Hayvanlarda Ayak Hastalıklarının Tedavisinde Kullanılan İlaçlar
Özet
Ayak hastalıkları dünya çapında birçok evcil hayvanı ilgilendiren önemli ve ekonomik olarak en zorlayıcı bir sağlık sorunudur. Erken teşhis ve etkili tedavi hastalığın tedavisinde büyük öneme sahiptir. Enfeksiyöz veya enfeksiyöz olmayan etkenlere bağlı oluşan ayak hastalıkları ciddi patolojik sorunlara yol açarak hayvan refahını etkilemektedir. Ayak hastalıkları etiyolojik etkenlere bağlı olarak medikal yöntemlerde dahil olmak üzere birçok tedavi yöntemi ile tedavi edilmeye çalışılır. Antibiyotikler, nonsteroidal anti-inflamatuar ilaçlar veya ayak solüsyonları içeren ilaçlar etkili bir tedavi seçeneği olarak tercih edilmektedir. Ancak ilaçlar ile zamanında ve doğru şekilde tedavi gerçekleştirilememesi nedeniyle ciddi ekonomik kayıplara yol açmaktadır. Bu bölümde, bazı hayvan türlerinde yaygın olarak görülen ayak hastalıklarının tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlar hakkında bilgi sunulacaktır.
Referanslar
Wilson-Welder J, Alt D, Nally J. Digital Dermatitis in Cattle: Current Bacterial and Immunological Findings. Animals, 2015;5(4):1114–1135.
von Keyserlingk MAG, Rushen J, de Passillé AM, at al. Invited review: The welfare of dairy cattle - Key concepts and the role of science. Journal of Dairy Science, 2009;92(9):4101–4111.
Heinonen M, Pluym L, Maes D, et al. Lameness in Pigs. In: Production Diseases in Farm Animals. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2024. p. 405–450.
Kappes A, Tozooneyi T, Shakil G, et al. Livestock health and disease economics: a scoping review of selected literature. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2023; 19:10.
Urban-Chmiel R, Mudroň P, Abramowicz B, et al. Lameness in Cattle -Etiopathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment. Animals, 2024; 14(12):1836.
Christodoulopoulos G. Foot lameness in dairy goats. Research in Veterinary Science. 2009;86(2):281–284.
Gelasakis A, Kalogianni A, Bossis I. Aetiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Control of Foot-Related Lameness in Dairy Sheep. Animals, 2019;31(8):509.
Nalon E, Conte S, Maes D, et al. Assessment of lameness and claw lesions in sows. Livestock Science, 2013;156(1–3):10–23.
Marr CM. Laminitis: Recent advances and future directions. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2012; 29(6):733–734.
Langley-Hobbs S. Musculoskeletal oddities in the cat: an overview of some curious causes of lameness. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 2012;14(1):31–42.
Scott H, Witte P. Investigation of lameness in dogs. In Practice, 2011;14(1):20–27.
Garvey M. Lameness in Dairy Cow Herds: Disease Aetiology, Prevention and Management. Dairy, 2022;18(1):199–210.
Hodgkinson O. The importance of feet examination in sheep health management. Small Ruminant Research, 2010;92(1–3):67–71.
Bell N. The Farm Audit: Foot Health, Lameness and Footcare. In: Bovine Medicine. Wiley; 2015. p. 406–417.
Morrison S. Foot management. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004;3(1):71–82.
Swaim SF, Angarano DW. Chronic problem wounds of dog limbs. Clinics in Dermatology, 1990;8(3–4):175–186.
Van Nuffel A, Zwertvaegher I, Pluym L, et al. Lameness Detection in Dairy Cows: Part 1. How to Distinguish between Non-Lame and Lame Cows Based on Differences in Locomotion or Behavior. Animals, 2015;5(3):838–860.
Langley‐Hobbs SJ, Lascelles BDX. Phalangeal fractures and metacarpophalangeal luxations subsequent to post‐traumatic osteomyelitis and cellulitis in a dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 2004;45(7):368–371.
Anderson DE, Desrochers A, van Amstel SR. Surgical Procedures of the Distal Limb for Treatment of Sepsis in Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2017; 33(2):329–350.
Theuretzbacher U. Accelerating resistance, inadequate antibacterial drug pipelines and international responses. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2012;39(4):295–299.
Riviere J, Papich M. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Wiley; 2018.
De Briyne N, Iatridou D, Vanderhaeghen W, et al. Use of Antimicrobials in Practice (Targeted on Cattle, Pigs, Poultry, Horses). Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice; 2020. p. 43–79.
Palma E, Tilocca B, Roncada P. Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine: An Overview. International journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020; 21(6):1914.
Schmerold I, van Geijlswijk I, Gehring R. European regulations on the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; 189:106473.
Burbick CR, Fajt VR, Frey E, et al. Benefits and challenges of creating veterinary antibiograms for empiric antimicrobial selection in support of antimicrobial stewardship and advancement of one-health goals. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2023; 19:1–8.
Bacanlı M, Başaran N. Importance of antibiotic residues in animal food. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2019; 125:462–466.
Biasutti SA, Cox E, Jeffcott LB, et al. A review of regional limb perfusion for distal limb infections in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education, 2021;33(5):263–277.
Gilliam JN, Streeter RN, Papich MG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in serum and synovial fluid after regional intravenous perfusion in the distal portion of the hind limb of adult cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2008;69(8):997–1004.
Morley PS, Apley MD, Besser TE, et al. Antimicrobial Drug Use in Veterinary Medicine. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2005;19(4):617–629.
Prescott JF. Beta‐lactam Antibiotics. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013.
del Castillo JRE. Tetracyclines. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013.
Dowling PM. Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013. p. 233–255.
Nau R, Sörgel F, Eiffert H. Penetration of Drugs through the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid/Blood-Brain Barrier for Treatment of Central Nervous System Infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2010;23(4):858–883.
Blondeau JM. Immunomodulatory Effects of Macrolides Considering Evidence from Human and Veterinary Medicine. Microorganisms, 2022;10(12):2438.
Anadón A, Reeve-Johnson L. Macrolide antibiotics, drug interactions and microsomal enzymes: implications for veterinary medicine. Research in Veterinary Science, 1999;66(3):197–203.
Martinez M, McDermott P, Walker R. Pharmacology of the fluoroquinolones: A perspective for the use in domestic animals. The Veterinary Journal, 2006;172(1):10–28.
Prescott JF. Sulfonamides, Diaminopyrimidines, and Their Combinations. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013.
Spížek J, Řezanka T. Lincosamides: Chemical structure, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, resistance, and applications. Biochemical Pharmacology, 2017; 133:20–28.
Dowling PM. Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, and Florfenicol. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013.
Solano L, Barkema HW, Pickel C, et al. Effectiveness of a standardized footbath protocol for prevention of digital dermatitis. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017;100(2):1295–1307.
Bell NJ, Potterton S, Blowey R, et al. Disinfectant footbathing agents for the control of bovine digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. Livestock Science, 2014;19(1):6–13.
Zanolari P, Dürr S, Jores J, at al. Ovine footrot: A review of current knowledge. The Veterinary Journal, 2021; 271:105647.
Nye AK, Thieman Mankin KM. Small animal patient preoperative preparation: a review of common antiseptics, comparison studies, and resistance. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2024;28;11.
Monteiro B, Steagall PV. Antiinflammatory Drugs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2019;49(6):993–1011.
Moses VS, Bertone AL. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice. 2002;18(1):21–37.
Tisdall D, Barrett D. Responsible use of antimicrobials in lameness in dairy cattle. Livestock Science, 2015;20(3):126–132.
Kupczyński R, Bednarski M, Sokołowski M, et al. Comparison of Antibiotic Use and the Frequency of Diseases Depending on the Size of Herd and the Type of Cattle Breeding. Animals, 2024; 27;14(13):1889.
Thomsen PT, Shearer JK, Houe H. Prevalence of lameness in dairy cows: A literature review. The Veterinary Journal, 2023; 295:105975.
Bell N, Vanhoudt A. Treating and controlling digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. In Practice, 2020; 42(10):554–567.
Laven RA, Logue DN. Treatment strategies for digital dermatitis for the UK. The Veterinary Journal, 2006;171(1):79–88.
Staton GJ, Sullivan LE, Blowey RW, et al. Surveying bovine digital dermatitis and non‐healing bovine foot lesions for the presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Treponema pallidum. Veterinary Record, 2020;186(14):450.
Walker KE, Middleton JR, Gull T, et al. Bacterial culture and susceptibility of samples taken from septic foot lesions of adult beef cattle. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2023; 37(2):757–765.
Shearer JK, Plummer P, Schleining J. Perspectives on the treatment of claw lesions in cattle. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 2015;273-292.
Stock ML, Coetzee JF. Clinical Pharmacology of Analgesic Drugs in Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2015;31(1):113–138.
Kaneps AJ. Diseases of the Foot. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier; 2024.
Agne B. Diagnosis and Treatment of Foot Infections. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2010;30(9):510–512.
Fürst AE, Lischer CJ. Other Clinical Problems of the Equine Foot. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2021;37(3):695–721.
Koch DW, Goodrich LR, Smanik LE, et al. Principles of Therapy for Lameness. In: Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses. Wiley; 2020.
Uney K, Altan F, Altan S, et al. Plasma and synovial fluid pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following the administration of multiple doses in horses. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2017;40(3): 239-247.
Khusro A, Aarti C, Buendía-Rodriguez G, et al. Adverse Effect of Antibiotics Administration on Horse Health: An Overview. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2021; 97:103339.
Jim ER, Papich MG. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9nd ed. 2018.
Céleste CJ, Szöke MO. Management of equine hoof injuries. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2005;21(1):167–190.
Isola M, Piccinotti C, Magro M, et al. Colloidal Iron Oxide Formulation for Equine Hoof Disinfection. Animals, 2021; 11(3):766.
Flood J, Stewart AJ. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Associated Toxicities in Horses. Animals, 2022; 12(21):2939.
Di Cesare F, Negro V, Ravasio G, et al. Gabapentin: Clinical Use and Pharmacokinetics in Dogs, Cats, and Horses. Animals, 2023; 13(12):2045.
Winter AC. Treatment and Control of Hoof Disorders in Sheep and Goats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2011;27(1):187–192.
Clark CR. Antimicrobial Drug Use in Sheep and Goats. In: Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013. p. 529–539.
Altan F, Corum O, Durna Corum D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin following intramuscular administration at different doses in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 2019;174:88-91.
Smith JS, Schleining J, Plummer P. Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2021;37(1):1–16.
Altan S. Anestezi. In: Elmas M (Ed). Koyun-Keçi El Kitabı. Konya: Billur Yayınevi; 2013.
Altan S. Keçilerde Anestezi. In: Altan F (Ed). Keçi Yetiştiriciliğinde İlaçlarla Tedavi ve Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2024. p. 49–54.
Bajwa J. Canine pododermatitis. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 2016;57(9):991–993.
Bouza-Rapti P, Kaltsogianni F, Koutinas A, et al. Canine pododermatitis: A retrospective study of 300 cases. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 2023; 74(1):5355–5362.
Papich MG. Antimicrobial agents in small animal dermatology for treating staphylococcal infections. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. 2023; 3:1–10.
Duque FM, Dos-Santos JD, Cabral PC, et al. Effectiveness of two scrub methods with different chlorhexidine combinations for surgical field antisepsis in cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal. 2024;65(7):675–681.
Referanslar
Wilson-Welder J, Alt D, Nally J. Digital Dermatitis in Cattle: Current Bacterial and Immunological Findings. Animals, 2015;5(4):1114–1135.
von Keyserlingk MAG, Rushen J, de Passillé AM, at al. Invited review: The welfare of dairy cattle - Key concepts and the role of science. Journal of Dairy Science, 2009;92(9):4101–4111.
Heinonen M, Pluym L, Maes D, et al. Lameness in Pigs. In: Production Diseases in Farm Animals. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2024. p. 405–450.
Kappes A, Tozooneyi T, Shakil G, et al. Livestock health and disease economics: a scoping review of selected literature. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2023; 19:10.
Urban-Chmiel R, Mudroň P, Abramowicz B, et al. Lameness in Cattle -Etiopathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment. Animals, 2024; 14(12):1836.
Christodoulopoulos G. Foot lameness in dairy goats. Research in Veterinary Science. 2009;86(2):281–284.
Gelasakis A, Kalogianni A, Bossis I. Aetiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Control of Foot-Related Lameness in Dairy Sheep. Animals, 2019;31(8):509.
Nalon E, Conte S, Maes D, et al. Assessment of lameness and claw lesions in sows. Livestock Science, 2013;156(1–3):10–23.
Marr CM. Laminitis: Recent advances and future directions. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2012; 29(6):733–734.
Langley-Hobbs S. Musculoskeletal oddities in the cat: an overview of some curious causes of lameness. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 2012;14(1):31–42.
Scott H, Witte P. Investigation of lameness in dogs. In Practice, 2011;14(1):20–27.
Garvey M. Lameness in Dairy Cow Herds: Disease Aetiology, Prevention and Management. Dairy, 2022;18(1):199–210.
Hodgkinson O. The importance of feet examination in sheep health management. Small Ruminant Research, 2010;92(1–3):67–71.
Bell N. The Farm Audit: Foot Health, Lameness and Footcare. In: Bovine Medicine. Wiley; 2015. p. 406–417.
Morrison S. Foot management. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004;3(1):71–82.
Swaim SF, Angarano DW. Chronic problem wounds of dog limbs. Clinics in Dermatology, 1990;8(3–4):175–186.
Van Nuffel A, Zwertvaegher I, Pluym L, et al. Lameness Detection in Dairy Cows: Part 1. How to Distinguish between Non-Lame and Lame Cows Based on Differences in Locomotion or Behavior. Animals, 2015;5(3):838–860.
Langley‐Hobbs SJ, Lascelles BDX. Phalangeal fractures and metacarpophalangeal luxations subsequent to post‐traumatic osteomyelitis and cellulitis in a dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 2004;45(7):368–371.
Anderson DE, Desrochers A, van Amstel SR. Surgical Procedures of the Distal Limb for Treatment of Sepsis in Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2017; 33(2):329–350.
Theuretzbacher U. Accelerating resistance, inadequate antibacterial drug pipelines and international responses. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2012;39(4):295–299.
Riviere J, Papich M. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Wiley; 2018.
De Briyne N, Iatridou D, Vanderhaeghen W, et al. Use of Antimicrobials in Practice (Targeted on Cattle, Pigs, Poultry, Horses). Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice; 2020. p. 43–79.
Palma E, Tilocca B, Roncada P. Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine: An Overview. International journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020; 21(6):1914.
Schmerold I, van Geijlswijk I, Gehring R. European regulations on the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; 189:106473.
Burbick CR, Fajt VR, Frey E, et al. Benefits and challenges of creating veterinary antibiograms for empiric antimicrobial selection in support of antimicrobial stewardship and advancement of one-health goals. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2023; 19:1–8.
Bacanlı M, Başaran N. Importance of antibiotic residues in animal food. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2019; 125:462–466.
Biasutti SA, Cox E, Jeffcott LB, et al. A review of regional limb perfusion for distal limb infections in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education, 2021;33(5):263–277.
Gilliam JN, Streeter RN, Papich MG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in serum and synovial fluid after regional intravenous perfusion in the distal portion of the hind limb of adult cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2008;69(8):997–1004.
Morley PS, Apley MD, Besser TE, et al. Antimicrobial Drug Use in Veterinary Medicine. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2005;19(4):617–629.
Prescott JF. Beta‐lactam Antibiotics. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013.
del Castillo JRE. Tetracyclines. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013.
Dowling PM. Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013. p. 233–255.
Nau R, Sörgel F, Eiffert H. Penetration of Drugs through the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid/Blood-Brain Barrier for Treatment of Central Nervous System Infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2010;23(4):858–883.
Blondeau JM. Immunomodulatory Effects of Macrolides Considering Evidence from Human and Veterinary Medicine. Microorganisms, 2022;10(12):2438.
Anadón A, Reeve-Johnson L. Macrolide antibiotics, drug interactions and microsomal enzymes: implications for veterinary medicine. Research in Veterinary Science, 1999;66(3):197–203.
Martinez M, McDermott P, Walker R. Pharmacology of the fluoroquinolones: A perspective for the use in domestic animals. The Veterinary Journal, 2006;172(1):10–28.
Prescott JF. Sulfonamides, Diaminopyrimidines, and Their Combinations. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013.
Spížek J, Řezanka T. Lincosamides: Chemical structure, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, resistance, and applications. Biochemical Pharmacology, 2017; 133:20–28.
Dowling PM. Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, and Florfenicol. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013.
Solano L, Barkema HW, Pickel C, et al. Effectiveness of a standardized footbath protocol for prevention of digital dermatitis. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017;100(2):1295–1307.
Bell NJ, Potterton S, Blowey R, et al. Disinfectant footbathing agents for the control of bovine digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. Livestock Science, 2014;19(1):6–13.
Zanolari P, Dürr S, Jores J, at al. Ovine footrot: A review of current knowledge. The Veterinary Journal, 2021; 271:105647.
Nye AK, Thieman Mankin KM. Small animal patient preoperative preparation: a review of common antiseptics, comparison studies, and resistance. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2024;28;11.
Monteiro B, Steagall PV. Antiinflammatory Drugs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2019;49(6):993–1011.
Moses VS, Bertone AL. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice. 2002;18(1):21–37.
Tisdall D, Barrett D. Responsible use of antimicrobials in lameness in dairy cattle. Livestock Science, 2015;20(3):126–132.
Kupczyński R, Bednarski M, Sokołowski M, et al. Comparison of Antibiotic Use and the Frequency of Diseases Depending on the Size of Herd and the Type of Cattle Breeding. Animals, 2024; 27;14(13):1889.
Thomsen PT, Shearer JK, Houe H. Prevalence of lameness in dairy cows: A literature review. The Veterinary Journal, 2023; 295:105975.
Bell N, Vanhoudt A. Treating and controlling digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. In Practice, 2020; 42(10):554–567.
Laven RA, Logue DN. Treatment strategies for digital dermatitis for the UK. The Veterinary Journal, 2006;171(1):79–88.
Staton GJ, Sullivan LE, Blowey RW, et al. Surveying bovine digital dermatitis and non‐healing bovine foot lesions for the presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Treponema pallidum. Veterinary Record, 2020;186(14):450.
Walker KE, Middleton JR, Gull T, et al. Bacterial culture and susceptibility of samples taken from septic foot lesions of adult beef cattle. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2023; 37(2):757–765.
Shearer JK, Plummer P, Schleining J. Perspectives on the treatment of claw lesions in cattle. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 2015;273-292.
Stock ML, Coetzee JF. Clinical Pharmacology of Analgesic Drugs in Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2015;31(1):113–138.
Kaneps AJ. Diseases of the Foot. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier; 2024.
Agne B. Diagnosis and Treatment of Foot Infections. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2010;30(9):510–512.
Fürst AE, Lischer CJ. Other Clinical Problems of the Equine Foot. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2021;37(3):695–721.
Koch DW, Goodrich LR, Smanik LE, et al. Principles of Therapy for Lameness. In: Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses. Wiley; 2020.
Uney K, Altan F, Altan S, et al. Plasma and synovial fluid pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following the administration of multiple doses in horses. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2017;40(3): 239-247.
Khusro A, Aarti C, Buendía-Rodriguez G, et al. Adverse Effect of Antibiotics Administration on Horse Health: An Overview. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2021; 97:103339.
Jim ER, Papich MG. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9nd ed. 2018.
Céleste CJ, Szöke MO. Management of equine hoof injuries. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2005;21(1):167–190.
Isola M, Piccinotti C, Magro M, et al. Colloidal Iron Oxide Formulation for Equine Hoof Disinfection. Animals, 2021; 11(3):766.
Flood J, Stewart AJ. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Associated Toxicities in Horses. Animals, 2022; 12(21):2939.
Di Cesare F, Negro V, Ravasio G, et al. Gabapentin: Clinical Use and Pharmacokinetics in Dogs, Cats, and Horses. Animals, 2023; 13(12):2045.
Winter AC. Treatment and Control of Hoof Disorders in Sheep and Goats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2011;27(1):187–192.
Clark CR. Antimicrobial Drug Use in Sheep and Goats. In: Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2013. p. 529–539.
Altan F, Corum O, Durna Corum D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin following intramuscular administration at different doses in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 2019;174:88-91.
Smith JS, Schleining J, Plummer P. Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2021;37(1):1–16.
Altan S. Anestezi. In: Elmas M (Ed). Koyun-Keçi El Kitabı. Konya: Billur Yayınevi; 2013.
Altan S. Keçilerde Anestezi. In: Altan F (Ed). Keçi Yetiştiriciliğinde İlaçlarla Tedavi ve Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2024. p. 49–54.
Bajwa J. Canine pododermatitis. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 2016;57(9):991–993.
Bouza-Rapti P, Kaltsogianni F, Koutinas A, et al. Canine pododermatitis: A retrospective study of 300 cases. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 2023; 74(1):5355–5362.
Papich MG. Antimicrobial agents in small animal dermatology for treating staphylococcal infections. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. 2023; 3:1–10.
Duque FM, Dos-Santos JD, Cabral PC, et al. Effectiveness of two scrub methods with different chlorhexidine combinations for surgical field antisepsis in cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal. 2024;65(7):675–681.
