Atlarda Ayak Hastalıklarında Muayene ve Tanı Yöntemleri
Özet
Topallık, bir hayvanın hareket sisteminin işlev bozukluğunun sonucu olan anormal yürüyüşü veya duruşudur. Atlarda, en sık ağrıdan kaynaklanır, ancak nörolojik veya mekanik işlev bozukluğundan da kaynaklanabilir. Topallık, yarış atlarında, spor atlarında ve eğlence atlarında yaygın bir sorundur. Atçılık endüstrisi için hem tanı ve tedavi maliyeti hem de kullanım kaybına neden olan izin maliyeti açısından sağlık sorunlarından biridir.
Ön ayak topallıkları, atlarda sıklıkla gözlemlenir. Bu topallığın oluşumunda anatomik anormaliteler, nallama ve düzeltme yöntemleri ve atletik aktiviteler gibi birçok neden etkilidir. Anatomik olarak ayak, phalankslar, eklemler, ligament ve tendolardan oluşan karmaşık bir yapıdır. Bu yapılara egzersiz esnasında büyük bir stres yüklenmektedir. Dinlenme halinde bile belirli oranlarda stres vardır. Bu stres ve ani anormal bir hareket bile çeşitli ayakta lezyonların oluşumunu tetiklemekte ve topallığa neden olabilmektedir. Topallığın teşhisinde klinik muayene ve radyografi, ultrasonografi, termografi, bilgisayarlı tomografi vs. gibi yardımcı tanı yöntemleri önemlidir. Bu bölümde atlarda ayak hastalıklarında muayene, tanı ve yöntemleri hakkında bilgi verilecektir.
Lameness is an abnormal gait or posture resulting from dysfunction of the animal's locomotor system. In horses, it is most commonly caused by pain, but it can also be caused by neurological or mechanical dysfunction. Lameness is a common problem in racehorses, sport horses, and recreational horses. It is one of the health problems for the equine industry in terms of both diagnosis and treatment costs and the cost of leave resulting in loss of use. Forelimb lameness is frequently observed in horses. Many reasons such as anatomical abnormalities, shoeing and correction methods, and athletic activities are effective in the formation of this lameness. Anatomically, the foot is a complex structure consisting of phalanges, joints, ligaments, and tendons. These structures are subjected to great stress during exercise. There is a certain amount of stress even at rest. This stress and even a sudden abnormal movement can trigger the formation of various lesions in the foot and cause lameness. Clinical examination and auxiliary diagnostic methods such as radiography, ultrasonography, thermography, computerized tomography, etc. are important in the diagnosis of lameness. This section will provide information on examination, diagnosis and methods of foot diseases in horses.
Referanslar
Baxter GM, Stashak, TS. Examination for lameness: History, visual exam, and conformation. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 227-312.
Ersöz-Kanay B, Çatalkaya E, Arserim NB, et al. Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Distal Extremity Lesions in Racehorses. Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria 2024;34(1): 1-9. doi: 10.52973/rcfcv-e34321
Redden RF. Clinical and radiographic examination of the equine foot. AAEP Proceedings. 21 Nov 2003, New Orleans/USA. pp.169-185.
Kamiloğlu A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Ayak Hastalıkları. Ankara: Medipres; 2018.
Stashak TS. Examination for Lameness. In: Stashak TS (ed.). Adams’ Lameness in Horses. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2002. p. 113-183.
Kılıç E, Ermutlu CŞ. Sistematik Muayene. Özaydın İ (ed.). Veteriner Genel Cerrahi içinde, Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2023. p. 369-389.
Ross MW. Movement. Ross MW. In: Dyson SJ (ed.) Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. St. Louis: Saunders, 2003. p. 60-73.
Weishaupt MA. Adaptation strategies of horses with lameness. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2008;24: 79-100. doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.010
Buchner HH, Savelberg HH, Schamhardt HC, et al. Head and trunk movement adaptations in horses with experimentally induced fore- or hindlimb lameness. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1996;28: 71-76. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01592.x
Keegan KG, Wilson DA, Kramer J. How to evaluate head and pelvic movement to determine lameness. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 4-8 Dec 2004. Denver, Colorado. (pp. 206–211).
Keegan KG, Pai PF, Wilson DA, et al. Signal decomposition method of evaluating head movement to measure induced forelimb lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2001;33: 446-451. doi: 10.2746/042516401776254781
Caron JP. Objective and subjective gait analysis techniques. In. White NA, Moore JN (eds.). Current Techniques in Equine Surgery and Lameness. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1998. p. 501-504.
Turner TA. How to subjectively and objectively examine the equine foot. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 2-6 Dec 2006. San Antonio, Texas. (pp.531-537).
Schumacher J, Taylor DR, Schramme MC, et al. Localization of pain in the equine foot emphasizing the physical examination and analgesic techniques. Proceedings of the 58th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. 1-5 Dec 2012. Anaheim, California. (pp. 138-156).
Bassage LH, Ross MW. Diagnostic Analgesia. In: Ross MW, Dyson SJ (eds.). Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2011. p. 100-135.
Doherty T, Valverde A. Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia. USA: Blackwell Publishing; 2006.
Wyn-Jones G. Equine Lameness. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1988.
Lopez-Sanroman FJ, Cruz JM, Santos M, et al. Evaluation of the local analgesic effect of ketamine in the palmar digital nerve block at the base of the proximal sesamoid (abaxial sesamoid block) in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2003;64:475-478. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.475
Lopez-Sanroman FJ, Cruz J, Santos M. Effect of alkalinization on the local analgesic efficacy of ketamine in the abaxial sesamoid nerve block in horses. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutic, 2003;26: 265-269. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2003.00489.x
Schumacher J, Livesey L, DeGraves FJ, et al. Effect of anaesthesia of the palmar digital nerves on proximal inter phalangeal joint pain in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2004;36: 409-414. doi: 10.2746/0425164044868404
Pleasant RS, Moll HD, Ley WB, et al. Intra-articular anesthesia of the distal interphalangeal joint alleviates lameness associated with the navicular bursa in horses. Veterinary Surgery, 1997;26: 137-140. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1997.tb01476.x
Dyson SJ, Murray RC, Schramme M. Lameness in 46 horses associated with deep digital flexor tendonitis in the digit: diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2003;35: 681-690. doi: 10.2746/042516403775696294
Schumacher J, Schumacher J, De Graves F, et al. A comparison of the effects of two volumes of local analgesic solution in the distal interphalangeal joint of horses with lameness caused by solar toe or solar heel pain. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2001;33: 265-268. doi: 10.2746/042516401776249778
Niv D, Gofeld M, Devor M. Causes of pain in degenerative bone and joint disease: a lesson from vertebroplasty. Pain, 2003;105: 387-392. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00277-X
Gough MR, Mayhew G, Munroe GA. Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse, part 1: forelimb foot and carpus. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2002;34:80-84. doi: 10.2746/042516402776181097
Turner TA. Predictive value of diagnostic tests for navicular pain. American Association of Equine Practice, 1996;42: 201-204.
Murray RC, Schramme MC, Dyson SJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the foot in horses with palmar foot pain and control horses. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 2006;47(1): 1-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00100.x
Schumacher J, Gillette R, DeGraves F, et al. The effects of local anaesthetic solution in the navicular bursa of horses with lameness caused by distal interphalangeal joint pain. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2003;35: 502-505. doi: 10.2746/042516403775600460
Schneider RK, Gavin PR, Tucker RL. What MRI is teaching us about navicular disease. American Association of Equine Practice, 2003;49: 210-219.
Valdez-Martinez A, Park RD. Examination for lameness: History, visual exam, and conformation. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 416-615.
Çatalkaya E. Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Racehorses with Sesamoiditis: Case Series. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2024;58(6): 991-998. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.BF-1766
Dabareiner RM, Carter GK. Diagnosis, treatment, and farriery for horses with chronic heel pain. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2003;19(2): 417-441. doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(03)00025-7
Turner TA. Examination of the equine foot. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2003;19(2): 309-332. doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(03)00023-3.
Moyer WA, Carter GK. Examination of the equine foot. In. Floyd AE, Mansmann RA (eds). Equine Podiatry. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2007. p. 112-127.
Himani AK, Anand Arun, Singh Navdeep, et al. Clinical occurrence and radiographic diagnosis of distal limb lameness in equine. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2019;89(1):15-24. doi: 10.56093/ijans.v89i1.86234
Rijkenhuizen A, de Graaf K, Hak A, et al. Management and outcome of fractures of the distal phalanx: a retrospective study of 285 horses with a long term outcome in 223 cases. The Veterinary Journal, 2012;192(2): 176-182. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.05.017
Catalkaya E. Treatment and outcomes of horses with acute synovitis in the racing season: A 167 cases series study. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 2022;14(2): 47-54.doi: 10.22067/ijvst.2022.75985.1130
Weaver M, Brakzai S. Handbook of Equine Radiography. USA: Elsevier Saunders. 2010.
Sherlock C, Parks A. Radiographic and radiological assessment of laminitis. Equine Veterinary Education, 2013;25(10): 524-535. doi: 10.1111/eve.12065
O'Sullivan CB, Dart AJ, Malikides N, et al. Nonsurgical management of type II fractures of the distal phalanx in 48 Standardbred horses. Australian Veterinary Journal, 1999;77(8): 501-503. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12118.x
Wilson AM, McGuigan MP, Fouracre L, et al. The force and contact stress on the navicular bone during trot locomotion in sound horses and horses with navicular disease. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2001;33(2): 159-165. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00594.x
Redding WR. Ultrasound. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 616-685.
Valdez-Martinez A, Steyn RF. Nuclear Medicine. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 685-767.
Pease AP, Redding WR. Computed Tomography. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 834-849.
Schramme M, Redding WR. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 616-685.
Çatalkaya E, Yayla S, Altan S, et al. Sığırlarda Metakarpo/Metatarsofalangeal Ekleme Artroskopik Yaklaşım: Bir Kadavra Çalışması. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2023;16(1): 33-37. doi: 10.47027/duvetfd.1272396
Mcllwraith CW. Arthroscopy/Endoscopy/Bursoscopy. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 849-861.
McIlwraith CW, Nixon AJ, Wright IM. Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse. China: Elsevier; 2015.
Ryan, J, Johnson JP. The equine nurse’s approach to arthroscopic surgery: part 1–equipment & instrumentation. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 2020;35(9-12): 262-267.
Çetinkaya MA, Demirutku A. Thermography in the assessment of equine lameness. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2012;36(1): 43-48. doi: 10.3906/vet-1102-791
Soroko M, Howell K. Infrared thermography: Current applications in equine medicine. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2018;60: 90-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.002
Okur S, Yanmaz LE, Bedir AG, et al. The effectiveness of thermography in determining localization of orthopedic diseases in horses. Van Veterinary Journal, 2023;34(1): 51-54. doi: 10.36483/vanvetj.1217002
Yanmaz LE, Okumuş Z. Thermographic assessment of extremity temperature alterations of cases with bucked shin complex, splints, carpal osteoarthritis and sesamoiditis in sport horses. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2018;15(1): 41-45.
Bathe PA. Thermography. In. Floyd A, Mansmann R (eds). Equine podiatry. Saint Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2007. p. 167-170.
Turner TA, Fessler JF, Lamp M, et al. Thermographic evaluation of horses with podotrochlosis. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1983;44: 535-539.
Weil M, Litzke LF, Fritsch R. Diagnostic validity of thermography of lameness in horses. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 1998;26: 346-354.
Referanslar
Baxter GM, Stashak, TS. Examination for lameness: History, visual exam, and conformation. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 227-312.
Ersöz-Kanay B, Çatalkaya E, Arserim NB, et al. Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Distal Extremity Lesions in Racehorses. Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria 2024;34(1): 1-9. doi: 10.52973/rcfcv-e34321
Redden RF. Clinical and radiographic examination of the equine foot. AAEP Proceedings. 21 Nov 2003, New Orleans/USA. pp.169-185.
Kamiloğlu A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Ayak Hastalıkları. Ankara: Medipres; 2018.
Stashak TS. Examination for Lameness. In: Stashak TS (ed.). Adams’ Lameness in Horses. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2002. p. 113-183.
Kılıç E, Ermutlu CŞ. Sistematik Muayene. Özaydın İ (ed.). Veteriner Genel Cerrahi içinde, Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2023. p. 369-389.
Ross MW. Movement. Ross MW. In: Dyson SJ (ed.) Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. St. Louis: Saunders, 2003. p. 60-73.
Weishaupt MA. Adaptation strategies of horses with lameness. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2008;24: 79-100. doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.010
Buchner HH, Savelberg HH, Schamhardt HC, et al. Head and trunk movement adaptations in horses with experimentally induced fore- or hindlimb lameness. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1996;28: 71-76. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01592.x
Keegan KG, Wilson DA, Kramer J. How to evaluate head and pelvic movement to determine lameness. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 4-8 Dec 2004. Denver, Colorado. (pp. 206–211).
Keegan KG, Pai PF, Wilson DA, et al. Signal decomposition method of evaluating head movement to measure induced forelimb lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2001;33: 446-451. doi: 10.2746/042516401776254781
Caron JP. Objective and subjective gait analysis techniques. In. White NA, Moore JN (eds.). Current Techniques in Equine Surgery and Lameness. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1998. p. 501-504.
Turner TA. How to subjectively and objectively examine the equine foot. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 2-6 Dec 2006. San Antonio, Texas. (pp.531-537).
Schumacher J, Taylor DR, Schramme MC, et al. Localization of pain in the equine foot emphasizing the physical examination and analgesic techniques. Proceedings of the 58th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. 1-5 Dec 2012. Anaheim, California. (pp. 138-156).
Bassage LH, Ross MW. Diagnostic Analgesia. In: Ross MW, Dyson SJ (eds.). Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2011. p. 100-135.
Doherty T, Valverde A. Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia. USA: Blackwell Publishing; 2006.
Wyn-Jones G. Equine Lameness. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1988.
Lopez-Sanroman FJ, Cruz JM, Santos M, et al. Evaluation of the local analgesic effect of ketamine in the palmar digital nerve block at the base of the proximal sesamoid (abaxial sesamoid block) in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2003;64:475-478. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.475
Lopez-Sanroman FJ, Cruz J, Santos M. Effect of alkalinization on the local analgesic efficacy of ketamine in the abaxial sesamoid nerve block in horses. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutic, 2003;26: 265-269. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2003.00489.x
Schumacher J, Livesey L, DeGraves FJ, et al. Effect of anaesthesia of the palmar digital nerves on proximal inter phalangeal joint pain in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2004;36: 409-414. doi: 10.2746/0425164044868404
Pleasant RS, Moll HD, Ley WB, et al. Intra-articular anesthesia of the distal interphalangeal joint alleviates lameness associated with the navicular bursa in horses. Veterinary Surgery, 1997;26: 137-140. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1997.tb01476.x
Dyson SJ, Murray RC, Schramme M. Lameness in 46 horses associated with deep digital flexor tendonitis in the digit: diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2003;35: 681-690. doi: 10.2746/042516403775696294
Schumacher J, Schumacher J, De Graves F, et al. A comparison of the effects of two volumes of local analgesic solution in the distal interphalangeal joint of horses with lameness caused by solar toe or solar heel pain. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2001;33: 265-268. doi: 10.2746/042516401776249778
Niv D, Gofeld M, Devor M. Causes of pain in degenerative bone and joint disease: a lesson from vertebroplasty. Pain, 2003;105: 387-392. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00277-X
Gough MR, Mayhew G, Munroe GA. Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse, part 1: forelimb foot and carpus. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2002;34:80-84. doi: 10.2746/042516402776181097
Turner TA. Predictive value of diagnostic tests for navicular pain. American Association of Equine Practice, 1996;42: 201-204.
Murray RC, Schramme MC, Dyson SJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the foot in horses with palmar foot pain and control horses. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 2006;47(1): 1-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00100.x
Schumacher J, Gillette R, DeGraves F, et al. The effects of local anaesthetic solution in the navicular bursa of horses with lameness caused by distal interphalangeal joint pain. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2003;35: 502-505. doi: 10.2746/042516403775600460
Schneider RK, Gavin PR, Tucker RL. What MRI is teaching us about navicular disease. American Association of Equine Practice, 2003;49: 210-219.
Valdez-Martinez A, Park RD. Examination for lameness: History, visual exam, and conformation. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 416-615.
Çatalkaya E. Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Racehorses with Sesamoiditis: Case Series. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2024;58(6): 991-998. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.BF-1766
Dabareiner RM, Carter GK. Diagnosis, treatment, and farriery for horses with chronic heel pain. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2003;19(2): 417-441. doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(03)00025-7
Turner TA. Examination of the equine foot. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2003;19(2): 309-332. doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(03)00023-3.
Moyer WA, Carter GK. Examination of the equine foot. In. Floyd AE, Mansmann RA (eds). Equine Podiatry. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2007. p. 112-127.
Himani AK, Anand Arun, Singh Navdeep, et al. Clinical occurrence and radiographic diagnosis of distal limb lameness in equine. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2019;89(1):15-24. doi: 10.56093/ijans.v89i1.86234
Rijkenhuizen A, de Graaf K, Hak A, et al. Management and outcome of fractures of the distal phalanx: a retrospective study of 285 horses with a long term outcome in 223 cases. The Veterinary Journal, 2012;192(2): 176-182. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.05.017
Catalkaya E. Treatment and outcomes of horses with acute synovitis in the racing season: A 167 cases series study. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 2022;14(2): 47-54.doi: 10.22067/ijvst.2022.75985.1130
Weaver M, Brakzai S. Handbook of Equine Radiography. USA: Elsevier Saunders. 2010.
Sherlock C, Parks A. Radiographic and radiological assessment of laminitis. Equine Veterinary Education, 2013;25(10): 524-535. doi: 10.1111/eve.12065
O'Sullivan CB, Dart AJ, Malikides N, et al. Nonsurgical management of type II fractures of the distal phalanx in 48 Standardbred horses. Australian Veterinary Journal, 1999;77(8): 501-503. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12118.x
Wilson AM, McGuigan MP, Fouracre L, et al. The force and contact stress on the navicular bone during trot locomotion in sound horses and horses with navicular disease. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2001;33(2): 159-165. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00594.x
Redding WR. Ultrasound. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 616-685.
Valdez-Martinez A, Steyn RF. Nuclear Medicine. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 685-767.
Pease AP, Redding WR. Computed Tomography. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 834-849.
Schramme M, Redding WR. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 616-685.
Çatalkaya E, Yayla S, Altan S, et al. Sığırlarda Metakarpo/Metatarsofalangeal Ekleme Artroskopik Yaklaşım: Bir Kadavra Çalışması. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2023;16(1): 33-37. doi: 10.47027/duvetfd.1272396
Mcllwraith CW. Arthroscopy/Endoscopy/Bursoscopy. In: Baxter GM (ed.). Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 849-861.
McIlwraith CW, Nixon AJ, Wright IM. Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse. China: Elsevier; 2015.
Ryan, J, Johnson JP. The equine nurse’s approach to arthroscopic surgery: part 1–equipment & instrumentation. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 2020;35(9-12): 262-267.
Çetinkaya MA, Demirutku A. Thermography in the assessment of equine lameness. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2012;36(1): 43-48. doi: 10.3906/vet-1102-791
Soroko M, Howell K. Infrared thermography: Current applications in equine medicine. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2018;60: 90-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.002
Okur S, Yanmaz LE, Bedir AG, et al. The effectiveness of thermography in determining localization of orthopedic diseases in horses. Van Veterinary Journal, 2023;34(1): 51-54. doi: 10.36483/vanvetj.1217002
Yanmaz LE, Okumuş Z. Thermographic assessment of extremity temperature alterations of cases with bucked shin complex, splints, carpal osteoarthritis and sesamoiditis in sport horses. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2018;15(1): 41-45.
Bathe PA. Thermography. In. Floyd A, Mansmann R (eds). Equine podiatry. Saint Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2007. p. 167-170.
Turner TA, Fessler JF, Lamp M, et al. Thermographic evaluation of horses with podotrochlosis. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1983;44: 535-539.
Weil M, Litzke LF, Fritsch R. Diagnostic validity of thermography of lameness in horses. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 1998;26: 346-354.
