Atlarda Ekstremite Deformiteleri ve Ayakla İlişkisi
Özet
At hekimliğinde ekstremite deformitelerine sık rastlanır. Bu deformiteler gelişim kökeni itibariyle konjenital ve edinsel olarak ikiye ayrılır. Klinik seyri itibariyle ise anguler deformasyonlar, fleksural (kontraktural), ve hiperekstensiyon deformiteleri olarak ikiye ayrılırlar. Fleksural deformitelerin tanısı genellikle kolaydır. Sekonder olayları ve komplikasyonları önlemek adına erken müdahale önemlidir. Beslenme bozuklukları, yüksek enerjili rasyonlarla beslenen genç hayvanlarda hızlı büyüme tepkisi ve kalıtsal faktörler bu tür sorunların gelişiminde önemli rol oynar. Hayvanların yaratılış itibariyle amudiyet bozuklukları da bu konu içerisinde edinsel deformitelere zemin hazırlayan bir faktör olarak önem arz eder. Fleksural deformitelerin önlenmesinde dengeli beslenme kilit rol oynar. Doğuştan kontraktural deformitelerin tedavisinde medikal tedavilerin yanında bandaj, splint, özel tırnak papuçları veya özel nal uygulamaları gibi girişimler faydalı olurken, hiperekstensiyon deformitelerinde yüzme egzersizleri gibi fizik tedavi uygulamaları kullanılmaktadır. Cerrahi müdahale çok sık kullanılmamakla birlikte bazen hem cerrahi müdahale hem de bandaj gibi medikal uygulamalar birlikte değerlendirilir. Genellikle distal interfalangeal eklem deformiteleri için profund tendo aksesuar ligamentinin veya superfisiyal fleksor tendonun dezmotomisi önerilmektedir.
Extremity deformities are frequently encountered in equine medicine. These deformities are divided into two groups: congenital and acquired in terms of their developmental origin. They are divided into angular deformities, flexural (contractual) and hyperextension deformities in their clinical course. Diagnosis is usually easy for flexural deformities. Early intervention is essential to prevent secondary events and complications. Nutritional disorders, rapid growth response in young animals fed with high-energy rations and hereditary factors are essential in developing such problems. The innate amulet disorders of animals are also important as a factor that paves the way for acquired deformities in this regard. Balanced nutrition plays a crucial role in preventing flexural deformities. In addition to medical treatments, interventions such as bandages, splints, special nail clippers, or special horseshoe applications help treat congenital contractural deformities. In contrast, physical therapy applications such as swimming exercises are used in hyperextension deformities. Although surgical intervention is not used very often, surgical intervention and medical applications such as bandages are sometimes evaluated together. Desmotomy of the profundus tendon accessory ligament or superficial flexor tendon is generally recommended for distal interphalangeal joint deformities.
Referanslar
Adams SB. Management of congenital and acquired limb deformities. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners, 2000;46: 117-125.
Witte S, Hunt R. A review of angular limb deformities. Equine Veterinary Education, 2009;21(7):378-387.
Wagner PC, Reed SM, Hergeberg GA. Contracted tendons (flexural deformities) in the young horse. Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians, 1982; 4:101-108.
Hunt RJ: Chronic laminitis, in White NA, III, Moore JN (eds): Current Techniques in Equine Surgery and Lameness, 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1998. p. 548-552.
Yavru N, Özcan K, Elma E. Ayak Hastalıkları ve Ortopedi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Kitapları, Konya. 2002. p.102-187.
Kidd JA and Barr ARS. Flexural deformities in foals. Equine Veterinary Education, 2002;14: 311-321.
Madison JB, Garber JL, Rice B, et al. Oxytetracycline decreases fetlock joint angle in new born foals. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners, 1992;38:745-746.
O’Grady SE. Review Article Flexural deformities of the distal interphalangeal joint (clubfeet). Equine Veterinary Education, 2012;24(5):260-268.
Yavru N. Ekstremite Hastalıkları, Görgül OS, Yavru N, Atalan G ve ark. (Eds) Özel Cerrahi İçinde. Malatya: Medipres; 2012. p.391-551.
Fails AD. Functional Anatomy of the Equine Musculoskeletal System. In: Baxter GA (ed.) Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2020. p. 1-66.
Wagner von Matthiessen PC. Case selection and management of flexural deformities in horses: congenital flexural limb deformities, part 2. Equine Practice, 1994; 16:7-11.
Schneider RK. Treatment of horses with contraction of the superficial digital flexor tendon. Proceedings Surgical Forum of The American College of Veterinary Surgeons. 1989; 17:316-321.
Hunt RJ. Management of angular limb deformities. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners. 2000;46: 128-129.
Hunt RJ. Flexural limb deformities in foals. In: Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse, 2nd edn., Eds: M.W. Ross and S.J. Dyson, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. p. 645-649. 2011
Alexander GR, Gibson KT, Day RE, et al. Effects of superior check desmotomy on flexor tendon and suspensory ligament strain in equine cadaver limbs. Veterinary Surgery, 2001; 30:522-527.
Stick JA, Nickels FA, Williams MA. Long-term effects of desmotomy of the accessors ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle in Standardbreds: 23 cases (1979-1989). Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. 1992; 200:1131-1132.
Hartzel DK, Arnoczky SP, Kilfoyle SJ, et al. Myofibroblasts in the accessor ligament (distal check ligament) and the deep digital flexor tendon of foals. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2001; 62:823-827.
Referanslar
Adams SB. Management of congenital and acquired limb deformities. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners, 2000;46: 117-125.
Witte S, Hunt R. A review of angular limb deformities. Equine Veterinary Education, 2009;21(7):378-387.
Wagner PC, Reed SM, Hergeberg GA. Contracted tendons (flexural deformities) in the young horse. Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians, 1982; 4:101-108.
Hunt RJ: Chronic laminitis, in White NA, III, Moore JN (eds): Current Techniques in Equine Surgery and Lameness, 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1998. p. 548-552.
Yavru N, Özcan K, Elma E. Ayak Hastalıkları ve Ortopedi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Kitapları, Konya. 2002. p.102-187.
Kidd JA and Barr ARS. Flexural deformities in foals. Equine Veterinary Education, 2002;14: 311-321.
Madison JB, Garber JL, Rice B, et al. Oxytetracycline decreases fetlock joint angle in new born foals. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners, 1992;38:745-746.
O’Grady SE. Review Article Flexural deformities of the distal interphalangeal joint (clubfeet). Equine Veterinary Education, 2012;24(5):260-268.
Yavru N. Ekstremite Hastalıkları, Görgül OS, Yavru N, Atalan G ve ark. (Eds) Özel Cerrahi İçinde. Malatya: Medipres; 2012. p.391-551.
Fails AD. Functional Anatomy of the Equine Musculoskeletal System. In: Baxter GA (ed.) Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2020. p. 1-66.
Wagner von Matthiessen PC. Case selection and management of flexural deformities in horses: congenital flexural limb deformities, part 2. Equine Practice, 1994; 16:7-11.
Schneider RK. Treatment of horses with contraction of the superficial digital flexor tendon. Proceedings Surgical Forum of The American College of Veterinary Surgeons. 1989; 17:316-321.
Hunt RJ. Management of angular limb deformities. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners. 2000;46: 128-129.
Hunt RJ. Flexural limb deformities in foals. In: Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse, 2nd edn., Eds: M.W. Ross and S.J. Dyson, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. p. 645-649. 2011
Alexander GR, Gibson KT, Day RE, et al. Effects of superior check desmotomy on flexor tendon and suspensory ligament strain in equine cadaver limbs. Veterinary Surgery, 2001; 30:522-527.
Stick JA, Nickels FA, Williams MA. Long-term effects of desmotomy of the accessors ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle in Standardbreds: 23 cases (1979-1989). Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. 1992; 200:1131-1132.
Hartzel DK, Arnoczky SP, Kilfoyle SJ, et al. Myofibroblasts in the accessor ligament (distal check ligament) and the deep digital flexor tendon of foals. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2001; 62:823-827.
