Kanatlılarda Üreme Organları ve Anatomisi
Özet
Kanatlı üreme sisteminin memelilerdekine benzer yanları olmasına rağmen fizyolojik ve anatomik olarak memelilerden önemli derecede farlılıklar göstermektedir. Kanatlılarda iç döllenme gerçekleşmesine rağmen embriyonik gelişim vücut dışında yani kuluçka şartlarında gerçekleşir. Embriyonik gelişimin vücut dışında olması yanında ıslah çalışmaları sonucunda kanatlıların özelliklede tavukların üreme performansı oldukça yüksektir. Beş ay gibi kısa bir sürede yumurta üretmeye başlayan tavuklar bir yıllık üretim döneminde 300 kadar yumurta verebilmektedir. Bu üreme performansını yakalamada ıslah çalışmaları yanında ışıklandırma programları, yemleme ve uygun çevre şartlarının da önemeli rolü olmuştur. Yumurtanın oluşumuna bakıldığında embriyonik gelişim için gerekli besim maddeleri, gaz alışverişi ve fiziksel koruma gibi birçok şartı sağlayacak bir yapıda olduğu görülür. Bu nedenle yumurtanın dişi üreme siteminde oluşumu ve yumurtanın yapısının iyi bilinmesi kanatlılarda üremeyi anlamak için şattır. Olgun bir dişi kanatlıda sadece sol yumurtalık ve yumurta kanalı gelişmiş durumdayken erkek kanatlılarda her iki testiste mevcuttur. Kanatlılarda sperm hücreleri memelilerin aksine vücut sıcaklığında canlılığını sürdürebilmesi yanında dişi üreme sisteminde uzun süreler depolanarak yumurtayı dölleme özelliğini kaybetmemektedir. Bu nedenle başta hindiler olmak üzere suni tohumlamayı daha uygulanabilir hale getirmektedir. İyi bir yemden yaralanma oranına sahip olması gibi özellikleri yanında kanatlılarda üreme performansının yüksek olması kanatlı sektörünün gerek ülkemizde gerekse dünyada hızlı gelişiminde önemli bir yeri vardır.
Although the poultry reproductive system has similarities to mammals, it differs significantly physiologically and anatomically. Despite the internal fertilization, embryonic development occurs outside the body. Reproductive performance of poultry, especially that of chickens, is quite high. Chickens start producing eggs at about five months of age and can lay up to 300 eggs in a one-year production period. The egg has structures that provide many conditions such as nutrients, gas exchange and physical protection necessary for embryonic development. Therefore, the formation of the egg in the female reproductive system and a good knowledge of the structure of the egg are essential to understand reproduction in poultry. In a mature female bird, only the left ovary and oviduct are developed, while in the male, both testicles are present. In birds, sperm cells, unlike mammals, can survive at body temperature and are stored in the female reproductive system for long periods of time without losing their ability to fertilize eggs. For this reason, it makes artificial insemination more applicable, especially in turkeys. The high reproductive performance of birds has an important place in the rapid development of the poultry sector in our country and in the world.
Referanslar
Johnson AL. The avian ovary and follicle development: some comparative and practical insights. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Science. 2014;38:660-669. doi:10.3906/vet-1405-6
Proudman JA. Reproduction in Poultry: Female Reproduction in: Hafez B, Hafez ESE (eds.) Reproduction in Farm Animals. 7th ed. Blacwell Publishing; 2000.
Etches RJ, & Gibbins AM. Manipulation of the Avian Genome (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203748282
Bobadilla-Mendez MF, Rojas-Granados CP, Andrade EF, et al. Effect of different light sources on reproductive anatomy and physiology of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Animal reproduction science. 2016;168: 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.02.025
Poultry Extension Website. Small and Backyard Poultry. (https://poultry.extension.org/articles/poultry-anatomy/
Froman DP, Kirby JD, Proudman JA. Reproduction in Poultry: Male and Female in: Hafez B, Hafez ESE (eds.) Reproduction in Farm Animals. 7th ed. Blacwell Publishing; 2000.
Blendea A, Cazimir I, Cornilă N, et al. Anatomohistological study regarding the ovary and oviduct in different age groups in the chicken (gallus domesticus). Scientific Works. C Series. Veterinary Medicine. 2012;18 (3):21-30.
Hafez ESE, Kamar GAR. Develomental Changes in the Reproductive Organs of the Domestic Fowl. Poultry Science.1955; 34 (5): 1002-1010.
Decuypere E, Bruggeman V, Onagbesan O, et al. Endocrine physiology of reproduction in the female chicken: old wine in new bottles. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews. 2002; 13(3): 145-153. doi: 10.3184/147020602783698638
Bellairs R, Osmond M. Atlas of Chick Development. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2010-0-65149-2
Hrabia A. Reproduction in the female in: Scanes CG and Dridi S. (eds.) Sturkie's Avian Physiology 7th ed. Academic Press; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819770-7.00002-5
Nakano T, Ikawa NI, Ozimek L. Chemical composition of chicken eggshell and shell membranes. Poultry Science. 2003;82:510e514. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.3.510
Hincke MT, Nys Y, Gautron J, et al. The eggshell: structure, composition and mineralization. Frontiers in Bioscience. 2012;17:1266-1280. https://doi.org/10.2741/3985
Lambeth LS, Ayers K, Cutting AD, et al. Anti-müllerian hormone is required for chicken embryonic urogenital system growth but not sexual differentiation. Biology of Reproduction. 2015;93(6):1-12. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131664.
Referanslar
Johnson AL. The avian ovary and follicle development: some comparative and practical insights. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Science. 2014;38:660-669. doi:10.3906/vet-1405-6
Proudman JA. Reproduction in Poultry: Female Reproduction in: Hafez B, Hafez ESE (eds.) Reproduction in Farm Animals. 7th ed. Blacwell Publishing; 2000.
Etches RJ, & Gibbins AM. Manipulation of the Avian Genome (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203748282
Bobadilla-Mendez MF, Rojas-Granados CP, Andrade EF, et al. Effect of different light sources on reproductive anatomy and physiology of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Animal reproduction science. 2016;168: 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.02.025
Poultry Extension Website. Small and Backyard Poultry. (https://poultry.extension.org/articles/poultry-anatomy/
Froman DP, Kirby JD, Proudman JA. Reproduction in Poultry: Male and Female in: Hafez B, Hafez ESE (eds.) Reproduction in Farm Animals. 7th ed. Blacwell Publishing; 2000.
Blendea A, Cazimir I, Cornilă N, et al. Anatomohistological study regarding the ovary and oviduct in different age groups in the chicken (gallus domesticus). Scientific Works. C Series. Veterinary Medicine. 2012;18 (3):21-30.
Hafez ESE, Kamar GAR. Develomental Changes in the Reproductive Organs of the Domestic Fowl. Poultry Science.1955; 34 (5): 1002-1010.
Decuypere E, Bruggeman V, Onagbesan O, et al. Endocrine physiology of reproduction in the female chicken: old wine in new bottles. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews. 2002; 13(3): 145-153. doi: 10.3184/147020602783698638
Bellairs R, Osmond M. Atlas of Chick Development. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2010-0-65149-2
Hrabia A. Reproduction in the female in: Scanes CG and Dridi S. (eds.) Sturkie's Avian Physiology 7th ed. Academic Press; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819770-7.00002-5
Nakano T, Ikawa NI, Ozimek L. Chemical composition of chicken eggshell and shell membranes. Poultry Science. 2003;82:510e514. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.3.510
Hincke MT, Nys Y, Gautron J, et al. The eggshell: structure, composition and mineralization. Frontiers in Bioscience. 2012;17:1266-1280. https://doi.org/10.2741/3985
Lambeth LS, Ayers K, Cutting AD, et al. Anti-müllerian hormone is required for chicken embryonic urogenital system growth but not sexual differentiation. Biology of Reproduction. 2015;93(6):1-12. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131664.
