Atlarda Laminitisler
Özet
Laminitis, atlarda yaygın ve ciddi bir ayak hastalığıdır. Bu hastalık, atın ayaklarındaki "lamina" adı verilen yapıları etkiler. Lamina, atın tırnağı ile kemiği (phalanx distalis) birbirine bağlayan bir yapıdır. Laminitis, bu yapının yangılanması ve zarar görmesi sonucu gelişir. Laminitis; oluştuğu bölge, etiyolojisi ve oluşum zamanına göre farklı şekillerde sınıflandırılabilir ve çok çeşitli nedenlere bağlı olarak gelişebilir. Bu nedenler, travmatik, toksik, enfeksiyonel, metabolik ve hormon kaynaklı olabilir. Genellikle damar ve mikrodolaşım bozuklukları sonucu gelişen bu hastalık, erken teşhis ve uygun tedaviyle kontrol altına alınabilir. Ancak, semptomları çoğu zaman gizli kalabilir ve bazı belirtiler, hastalığın erken dönemlerinde fark edilmeden geçebilir. Tedavi, hastalığın altta yatan nedenlerine, şiddetine ve hastanın genel durumuna göre değişiklik gösterir. Laminitis tedavisinde, acil müdahale ve uzun vadeli tedavi protokollerinin uyum içinde olması gerekmektedir. Tedavi süreci, laminitisin patofizyolojisinin anlaşılması ve hastalığın nedeninin teşhis edilmesiyle başlar. Tedavi sürecinin uzun ve maliyetli olması nedeniyle erken teşhis ve acil müdahale kritik öneme sahiptir. Laminitis tedavisinde başarılı olmak için atın düzenli kontrol edilmesi, tedaviye uygun diyet ve egzersizlerin yapılması gerekmektedir. Tedavi sürecinin sonunda, laminitisin etkilerini en aza indirgemek ve phalanx distalisin sağlığını korumak hedeflenir.
Laminitis is a common and serious foot disease in horses. This disease affects the structures called "lamina" in the horse's feet. The lamina is a structure that connects the horse's hoof to the bone (phalanx distalis). Laminitis develops as a result of inflammation and damage to this structure. Laminitis can be classified in different ways according to the site, etiology and time of occurrence and can develop due to a wide variety of causes. These causes can be traumatic, toxic, infectious, metabolic and hormonal. This disease, which usually develops as a result of vascular and microcirculatory disorders, can be controlled with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. However, its symptoms can often remain hidden and some symptoms may go unnoticed in the early stages of the disease. Treatment depends on the underlying causes, severity and general condition of the patient. Treatment of laminitis requires a combination of immediate intervention and long-term treatment protocols. The treatment process begins with understanding the pathophysiology of laminitis and diagnosing the cause of the disease. Early diagnosis and immediate intervention are critical as the treatment process is lengthy and costly. In order to be successful in the treatment of laminitis, the horse should be checked regularly and appropriate diet and exercises should be performed. At the end of the treatment process, the goal is to minimize the effects of laminitis and maintain the health of the phalanx distalis.
Referanslar
Pollitt CC. Anatomy and physiology of the inner hoof wall. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):3-21. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.001
Davies H, Philip C. Gross Anatomy of the Equine Digit. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 1-24.
Pollitt CC. Equine Laminitis. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):34-44. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.003
Pollitt CC. Introduction. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):1-2.
Wattle O, Pollitt CC. Lamellar metabolism. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):22-33. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.002
Floyd EA. Grading the Laminitic Horse. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 320-327.
Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1): 34-44. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.003
Watts KA. Forage and pasture management for laminitic horses. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1), 88-95. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.009
Kamiloğlu A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Ayak Hastalıkları (2. Baskı). Malatya: Medipress Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti.; 2018.
Bailey SR. Corticosteroid-associated laminitis. Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice, 2010; 26(2):277-285.
Johnson PJ, Messer NT, Slight SH, et al. Endocrinopathic laminitis in the horse. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):45-56. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.004
Pouyade DRL, Grulke G, Detilleux S, et al. Evaluation of low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the prevention of equine laminitis after colic surgery. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 2009; 19(1):113-119. doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00379.x
Johnson PJ, Ganjam VK, Slight SH, et al: Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in equine laminitis. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2004; 36(1):41-45.
Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KL, et al. Risk factors for equine laminitis: a systematic review with quality appraisal of published evidence. The Veterinary Journal, 2012; 193(1):58-66.
Yavru N, Özkan K, Elma E. Ayak Hastalıkları ve Ortopedi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınevi, Konya, 146-152.
Hopster K, Van Eps AW. Pain management for laminitis in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education, 2019; 31(7):384-392. doi: 10.1111/eve.12910
Dalla Costa E, Stucke D, Dai F, et al. Using the horse grimace scale (HGS) to assess pain associated with acute laminitis in horses (Equus caballus). Animals, 2016; 6(47). doi.org/10.3390/ani6080047
Hazıroğlu R, Milli ÜH. Deri. Veteriner Patoloji (II. Cilt), Ankara, Tamer Matbaacılık, Yayıncılık, Tan. Hiz. Tic. Ve Paz Ltd. Şti. 1998.
Morrison S. Foot management. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):71-82. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.007
Walsh DM. Laminitis: what to tell the owner. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):83-87. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.008
Kellon E. Diseases Leading to Laminitis and the Medical Management of the Laminitic Horse. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 370-377.
Litte D, Schramme MC. Diagnostic Imaging. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 141-204.
Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan, MM. Laminitis in the horse: a review. Veterinary Quarterly, 1999; 21(4):121-127. doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1999.9695006
Rucker A. The Digital Venogram Amy Rucker. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 328-346.
Floyd EA. An Approach to The Treatment of The Laminitic Horse. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 347-358.
Aguirre CN, Talavera J, Del Palacio MJF. Usefulness of Doppler ultrasonography to assess digital vascular dynamics in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or laminitis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013; 243(12): 1756-1761. doi.org/10.2460/javma.243.12.1756
Trout DR, Hornof WJ, Linford RL, et al. Scintigraphic evaluation of digital circulation during the developmental and acute phases of equine laminitis. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1990; 22(6): 416-421. doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04308.x
Yamada, K, Inui T, Itoh M, et al. Characteristic findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for severe chronic laminitis in a Thoroughbred horse. Journal of Equine Science, 2017; 28(3): 105-110. doi.org/10.1294/jes.28.105
Griffin RL, McKnight AL, Rucker A, et al. Initial experience using contrast magnetic resonance imaging in laminitic horses: 18 studies. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2011; 31(12): 685-692. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.05.013
Mansmann RA, Orde EK. Preventive Foot Care Programs. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 414-431.
Bamford NJ. Clinical insights: Treatment of laminitis. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2019; 51(2): 145-146.
Van Eps AW. Acute laminitis: medical and supportive therapy. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine practice, 2010; 26(1): 103-114.
Sarbash D, Slusarenko D, Sinyagovskay К. Laminitis of horses (diagnostics and treatment). Veterinary Science, Technologies of Animal Husbandry and Nature Management, 2019; 3: 154-161. doi: 10.31890/vttp.2019.03.21
Van Eps AW, Walters LJ, Baldwin GI, et al. Distal limb cryotherapy for the prevention of acute laminitis. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1): 64-70. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.006
Referanslar
Pollitt CC. Anatomy and physiology of the inner hoof wall. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):3-21. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.001
Davies H, Philip C. Gross Anatomy of the Equine Digit. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 1-24.
Pollitt CC. Equine Laminitis. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):34-44. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.003
Pollitt CC. Introduction. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):1-2.
Wattle O, Pollitt CC. Lamellar metabolism. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):22-33. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.002
Floyd EA. Grading the Laminitic Horse. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 320-327.
Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1): 34-44. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.003
Watts KA. Forage and pasture management for laminitic horses. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1), 88-95. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.009
Kamiloğlu A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Ayak Hastalıkları (2. Baskı). Malatya: Medipress Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti.; 2018.
Bailey SR. Corticosteroid-associated laminitis. Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice, 2010; 26(2):277-285.
Johnson PJ, Messer NT, Slight SH, et al. Endocrinopathic laminitis in the horse. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):45-56. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.004
Pouyade DRL, Grulke G, Detilleux S, et al. Evaluation of low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the prevention of equine laminitis after colic surgery. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 2009; 19(1):113-119. doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00379.x
Johnson PJ, Ganjam VK, Slight SH, et al: Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in equine laminitis. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2004; 36(1):41-45.
Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KL, et al. Risk factors for equine laminitis: a systematic review with quality appraisal of published evidence. The Veterinary Journal, 2012; 193(1):58-66.
Yavru N, Özkan K, Elma E. Ayak Hastalıkları ve Ortopedi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınevi, Konya, 146-152.
Hopster K, Van Eps AW. Pain management for laminitis in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education, 2019; 31(7):384-392. doi: 10.1111/eve.12910
Dalla Costa E, Stucke D, Dai F, et al. Using the horse grimace scale (HGS) to assess pain associated with acute laminitis in horses (Equus caballus). Animals, 2016; 6(47). doi.org/10.3390/ani6080047
Hazıroğlu R, Milli ÜH. Deri. Veteriner Patoloji (II. Cilt), Ankara, Tamer Matbaacılık, Yayıncılık, Tan. Hiz. Tic. Ve Paz Ltd. Şti. 1998.
Morrison S. Foot management. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):71-82. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.007
Walsh DM. Laminitis: what to tell the owner. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1):83-87. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.008
Kellon E. Diseases Leading to Laminitis and the Medical Management of the Laminitic Horse. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 370-377.
Litte D, Schramme MC. Diagnostic Imaging. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 141-204.
Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan, MM. Laminitis in the horse: a review. Veterinary Quarterly, 1999; 21(4):121-127. doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1999.9695006
Rucker A. The Digital Venogram Amy Rucker. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 328-346.
Floyd EA. An Approach to The Treatment of The Laminitic Horse. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 347-358.
Aguirre CN, Talavera J, Del Palacio MJF. Usefulness of Doppler ultrasonography to assess digital vascular dynamics in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or laminitis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013; 243(12): 1756-1761. doi.org/10.2460/javma.243.12.1756
Trout DR, Hornof WJ, Linford RL, et al. Scintigraphic evaluation of digital circulation during the developmental and acute phases of equine laminitis. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1990; 22(6): 416-421. doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04308.x
Yamada, K, Inui T, Itoh M, et al. Characteristic findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for severe chronic laminitis in a Thoroughbred horse. Journal of Equine Science, 2017; 28(3): 105-110. doi.org/10.1294/jes.28.105
Griffin RL, McKnight AL, Rucker A, et al. Initial experience using contrast magnetic resonance imaging in laminitic horses: 18 studies. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2011; 31(12): 685-692. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.05.013
Mansmann RA, Orde EK. Preventive Foot Care Programs. In: Floyd EA, Mansmann RA (eds) Equine Podiatry. 1st ed. United States; 2007. p. 414-431.
Bamford NJ. Clinical insights: Treatment of laminitis. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2019; 51(2): 145-146.
Van Eps AW. Acute laminitis: medical and supportive therapy. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine practice, 2010; 26(1): 103-114.
Sarbash D, Slusarenko D, Sinyagovskay К. Laminitis of horses (diagnostics and treatment). Veterinary Science, Technologies of Animal Husbandry and Nature Management, 2019; 3: 154-161. doi: 10.31890/vttp.2019.03.21
Van Eps AW, Walters LJ, Baldwin GI, et al. Distal limb cryotherapy for the prevention of acute laminitis. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004; 3(1): 64-70. doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.006
