Atlarda Ayak Bölgesi Tendo, Tenosinovya ve Ligament Hastalıkları
Özet
Atların ayak bölgesindeki tendonlar, tenosinovya ve ligamentler, hareketin sürekliliği ve iskelet sisteminin stabilitesini sağlayan temel anatomik yapılardır. Tendonlar kas gücünü kemiklere iletir, ligamentler eklemleri stabilize ederken, tenosinovya bu yapıların sağlıklı çalışmasını sürtünmeyi azaltarak destekler. Ancak, aşırı yüklenme, travma, inflamasyon ve yetersiz bakım gibi faktörler, bu yapıların işlevlerini bozarak ciddi sağlık sorunlarına yol açabilir. Bu yapıların hasarlarının yönetiminde erken teşhis ve multidisipliner yaklaşımlar, atın genel sağlığı ve atletik performansı açısından kritik rol oynar. Bu bölümde, tendo, tenosinovya ve ligamentlerin anatomisi ve fizyolojisi detaylandırılmakta, tendinitis, desmitis, flekssural deformiteler ve laserasyon gibi hastalıkların etiyolojisi, klinik belirtileri ve güncel tedavi yaklaşımları ele alınmaktadır. Tanı sürecinde radyografi (kontrast tenografi), ultrasonografi, ileri görüntüleme yöntemleri ve tenoskopi gibi teknikler vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, cerrahi müdahaleler ve biyomekanik işlevlerin yeniden kazandırılması amacıyla fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyon protokollerinin önemi ele alınmakta ve veteriner hekimler için hem klinik uygulamalar hem de ileri araştırmalar açısından kapsamlı bir bilgi kaynağı sunmaktadır.
The tendons, tenosynovia and ligaments in the horse's foot area are the basic anatomical structures that provide continuity of movement and stability of the skeletal system. Tendons transmit muscle power to bones, ligaments stabilize joints, and tenosynovia supports the healthy functioning of these structures by reducing friction. However, factors such as overload, trauma, inflammation and inadequate care can disrupt the functions of these structures and lead to serious health problems. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary approaches in the management of damage to these structures play a critical role in terms of the horse's general health and athletic performance. In this section, the anatomy and physiology of tendons, tenosynovia and ligaments are detailed, and the etiology, clinical symptoms and current treatment approaches of diseases such as tendinitis, desmitis, flexural deformities and lacerations are discussed. Techniques such as radiography (contrast tenography), ultrasonography, advanced imaging methods and tenoscopy are emphasized in the diagnostic process. Additionally, the importance of physical therapy and rehabilitation protocols for surgical interventions and restoring biomechanical functions is discussed, providing a comprehensive source of information for veterinarians in terms of both clinical practice and advanced research.
Referanslar
Özaydın İ, Özba B, Okumuş Z, et al. At ve sığırlarda pozitif kontrast tendonografi. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 1995;66(1): 36-41.
Fiske-Jackson AR, Barker WH, Eliashar E, et al. The use of intrathecal analgesia and contrast radiography as preoperative diagnostic methods for digital flexor tendon sheath pathology. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2013;45(1): 36-40. Doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00573.x
Kent AV, Chesworth MJ, Wells G, et al. Improved diagnostic criteria for digital flexor tendon sheath pathology using contrast tenography. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2020;52(2): 205-212. Doi: 10.1111/evj.13166
Tannahill VJ. Diagnosis of digital flexor tendon sheath conditions in the horse. UK-Vet Equine, 2021;5(1): 24-31. Doi: 10.12968/ukve.2021.5.1.24
Ehrle A, Lilge S, Clegg PD, et al. Equine flexor tendon imaging part 1: Recent developments in ultrasonography, with focus on the superficial digital flexor tendon. Veterinary Journal, 2021;278:105764. Doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105764
Marcatili M, Cantatore F, Hibner-Szaltys M, et al. Static, dynamic and non-weightbearing ultrasound evaluation of the digital flexor tendon sheath improves sensitivity and specificity of manica flexoria tears diagnosis in cobs and ponies. Equine Veterinary Education, 2024;36: 74-81. Doi: 10.1111/eve.13859
Davis CS, Smith RKW. Diagnosis and Management of Tendon and Ligament Disorders. In: Auer J, Stick J (eds.): Equine Surgery. 3rd ed. Saunders - Elsevier. 2006. p. 1086-1111.
Reef VB. Ultrasonic Evaluation of Tendons and Ligaments. In: White NA, Moore JN (eds.): Current Practice of Equine Surgery. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1990. p. 425-434.
Arıcan M, Çalım KN, Kocabıyık A, Yavuz Ü. Atlarda ön ekstremite fleksor tendinitis'in ultrasonografik muayene ile değerlendirilmesi. Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 2008;24(2): 19-26.
Ehrle A, Lilge S, Clegg PD, et al. Equine flexor tendon imaging part 2: Current status and future directions in advanced diagnostic imaging, with focus on the deep digital flexor tendon. Veterinary Journal, 2021;278:105763. Doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105763
Hibner-Szaltys M, Cavallier F, Cantatore F, et al. Ultrasonography can be used to predict the location of flexoria tears in horses. Equine Veterinary Education, 2023;35:e200-e207. Doi: 10.1111/eve.13687
Yanmaz LE, Okumus Z, Dogan E. Instrumentation of thermography and its applications in horses. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 2007;6(7): 858-862.
Cender AN, Mählmann K, Ehrle A, et al. Diagnosis and outcome following tenoscopic surgeryof the digital flexor tendon sheath in German sportsand pleasure horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2023;55:48-58. Doi: 10.1111/evj.13856
Wood AD, Parker RA, Marcatili M, et al. Outcome of tenoscopically guided palmar/plantar annular ligament desmotomy for the treatment of palmar/plantar annular ligament constriction without concurrent intrathecal soft-tissue injury in a UK horse population. Veterinary Surgery, 2024;53(5): 893-903. Doi: 10.1111/vsu.14120
Davies HMS, Philip C, Merritt JS. Functional Anatomy of the Equine Digit: Determining Function from Structure. In: Floyd AE, Mansmann RA (eds.): Equine Podiatry. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007. p. 25-41.
Budras KD, Sack WO, Röck S. Anatomy of the Horse. 6th ed. London: Schluetersche, 2011.
Wagner PC. Flexural Deformity of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint (Contracture of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon). In: White NA, Moore JN (eds.): Current Practice of Equine Surgery. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1990. p. 472-475.
Wagner PC. Flexural Deformity of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint (Contracture of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon). In: White NA, Moore JN (eds.): Current Practice of Equine Surgery. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1990. p. 476-480.
Auer JA. Diagnosis and treatment of flexural deformities in foals. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2006;5:282-295. Doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2006.09.003
Floyd AE. Deformities of the Limb and Their Relevance to the Foot. In: Floyd AE, Mansmann RA (eds.): Equine Podiatry. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007. p. 205-223.
Samsar E, Akın F, Anteplioğlu H. Özel Şirurji. 3. Baskı. Ankara, Medisan Yayınevi, 1994.
Salz RO, Elliott CRB, Zuffa T, et al. Treatment of racehorse superficial digital flexor tendonitis: A comparison of stem cell treatments to controlled exercise rehabilitation in 213 cases. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2023;55(6): 979-987. Doi: 10.1111/evj.13922
Santinelli I, Beccati F, Passamonti F, et al. Septic tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon in a Thoroughbred horse referred for weight loss and intermittent fever. Equine Veterinary Education, 2017;29(9): 488-492. Doi: 10.1111/eve.12529
O’Sullivan CB. Injuries of the flexor tendons: Focus on the superficial digital flexor tendon. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2007;6(3): 189-197. Doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2007.08.005
Smith RKW. Treatment of tendinopathies. Equine Veterinary Education, 2024;1-14. Doi: 10.1111/eve.13987
Whitton RC, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ. İskelet Kas Sistemi (Çeviri: Örnek M, Sağlam M, Özaydın İ). In: Rose RJ, Hodgson DR (eds.) (Çev Ed: Sancak AA, Sağlam M): Klinik Pratikte At Hekimliği. Malatya, Medipres, 2007. s. 97-177.
Çatalkaya E. Tendinitis in horses and treatment options. In: Yıldız G, Baran MS, Kaplan O, Durna Aydın Ö (eds.): Current Multidisciplinary Studies in Veterinary Medicine - I. Ankara, IKSAD Publications, 2022. s. 255-276.
Gaughan EM, Nixon AJ, Krook LP, et al. Effects of sodium hyaluronate on tendon healing and adhesion formation in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1991;52(5):764-773.
Özaydın İ, Özba B, Okumuş Z, et al. Atlarda tendinitis ve tenosinovitislerin sağaltımında hyaluronik asit kullanımı. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (2): 211-217, 1996.
Jann HW. Current concepts and techniques in the management of tendon lacerations. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004;3(2): 215-224. Doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.08.005
Javadi R, Saberi Afshar F, Dehghan M, et al. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field as a supplement to topical dimethyl sulfoxide and controlled exercise in treatment of equine SDF tendonitis. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021;15(2), 175-186.
Burk J, Wittenberg-Voges L, Schubert S, et al. Treatment of naturally occurring tendon disease with allogeneic multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: A randomized, controlled, triple-blinded pilot study in horses. Cells, 2023;12(21):2513. Doi: 10.3390/cells12212513
Beerts C, Suls M, Broeckx SY, et al. Tenogenically induced allogeneic peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells in allogeneic platelet-rich plasma: 2-year follow-up after tendon or ligament treatment in horses. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2017;4:158. Doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00158
Tnibar A. Ultrasound-aided tendon and ligament surgery in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education, 2007;19 (8) 435-443. Doi: 10.2746/095777307X229471
Vlahos TP. Percutaneous ultrasonic debridement of equine tendinopathy and desmopathy: A report of 10 cases. Open Veterinary Journal, 2023;13(9):1141-1149. Doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i9.10
Nixon AJ. Tendon Lacerations. In: White NA, Moore JN (eds.): Current Practice of Equine Surgery. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1990. p. 455-460.
Shojaee A. Equine tendon mechanical behaviour: Prospects for repair and regeneration applications. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2023;9:2053-2069. Doi: 10.1002/vms3.1205
Fraser BSL, Bladon BM. Tenoscopic surgery for treatment of lacerations of the digital flexor tendon sheath. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2004;36 (6): 528-531. Doi: 10.2746/0425164044877396
Thomopoulos S, Parks WC, Rifkin DB, et al. Mechanisms of tendon injury and repair. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2015;33(6): 832-839. Doi: 10.1002/jor.22806
Easley KJ, Stashak TS, Smith FW, et al. Mechanical properties of four suture patterns for transected equine tendon repair. Veterinary Surgery, 1990;19(2):102-106. Doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1990.tb01149.x
Baran V, Özaydın İ, Demirkan İ. Bir atta karşılaşılan superfisiyal ve profund fleksor tendo rupturunun spinal anestezi eşliğinde Locking suture tekniği ile onarımı. In: 7.Ulusal Veteriner Cerrahi Kongresi, 149, 25-28 Ekim 2000, Bursa (s. 149).
El-Shafaey E, Zaghloul A, Abou-Alsaud M, et al. Assessment of digital flexors tenorrhaphy in equine: A review. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2016;44 (1): 201-209, Doi: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1031769
Aygün H, Kılıç E, Hüseyinoğlu Ü, et al.: A new surgical technique for the repair of the achilles tendon rupture: Repair of the achill tendon rupture by implant without immobilization and compared with traditional suture techniques in rabbits. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2010;16(5): 777-782. Doi: 10.9775/kvfd.2010.1546
Liu S, Kang Q, Zhang R, et al. Tendon Adhesion and Novel Solutions. In: Rosenberg N (ed.): Tendons - Trauma, Inflammation, Degeneration, and Treatment. IntechOpen; 2023;1-36. Doi: 10.5772/intechopen.108019
Kurt B, Ozaydin I, Sozmen M, et al. Hyaluronic acid and synovial fluid in preventing adhesion formation after tenorrhaphy: An in vivo study on rabbit Achilles tendon. Ciência Rural, 2018;48(7):e20170206. Doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170206
Cihan M, Özaydın İ. Koyunlarda fibrin adeziv (Tisseel) ile deneysel tenorafi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 1999;5(1): 103-112.
Özaydın İ, Gündüz S, Özba B, et al. Koyunlarda homolog arter greft ile deneysel tenorafi ve pozitif kontrast fasiyagrafi. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi, 1995;1 (1): 10-14.
Frees KE, Lillich JD, Gaughan EM, et al. Tenoscopic-assisted treatment of open digital flexor tendon sheath injuries in horses: 20 cases (1992-2001). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2002;220(12): 1823-1827. Doi: 10.2460/javma.2002.220.1823
Daoualibi Y, Pereira AHB, Lima LR, et al. Proliferative tenosynovitis in Brazilian Mangalarga Marchador horses. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 2023;202:8-15. Doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.03.002
Lenoir A, Schramme M, Segard-Weisse E, et al. Tenectomy of the superficial digital flexor tendon as a treatment of suspected tendinitis and tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath followed by rehabilitation with an orthotic device. Equine Veterinary Education, 2022;34 (2): e91-e97. Doi: 10.1111/eve.13427
Yayla S, Aksoy Ö. Bir spor atında karşılaşılan kronik tendovaginitis fibrosa ile tendovaginal hidrops olgusu ve sağaltımı. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 2010;3(1): 41-44.
Garcia da Fonseca RM, Evrard L, Rabba S, et al. Dynamic flexion/extension and non-weight bearing ultrasonography is helpful for identifying manica flexoria tears in horses. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 2019;60(1):65-74. Doi: 10.1111/vru.12675
Findley JA, De Oliveira F, Bladon B. Tenoscopic surgical treatment of tears of the manica flexoria in 53 horses. Veterinary Surgery, 2012;41(8):924-930. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01044.x
Nixon AJ. Suspansory Desmitis. In: White NA, Moore JN (eds.): Current Practice of Equine Surgery. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1990. p. 448-450.
Ersöz Kanay B, Çatalkaya E, Arserim NB, et al. Clinical and radiological evaluation of distal extremity lesions in racehorses. Revista Cientifica, 2024;34(1): 19. Doi: 10.52973/rcfcv-e34321
McGhee JD, White NA, Goodrich LR. Primary desmitis of the palmar and plantar annular ligaments in horses: 25 cases (1990-2003). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2005;226(1): 83-86. Doi: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.83
Cohen JM, Schneider RK, Zubrod CJ, et al. Desmitis of the distal digital annular ligament in seven horses: MRI diagnosis and surgical treatment. Veterinary Surgery, 2008;37(4): 336-344. Doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00386.x
Schils SJ, Turner TA. Review of early mobilization of muscle, tendon, and ligament after injury in equine rehabilitation. In: Proceedings of 56th Annual American Association of Equine Practitioners, AAEP 2010, 04-08 December 2010, Baltimore, USA. p. 374-380.
Kaneps AJ. Surgical options for treating tendon and ligament injuries. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2007;6(3): 209-216. Doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2007.08.007
Referanslar
Özaydın İ, Özba B, Okumuş Z, et al. At ve sığırlarda pozitif kontrast tendonografi. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 1995;66(1): 36-41.
Fiske-Jackson AR, Barker WH, Eliashar E, et al. The use of intrathecal analgesia and contrast radiography as preoperative diagnostic methods for digital flexor tendon sheath pathology. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2013;45(1): 36-40. Doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00573.x
Kent AV, Chesworth MJ, Wells G, et al. Improved diagnostic criteria for digital flexor tendon sheath pathology using contrast tenography. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2020;52(2): 205-212. Doi: 10.1111/evj.13166
Tannahill VJ. Diagnosis of digital flexor tendon sheath conditions in the horse. UK-Vet Equine, 2021;5(1): 24-31. Doi: 10.12968/ukve.2021.5.1.24
Ehrle A, Lilge S, Clegg PD, et al. Equine flexor tendon imaging part 1: Recent developments in ultrasonography, with focus on the superficial digital flexor tendon. Veterinary Journal, 2021;278:105764. Doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105764
Marcatili M, Cantatore F, Hibner-Szaltys M, et al. Static, dynamic and non-weightbearing ultrasound evaluation of the digital flexor tendon sheath improves sensitivity and specificity of manica flexoria tears diagnosis in cobs and ponies. Equine Veterinary Education, 2024;36: 74-81. Doi: 10.1111/eve.13859
Davis CS, Smith RKW. Diagnosis and Management of Tendon and Ligament Disorders. In: Auer J, Stick J (eds.): Equine Surgery. 3rd ed. Saunders - Elsevier. 2006. p. 1086-1111.
Reef VB. Ultrasonic Evaluation of Tendons and Ligaments. In: White NA, Moore JN (eds.): Current Practice of Equine Surgery. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1990. p. 425-434.
Arıcan M, Çalım KN, Kocabıyık A, Yavuz Ü. Atlarda ön ekstremite fleksor tendinitis'in ultrasonografik muayene ile değerlendirilmesi. Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 2008;24(2): 19-26.
Ehrle A, Lilge S, Clegg PD, et al. Equine flexor tendon imaging part 2: Current status and future directions in advanced diagnostic imaging, with focus on the deep digital flexor tendon. Veterinary Journal, 2021;278:105763. Doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105763
Hibner-Szaltys M, Cavallier F, Cantatore F, et al. Ultrasonography can be used to predict the location of flexoria tears in horses. Equine Veterinary Education, 2023;35:e200-e207. Doi: 10.1111/eve.13687
Yanmaz LE, Okumus Z, Dogan E. Instrumentation of thermography and its applications in horses. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 2007;6(7): 858-862.
Cender AN, Mählmann K, Ehrle A, et al. Diagnosis and outcome following tenoscopic surgeryof the digital flexor tendon sheath in German sportsand pleasure horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2023;55:48-58. Doi: 10.1111/evj.13856
Wood AD, Parker RA, Marcatili M, et al. Outcome of tenoscopically guided palmar/plantar annular ligament desmotomy for the treatment of palmar/plantar annular ligament constriction without concurrent intrathecal soft-tissue injury in a UK horse population. Veterinary Surgery, 2024;53(5): 893-903. Doi: 10.1111/vsu.14120
Davies HMS, Philip C, Merritt JS. Functional Anatomy of the Equine Digit: Determining Function from Structure. In: Floyd AE, Mansmann RA (eds.): Equine Podiatry. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007. p. 25-41.
Budras KD, Sack WO, Röck S. Anatomy of the Horse. 6th ed. London: Schluetersche, 2011.
Wagner PC. Flexural Deformity of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint (Contracture of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon). In: White NA, Moore JN (eds.): Current Practice of Equine Surgery. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1990. p. 472-475.
Wagner PC. Flexural Deformity of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint (Contracture of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon). In: White NA, Moore JN (eds.): Current Practice of Equine Surgery. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1990. p. 476-480.
Auer JA. Diagnosis and treatment of flexural deformities in foals. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2006;5:282-295. Doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2006.09.003
Floyd AE. Deformities of the Limb and Their Relevance to the Foot. In: Floyd AE, Mansmann RA (eds.): Equine Podiatry. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007. p. 205-223.
Samsar E, Akın F, Anteplioğlu H. Özel Şirurji. 3. Baskı. Ankara, Medisan Yayınevi, 1994.
Salz RO, Elliott CRB, Zuffa T, et al. Treatment of racehorse superficial digital flexor tendonitis: A comparison of stem cell treatments to controlled exercise rehabilitation in 213 cases. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2023;55(6): 979-987. Doi: 10.1111/evj.13922
Santinelli I, Beccati F, Passamonti F, et al. Septic tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon in a Thoroughbred horse referred for weight loss and intermittent fever. Equine Veterinary Education, 2017;29(9): 488-492. Doi: 10.1111/eve.12529
O’Sullivan CB. Injuries of the flexor tendons: Focus on the superficial digital flexor tendon. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2007;6(3): 189-197. Doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2007.08.005
Smith RKW. Treatment of tendinopathies. Equine Veterinary Education, 2024;1-14. Doi: 10.1111/eve.13987
Whitton RC, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ. İskelet Kas Sistemi (Çeviri: Örnek M, Sağlam M, Özaydın İ). In: Rose RJ, Hodgson DR (eds.) (Çev Ed: Sancak AA, Sağlam M): Klinik Pratikte At Hekimliği. Malatya, Medipres, 2007. s. 97-177.
Çatalkaya E. Tendinitis in horses and treatment options. In: Yıldız G, Baran MS, Kaplan O, Durna Aydın Ö (eds.): Current Multidisciplinary Studies in Veterinary Medicine - I. Ankara, IKSAD Publications, 2022. s. 255-276.
Gaughan EM, Nixon AJ, Krook LP, et al. Effects of sodium hyaluronate on tendon healing and adhesion formation in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1991;52(5):764-773.
Özaydın İ, Özba B, Okumuş Z, et al. Atlarda tendinitis ve tenosinovitislerin sağaltımında hyaluronik asit kullanımı. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (2): 211-217, 1996.
Jann HW. Current concepts and techniques in the management of tendon lacerations. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004;3(2): 215-224. Doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.08.005
Javadi R, Saberi Afshar F, Dehghan M, et al. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field as a supplement to topical dimethyl sulfoxide and controlled exercise in treatment of equine SDF tendonitis. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021;15(2), 175-186.
Burk J, Wittenberg-Voges L, Schubert S, et al. Treatment of naturally occurring tendon disease with allogeneic multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: A randomized, controlled, triple-blinded pilot study in horses. Cells, 2023;12(21):2513. Doi: 10.3390/cells12212513
Beerts C, Suls M, Broeckx SY, et al. Tenogenically induced allogeneic peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells in allogeneic platelet-rich plasma: 2-year follow-up after tendon or ligament treatment in horses. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2017;4:158. Doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00158
Tnibar A. Ultrasound-aided tendon and ligament surgery in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education, 2007;19 (8) 435-443. Doi: 10.2746/095777307X229471
Vlahos TP. Percutaneous ultrasonic debridement of equine tendinopathy and desmopathy: A report of 10 cases. Open Veterinary Journal, 2023;13(9):1141-1149. Doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i9.10
Nixon AJ. Tendon Lacerations. In: White NA, Moore JN (eds.): Current Practice of Equine Surgery. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1990. p. 455-460.
Shojaee A. Equine tendon mechanical behaviour: Prospects for repair and regeneration applications. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2023;9:2053-2069. Doi: 10.1002/vms3.1205
Fraser BSL, Bladon BM. Tenoscopic surgery for treatment of lacerations of the digital flexor tendon sheath. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2004;36 (6): 528-531. Doi: 10.2746/0425164044877396
Thomopoulos S, Parks WC, Rifkin DB, et al. Mechanisms of tendon injury and repair. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2015;33(6): 832-839. Doi: 10.1002/jor.22806
Easley KJ, Stashak TS, Smith FW, et al. Mechanical properties of four suture patterns for transected equine tendon repair. Veterinary Surgery, 1990;19(2):102-106. Doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1990.tb01149.x
Baran V, Özaydın İ, Demirkan İ. Bir atta karşılaşılan superfisiyal ve profund fleksor tendo rupturunun spinal anestezi eşliğinde Locking suture tekniği ile onarımı. In: 7.Ulusal Veteriner Cerrahi Kongresi, 149, 25-28 Ekim 2000, Bursa (s. 149).
El-Shafaey E, Zaghloul A, Abou-Alsaud M, et al. Assessment of digital flexors tenorrhaphy in equine: A review. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2016;44 (1): 201-209, Doi: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1031769
Aygün H, Kılıç E, Hüseyinoğlu Ü, et al.: A new surgical technique for the repair of the achilles tendon rupture: Repair of the achill tendon rupture by implant without immobilization and compared with traditional suture techniques in rabbits. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2010;16(5): 777-782. Doi: 10.9775/kvfd.2010.1546
Liu S, Kang Q, Zhang R, et al. Tendon Adhesion and Novel Solutions. In: Rosenberg N (ed.): Tendons - Trauma, Inflammation, Degeneration, and Treatment. IntechOpen; 2023;1-36. Doi: 10.5772/intechopen.108019
Kurt B, Ozaydin I, Sozmen M, et al. Hyaluronic acid and synovial fluid in preventing adhesion formation after tenorrhaphy: An in vivo study on rabbit Achilles tendon. Ciência Rural, 2018;48(7):e20170206. Doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170206
Cihan M, Özaydın İ. Koyunlarda fibrin adeziv (Tisseel) ile deneysel tenorafi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 1999;5(1): 103-112.
Özaydın İ, Gündüz S, Özba B, et al. Koyunlarda homolog arter greft ile deneysel tenorafi ve pozitif kontrast fasiyagrafi. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi, 1995;1 (1): 10-14.
Frees KE, Lillich JD, Gaughan EM, et al. Tenoscopic-assisted treatment of open digital flexor tendon sheath injuries in horses: 20 cases (1992-2001). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2002;220(12): 1823-1827. Doi: 10.2460/javma.2002.220.1823
Daoualibi Y, Pereira AHB, Lima LR, et al. Proliferative tenosynovitis in Brazilian Mangalarga Marchador horses. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 2023;202:8-15. Doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.03.002
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