Atlarda Ayağın Topoğrafik ve Radyolojik Anatomisi
Özet
At yetiştiriciliği insanlık tarihi kadar eski olmasına karşın at hekimliği çok daha yeni bir konudur. At hekimliğinde en çok karşılaşılan problemlerden biri ayak hastalıkları olmasına rağmen yine en çok ihmal edilen problemlerden biri olması yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Tabi burada yetiştirici veya hasta sahibinin rolü de unutulmamalıdır. Ayak hastalıklarının iyi anlaşılması, doğru teşhis edilmesi ve tedavisinin uygun şekilde yapılabilmesinde anatomi bilgisinin önemi büyüktür. Veteriner hekimlikte genel anatomi bilgisi içerisinde ayak anatomisi anlatılmış olsa da ayak hastalıkları özellikle de at ayak hastalıkları konusunda ihtisas yapmadan bu konuda çok iyi bir hekim olmak zordur. Çünkü at hareket mekanizmasının anlaşılması ayak-yük dengesinin iyi bilinmesi anatomi bilgisi iyi olmadan eksik kalır. Bu da hastalığın asıl nedenini bulmak konusunda veteriner hekimin zorlanmasına neden olur. Tabi ayak hastalıklarının beslenme ile ilişkisini de iyi bilmek gerekir. Bu konu başka bölümde anlatılmıştır. Tüm bu bilgilerin iyi anlaşılması ve mekanizmanın iyi bilinmesi ayak hastalıklarının teşhisinde özellikle karmaşık yapıların olduğu capsula ungulae içerisindeki anatomik yapıların incelenebilmesi için radyolojik muayenelerin yapılması gerekmektedir. Ayağın sert dokuları için radyografi, Computer Tomografi (CT) gibi görüntüleme yöntemleri kullanılırken, yumuşak dokuları için Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ve Ultrasonografi (USG) gibi yöntemlere başvurulur. Radyolojik muayenelerde dokuların anlaşılabilmesi, sağlıklı dokularla hastalıklı dokuların ayırt edilebilmesi için bu konuda deneyimli olmak gerekir. Bunun için ise ayağın anatomisine hakim olmak çok önemlidir.
Although horse breeding is as old as human history, horse medicine is a much newer subject. Although one of the most common problems in horse medicine is foot disease, it is an undeniable fact that it is also one of the most neglected problems. Of course, the role of the breeder or the patient owner should not be forgotten here. Anatomy knowledge is of great importance in understanding foot diseases well, diagnosing them correctly and treating them appropriately. Although foot anatomy is explained within the general anatomy knowledge in veterinary medicine, it is difficult to be a very good physician in this regard without specializing in foot diseases, especially horse foot diseases. Because understanding the horse movement mechanism and knowing the foot-load balance well is incomplete without knowing the anatomy. This causes the veterinarian to have difficulty in finding the real cause of the disease. Of course, it is also necessary to know the relationship between foot diseases and nutrition well. This subject is explained in another section. To understand all this information well and to know the mechanism well, radiological examinations should be performed to examine the anatomical structures in the capsule ungulae, which are especially complex structures in the diagnosis of foot diseases. While imaging methods such as radiography and Computer Tomography (CT) are used for the hard tissues of the foot, methods such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasonography (USG) are used for the soft tissues. To understand the tissues in radiological examinations and to distinguish between healthy and diseased tissues, it is necessary to be experienced in this field. For this, it is very important to have a good command of the anatomy of the foot.
Referanslar
Al-Agele R, Paul E, Dvojmoc VK, et al. The Anatomy, Histology and Physiology of the Healthy and Lame Equine Hoof In: Rutland CS and Dvojmoc VK, (eds.) Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. Intechopen; 2019. p.1-15. EISBN: 978-1-83962-072-0.
Fails, AD. Functional Anatomy of the Equine Musculoskeletal System. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2020. p.1-65.
Pollitt CC. The anatomy and physiology of the suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2010;26(1):29-49.
Goody PC. Horse Anatomy: A Pictorial Approach to Equine Structure. 2nd ed. London: J. A. Allen; 2000.
Davies HMS, Philip C. Gross anatomy of the equine digit. In: Floyd AE, Mansmann RA, (eds). Equine Podiatry. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. pp. 1-24.
Mishra PC, Leach DH. Extrinsic and intrinsic veins of the equine Hoof wall. Journal of Anatomy, 1983;136:543-560
Clarke B. Normal bone anatomy and physiology. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2008;3(Suppl 3)S131-S139.
Kamiloğlu A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Ayak Hastalıkları. 1. Baskı., Medipres, Ankara, Türkiye. 2014.
İzci C, Gökşahin E. Atlarda ayağın klinik anatomisi. İzci C, (ed). Atlarda Ayak Hastalıkları, Nal, Nallama ve Terapötik Nal Uygulamaları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.1-7.
Yavru N, Özcan K, Elma E. Ayak Hastalıkları ve Ortopedi. Konya. Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Kitapları, 2002. p.102-187.
Stapor P, Wang X, Goveia J, et al. Angiogenesis revisited-role and therapeutic potential of targeting endothelial metabolism. Journal of Cell Science, 2014;127(20):4331-4341.
Johnston C, Back W. Hoof ground interaction: When biomechanical stimuli challenge the tissues of the distal limb. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2006;38(7):634-641
Pollitt C, Collins S. The suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx in normal horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2016;48:496-501
Dyson SJ, Tranquille CA, Collins SN, et al. External characteristics of the lateral aspect of the hoof differ between non-lame and lame horses. The Veterinary Journal, 2011; 190(3): 364-71.
O’Grady SE, Poupard DA. Proper physiologic horseshoeing. Veterinary Clinic North America Equine Practice, 2003;19: 333–351.
Page B. Evaluating the position of the coffin bone relative to the hoof capsule. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2001; 21: 247-249.
Kummer M, Lischer C, Ohlerth S, et al. Evaluation of a standardised radiographic technique of the equine hoof. Schweizer Tieraaztinnen und Tierarzte, 2004;11:507-514.
Cripps PJ and Eustace RA. Radiological measurements from the feet of normal horses with relevance to laminitis. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1999;31:427–432.
Redden R. Radiographic imaging of the equine foot. Veterinary Clinic North America Equine Practice, 2003; 19: 379–392.
Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al. Foot, Pastern and Fetlock. In: Clinical Radiology of the Horse. Hrsg. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993.
Dyson SJ, Tranquille CA, Collins SN, et al. An investigation of the relationships between angles and shapes of the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2011;43(3):295-301.
Turner TA. The Use of Hoof Measurements for the Objective Assessment of Hoof Balance. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners,1992; 29: 389–395.
Verschooten F, Roels J, Lampo P, et al. Radiographic measurements from the lateromedial projection of the equine foot with navicular disease. Research in Veterinary Science, 1989, 46: 15–21.
Referanslar
Al-Agele R, Paul E, Dvojmoc VK, et al. The Anatomy, Histology and Physiology of the Healthy and Lame Equine Hoof In: Rutland CS and Dvojmoc VK, (eds.) Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. Intechopen; 2019. p.1-15. EISBN: 978-1-83962-072-0.
Fails, AD. Functional Anatomy of the Equine Musculoskeletal System. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2020. p.1-65.
Pollitt CC. The anatomy and physiology of the suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2010;26(1):29-49.
Goody PC. Horse Anatomy: A Pictorial Approach to Equine Structure. 2nd ed. London: J. A. Allen; 2000.
Davies HMS, Philip C. Gross anatomy of the equine digit. In: Floyd AE, Mansmann RA, (eds). Equine Podiatry. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. pp. 1-24.
Mishra PC, Leach DH. Extrinsic and intrinsic veins of the equine Hoof wall. Journal of Anatomy, 1983;136:543-560
Clarke B. Normal bone anatomy and physiology. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2008;3(Suppl 3)S131-S139.
Kamiloğlu A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Ayak Hastalıkları. 1. Baskı., Medipres, Ankara, Türkiye. 2014.
İzci C, Gökşahin E. Atlarda ayağın klinik anatomisi. İzci C, (ed). Atlarda Ayak Hastalıkları, Nal, Nallama ve Terapötik Nal Uygulamaları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.1-7.
Yavru N, Özcan K, Elma E. Ayak Hastalıkları ve Ortopedi. Konya. Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Kitapları, 2002. p.102-187.
Stapor P, Wang X, Goveia J, et al. Angiogenesis revisited-role and therapeutic potential of targeting endothelial metabolism. Journal of Cell Science, 2014;127(20):4331-4341.
Johnston C, Back W. Hoof ground interaction: When biomechanical stimuli challenge the tissues of the distal limb. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2006;38(7):634-641
Pollitt C, Collins S. The suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx in normal horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2016;48:496-501
Dyson SJ, Tranquille CA, Collins SN, et al. External characteristics of the lateral aspect of the hoof differ between non-lame and lame horses. The Veterinary Journal, 2011; 190(3): 364-71.
O’Grady SE, Poupard DA. Proper physiologic horseshoeing. Veterinary Clinic North America Equine Practice, 2003;19: 333–351.
Page B. Evaluating the position of the coffin bone relative to the hoof capsule. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2001; 21: 247-249.
Kummer M, Lischer C, Ohlerth S, et al. Evaluation of a standardised radiographic technique of the equine hoof. Schweizer Tieraaztinnen und Tierarzte, 2004;11:507-514.
Cripps PJ and Eustace RA. Radiological measurements from the feet of normal horses with relevance to laminitis. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1999;31:427–432.
Redden R. Radiographic imaging of the equine foot. Veterinary Clinic North America Equine Practice, 2003; 19: 379–392.
Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al. Foot, Pastern and Fetlock. In: Clinical Radiology of the Horse. Hrsg. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993.
Dyson SJ, Tranquille CA, Collins SN, et al. An investigation of the relationships between angles and shapes of the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2011;43(3):295-301.
Turner TA. The Use of Hoof Measurements for the Objective Assessment of Hoof Balance. Proceedings American Association of Equine Practitioners,1992; 29: 389–395.
Verschooten F, Roels J, Lampo P, et al. Radiographic measurements from the lateromedial projection of the equine foot with navicular disease. Research in Veterinary Science, 1989, 46: 15–21.
