. Veterinary Record, 151(7), 217–217. doi:10.1136/vr.151.7.217
MSD Veterinary Manual. Female Genital Abnormalities of Animals 2021. 06.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/congenital-and-inherited-anomalies-of-the-reproductive-system/female-genital-abnormalities-of-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Koziol J, Palmer C. (2023). Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of testicular degeneration in the bull. Clinical Theriogenology, 15. doi:10.58292/ct.v15.9271
Ito Y, Takahashi K, Okamoto M, Toishi Y. (2019). Case Report of Acute Testicular Atrophy with Oligospermia in a Holstein Bull. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association, 72(9):539-544, doı:10.12935/jvma.72.539
Arrebola-Molina FA, Sánchez-Gómez A, Querino-Santiago FJ, Pérez-Marín C, Borjas-Muñoz F, Abecia JA. (2020). Semen characteristics of a ram population in southern Spain: An on-farm program of elimination of low-fertility males diagnosed by electroejaculation. Small Ruminant Research, 183, 106038. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.10603
Chand N, Tyagi S, Dutta D, Prasad R. (2019). Effect of heavy metals on oxidative markers and semen quality parameters in HF crossbred bulls. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 89(6):632-636, doi: 10.56093/ijans.v89i6.91114
Seifi-Jamadi A, Zhandi M, Kohram H, Luceño NL, Leemans B, Henrotte E, … Van Soom A. (2020). Influence of seasonal differences on semen quality and subsequent embryo development of Belgian Blue bulls. Theriogenology. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.08.037
Beef Reproduction Task Force. Influence of Heat Stress on Male Fertility. 06.08.2024 tarihinde https://beefrepro.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Wettemann.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Stowe HM, Calcatera SM, Dimmick MA, Andrae JG, Duckett SK, Pratt SL. (2014). The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e113163. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113163
Tkachev AV, Tkacheva OL, Zubova TV, Pleshkov VA, Smolovskaya OV. (2020). Effect of Mycotoxins on the Spermatozoa and Embryos of Animals. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331 doi: 10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.s3.47.55
Iannuzzi, L., Molteni, L., Di Meo, G. P., de Giovanni, A., Perucatti, A., Succi, G., … Cribiu, E. P. (2001). A case of azoospermia in a bull carrying a Y-autosome reciprocal translocation. Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 95(3-4), 225–227. doi:10.1159/000059349
Rezende FM, Dietsch GO, Peñagaricano F. (2018). Genetic dissection of bull fertility in US Jersey dairy cattle. Animal Genetics. doi:10.1111/age.12710
Özbek M, Hitit M, Kaya A, Jousan FD, Memili D. (2021). Sperm Functional Genome Associated With Bull Fertility. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2021; 8: 610888. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.610888
Asghari A, Marashi SA, Ansari-Pour N. (2017). A sperm-specific proteome-scale metabolic network model identifies non-glycolytic genes for energy deficiency in asthenozoospermia. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 63(2), 100–112. doi:10.1080/19396368.2016.1263367
Gunn A, Baker M. (2024). Effect of incorrect storage of bull semen samples on sperm morphology assessment. Clinical Theriogenology, 16. doi:10.58292/ct.v16.9972