Koyun ve Keçilerde Ayak Hastalıkları
Özet
Ayak hastalıkları ve topallık, koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliğinde önemli sağlık problemlerindendir. Artan et ve süt talebiyle birlikte koyun ve keçi işletmelerinde, bu hastalıkların yaygınlığı artmıştır. Topallık, hayvanların hareket kabiliyetini sınırlayarak, üretim verimliliğini olumsuz etkiler ve ekonomik kayıplara yol açar. Bu bölümde, koyun ve keçilerde görülen ayak hastalıklarının tanımına, etiyolojisine, klinik semptomlarına, sağaltımlarına ve profilaktik önlemlere yer verilmiştir. Ayak hastalıklarının oluşumuna neden olan çevresel ve yönetimsel risk faktörleri üzerinde ayrıntılı durulmuştur. Bu faktörler arasında barınma koşulları, hijyen, hatalı besleme ile beslenme eksiklikleri ve düzenli ayak bakımının eksikliği yer almaktadır. Ayak hastalıklarını önlemede erken teşhis, hijyen önlemleri, uygun barınma koşulları ve düzenli ayak bakımı gibi yöntemlerin önemi vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, modern teknolojilerin kullanımıyla erken tanı koyma ve hastalıkların yayılmasını engellemeye yönelik stratejiler tartışılmıştır. Bölüm, koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliğinde sürdürülebilirliği artırmaya yönelik bilimsel öneriler sunarak, hayvan refahını ve elde edilen verimi iyileştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Lameness and foot diseases are significant health problems in sheep and goat farming. With the increasing demand for meat and milk, the prevalence of these diseases has risen in sheep and goat enterprises. Lameness limits the mobility of animals, negatively affecting production efficiency and leading to economic losses. This section covers the definition, etiology, clinical symptoms, treatments, and preventive measures of foot diseases in sheep and goats. It also provides a detailed analysis of the environmental and managerial risk factors that contribute to the development of foot diseases. These factors include housing conditions, hygiene, improper feeding, nutritional deficiencies, and the lack of regular hoof care. The importance of early diagnosis, hygiene measures, appropriate housing conditions, and regular hoof care in preventing foot diseases is emphasized. Additionally, the use of modern technologies for early diagnosis and strategies to prevent the spread of these diseases are discussed. The section aims to improve animal welfare and productivity by providing scientific recommendations to enhance sustainability in sheep and goat farming.
Referanslar
Alkan F. Koyun ve Keçilerde Enfeksiyöz Ayak Hastalıkları ve Profilaktik Stratejiler. Batmaz H (ed.) 4. Ulusal-1. Uluslararası Koyun-Keçi Sağlığı ve Yönetimi Kongre Kitabı. Bursa: Çiftlik Hayvanları Hekimliği Derneği Basımı; 2019.p. 33-42.
Alkan F. Koyun ve Keçilerin Ayak Hastalıklarında Tanı ve Tedavi Yöntemleri ile Koruyucu Önlemler. Erdem H (ed.) Kuzu ve Oğlak Kayıplarının Önlenmesinde Koyun Keçi Sağlığı ve Yetiştiriciliği. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitapevi KOP; 2021. p. 215-223.
Alkan F. Koyunlarda Ayak Hastalıkları ve Genel Yaklaşım: Batmaz H (ed.) Koyun-Keçi Sağlığı ve Yönetimi Kongre Kitabı. Bursa: Çiftlik Hayvanları Hekimliği Derneği; 2017. p.23-32.
Alkan F. Konya bölgesinde koyunlarda görülen piyeten'in etyolojisinde çinko ve bakırın rolü, (doktora tezi). Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimler Enstitüsü; 1998. p.1-76.
Alkan F. Koyun ve Keçilerin Ayak Hastalıkları. Erdem H, (ed.) Kuzu ve Oğlak Kayıplarının Önlenmesinde Koyun Keçi Sağlığı ve Yetiştiriciliği. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitapevi. KOP; 2021. p.207-214.
Hindson J, Winter A. Lameness. In: Manual of Sheep Diseases, 2nd ed.; Blackwell Science Ltd.: Oxford, UK, 2002; pp. 121–136.
Sulu K, Alkan F. Piyeten. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 2018;7(1):18-32.
Gelasakis AI, Kalogianni A, Bossis I. Aetiology, risk factors, diagnosis and control of foot-related lameness in dairy sheep. Animals, 2019;9(8):509-517.
Wassink GJ, King EM, Grogono-Thomas R, et al. A within farm clinical trial to compare two treatments (parenteral antibacterials and hoof trimming) for sheep lame with footrot. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010; 96 (1-2): 93-103.
Winter AC. Lameness in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 2008;76: 149–153.
Winter JR, Green LE. Cost–benefit analysis of management practices for ewes lame with footrot. The Veterinary Journal, 2017;220: 1-6.
Winter AC. Treatment and control of hoof disorders in sheep and goats. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 2011;27 (1): 187-192.
Winter JR, Kaler J, Ferguson E, et al. Changes in prevalence of, and risk factors for, lameness in random samples of English sheep flocks: 2004–2013. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2015;122 (1-2): 121-128.
Sullivan LE, Clegg SR Angell JW, et al. The high association of bovine digital dermatitis Treponema spp. With contagious ovine digital dermatitis lesions and the presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2015; 53: 1628–1638.
Nandi S, De Ujjwal K, Chowdhury S. Current status of contagious ecthyma or orf disease in goat and sheep-A global perspective. Small Ruminant Research, 2011; 96: 73–82.
Hickford JG, Zhou H, Slow S, et al. Diversity of the ovine DQA2 gene. The Journal of Animal Science, 2004; 82:1553–1563.
Gelasakis AI, Oikonomou G, Bicalho RC, et al. Clinical characteristics of lameness and potential risk factors in intensive and semi-intensive dairy sheep flocks in Greece. The Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 2013; 64: 123–130.
Gelasakis AI, Valergakis GE, Arsenos G. Predisposing factors of sheep lameness. The Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 2009; 60: 63–74.
Bergsten C, Hultgren J. Effects of a rubber-slat system on cleanliness, foot health, and behaviour in tied dairy cows. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, USA,9–13 January 2002; pp. 284–287.
Panagakis P, Deligeorgis S, Laliotis G. Effects of three different floor types on the posture behaviour of semi-intensively reared Boutsiko breed dairy ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 2004; 53: 111–115.
Sullivan LE, Clegg SR, Angell, JW, et al. The high association of bovine digital dermatitis Treponema spp. With contagious ovine digital dermatitis lesions and the presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2015; 53: 1628–1638.
Green LE, George TRN. Assessment of current knowledge of footrot in sheep with particular reference to Dichelobacter nodosus and implications for elimination or control strategies for sheep in Great Britain. The Veterinary Journal, 2008; 175: 173–180.
Gregory N, Craggs L, Hobson N, et al. Softening of cattle hoof soles and swelling of heel horn by environmental agents. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2006; 44: 1223–1227.
Winter A. Lameness in Sheep. In: Lameness in Sheep; Crowood Press: Marlborough, UK, 2004; p. 128.
Underwood EJ, Suttle NF. The mineral nutrition of livestock, 3rd ed. CABI Oxfordshire, UK, 2004.
Abbott KA, Lewis CJ. Current approaches to the management of ovine footrot. The Veterinary Journal, 2005; 169: 28–41.
Wassink GJ, Moore LJ, Grogono-Thomas R, et al. Footrot and interdigital dermatitis in sheep: Farmers’ practices, opinions and attitudes. Veterinary Record, 2006; 157: 761–765.
Kaler J, Wassink GJ, Green LE. The inter- and intra-observer reliability of a locomotion scoring scale for sheep. The Veterinary Journal, 2009; 180: 189–194.
Welsh EM, Gettinby G, Nolan AM. Comparison of a visual analogue scale and a numerical rating scale for assessment of lameness, using sheep as a model. The American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1993; 54: 976–983.
Welsh EM, Nolan AM. Effect of flunixin meglumine on the thresholds to mechanical stimulation in healthy and lame sheep. Research in Veterinary Science, 1995; 58: 61–66.
Arican M, Erol H, Altan S, et al. The Use of Infrared Thermography in The Early Diagnosis of Septic Arthritis in Calves. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2022; 25(2): 298-307.
Fitzpatrick JS, Scott EM, Nolan AM. Assessment of pain and welfare in sheep. Small Ruminant Research; 2006;62: 55–61.
Al-Rubaye Z, Al-Sherbaz A, McCormick WD, et al. The use of multivariable wireless sensor data to early detect lameness in sheep. In: Proceedings of the School of Science and Technology Annual Research Conference, Newton Building, The University of Northampton, Northampton, UK, 2 March 2016.Animals; 2016; 9: 509 16 of 17.
Al-Rubaye Z, Al-Sherbaz A, Mccormick WD, et al. Sensor Data Classification for the Indication of Lameness in Sheep. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference, CollaborateCom 2017, Edinburgh,UK, 11–13 December 2017.
Angell JW, Grove-White DH, Duncan JS. Sheep and farm level factors associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis: A longitudinal repeated cross-sectional study of sheep on six farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2015; 122; 107–120.
Anzuino K, Bell NJ, Bazeley KJ, et al. Assessment of welfare on 24 commercial UK dairy goat farms based on direct observations. Veterinary Record, 2010; 167: 774-780.
Clements RH, Stoye SC. The “Five Point Plan”: a successful tool for reducing lameness in sheep. Veterinary Record, 2014;175(9):225.
Alkan F, Uzunlu EO, Zamirbekova N. Koyun ve Keçilerde Enfeksiyöz Ayak Hastalıklarında Tanı, Tedavi ve Profilaktif Önlemler. In: Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri-Cerrahi-Özel Konular. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2023. p. 91-95.
Altan S. Anestezi. Elmas M (ed). Koyun-Keçi El Kitabı içinde. 1. Baskı. Konya: Billur Yayınevi; 2013. p.444-446.
Referanslar
Alkan F. Koyun ve Keçilerde Enfeksiyöz Ayak Hastalıkları ve Profilaktik Stratejiler. Batmaz H (ed.) 4. Ulusal-1. Uluslararası Koyun-Keçi Sağlığı ve Yönetimi Kongre Kitabı. Bursa: Çiftlik Hayvanları Hekimliği Derneği Basımı; 2019.p. 33-42.
Alkan F. Koyun ve Keçilerin Ayak Hastalıklarında Tanı ve Tedavi Yöntemleri ile Koruyucu Önlemler. Erdem H (ed.) Kuzu ve Oğlak Kayıplarının Önlenmesinde Koyun Keçi Sağlığı ve Yetiştiriciliği. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitapevi KOP; 2021. p. 215-223.
Alkan F. Koyunlarda Ayak Hastalıkları ve Genel Yaklaşım: Batmaz H (ed.) Koyun-Keçi Sağlığı ve Yönetimi Kongre Kitabı. Bursa: Çiftlik Hayvanları Hekimliği Derneği; 2017. p.23-32.
Alkan F. Konya bölgesinde koyunlarda görülen piyeten'in etyolojisinde çinko ve bakırın rolü, (doktora tezi). Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimler Enstitüsü; 1998. p.1-76.
Alkan F. Koyun ve Keçilerin Ayak Hastalıkları. Erdem H, (ed.) Kuzu ve Oğlak Kayıplarının Önlenmesinde Koyun Keçi Sağlığı ve Yetiştiriciliği. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitapevi. KOP; 2021. p.207-214.
Hindson J, Winter A. Lameness. In: Manual of Sheep Diseases, 2nd ed.; Blackwell Science Ltd.: Oxford, UK, 2002; pp. 121–136.
Sulu K, Alkan F. Piyeten. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 2018;7(1):18-32.
Gelasakis AI, Kalogianni A, Bossis I. Aetiology, risk factors, diagnosis and control of foot-related lameness in dairy sheep. Animals, 2019;9(8):509-517.
Wassink GJ, King EM, Grogono-Thomas R, et al. A within farm clinical trial to compare two treatments (parenteral antibacterials and hoof trimming) for sheep lame with footrot. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010; 96 (1-2): 93-103.
Winter AC. Lameness in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 2008;76: 149–153.
Winter JR, Green LE. Cost–benefit analysis of management practices for ewes lame with footrot. The Veterinary Journal, 2017;220: 1-6.
Winter AC. Treatment and control of hoof disorders in sheep and goats. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 2011;27 (1): 187-192.
Winter JR, Kaler J, Ferguson E, et al. Changes in prevalence of, and risk factors for, lameness in random samples of English sheep flocks: 2004–2013. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2015;122 (1-2): 121-128.
Sullivan LE, Clegg SR Angell JW, et al. The high association of bovine digital dermatitis Treponema spp. With contagious ovine digital dermatitis lesions and the presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2015; 53: 1628–1638.
Nandi S, De Ujjwal K, Chowdhury S. Current status of contagious ecthyma or orf disease in goat and sheep-A global perspective. Small Ruminant Research, 2011; 96: 73–82.
Hickford JG, Zhou H, Slow S, et al. Diversity of the ovine DQA2 gene. The Journal of Animal Science, 2004; 82:1553–1563.
Gelasakis AI, Oikonomou G, Bicalho RC, et al. Clinical characteristics of lameness and potential risk factors in intensive and semi-intensive dairy sheep flocks in Greece. The Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 2013; 64: 123–130.
Gelasakis AI, Valergakis GE, Arsenos G. Predisposing factors of sheep lameness. The Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 2009; 60: 63–74.
Bergsten C, Hultgren J. Effects of a rubber-slat system on cleanliness, foot health, and behaviour in tied dairy cows. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, FL, USA,9–13 January 2002; pp. 284–287.
Panagakis P, Deligeorgis S, Laliotis G. Effects of three different floor types on the posture behaviour of semi-intensively reared Boutsiko breed dairy ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 2004; 53: 111–115.
Sullivan LE, Clegg SR, Angell, JW, et al. The high association of bovine digital dermatitis Treponema spp. With contagious ovine digital dermatitis lesions and the presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2015; 53: 1628–1638.
Green LE, George TRN. Assessment of current knowledge of footrot in sheep with particular reference to Dichelobacter nodosus and implications for elimination or control strategies for sheep in Great Britain. The Veterinary Journal, 2008; 175: 173–180.
Gregory N, Craggs L, Hobson N, et al. Softening of cattle hoof soles and swelling of heel horn by environmental agents. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2006; 44: 1223–1227.
Winter A. Lameness in Sheep. In: Lameness in Sheep; Crowood Press: Marlborough, UK, 2004; p. 128.
Underwood EJ, Suttle NF. The mineral nutrition of livestock, 3rd ed. CABI Oxfordshire, UK, 2004.
Abbott KA, Lewis CJ. Current approaches to the management of ovine footrot. The Veterinary Journal, 2005; 169: 28–41.
Wassink GJ, Moore LJ, Grogono-Thomas R, et al. Footrot and interdigital dermatitis in sheep: Farmers’ practices, opinions and attitudes. Veterinary Record, 2006; 157: 761–765.
Kaler J, Wassink GJ, Green LE. The inter- and intra-observer reliability of a locomotion scoring scale for sheep. The Veterinary Journal, 2009; 180: 189–194.
Welsh EM, Gettinby G, Nolan AM. Comparison of a visual analogue scale and a numerical rating scale for assessment of lameness, using sheep as a model. The American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1993; 54: 976–983.
Welsh EM, Nolan AM. Effect of flunixin meglumine on the thresholds to mechanical stimulation in healthy and lame sheep. Research in Veterinary Science, 1995; 58: 61–66.
Arican M, Erol H, Altan S, et al. The Use of Infrared Thermography in The Early Diagnosis of Septic Arthritis in Calves. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2022; 25(2): 298-307.
Fitzpatrick JS, Scott EM, Nolan AM. Assessment of pain and welfare in sheep. Small Ruminant Research; 2006;62: 55–61.
Al-Rubaye Z, Al-Sherbaz A, McCormick WD, et al. The use of multivariable wireless sensor data to early detect lameness in sheep. In: Proceedings of the School of Science and Technology Annual Research Conference, Newton Building, The University of Northampton, Northampton, UK, 2 March 2016.Animals; 2016; 9: 509 16 of 17.
Al-Rubaye Z, Al-Sherbaz A, Mccormick WD, et al. Sensor Data Classification for the Indication of Lameness in Sheep. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference, CollaborateCom 2017, Edinburgh,UK, 11–13 December 2017.
Angell JW, Grove-White DH, Duncan JS. Sheep and farm level factors associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis: A longitudinal repeated cross-sectional study of sheep on six farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2015; 122; 107–120.
Anzuino K, Bell NJ, Bazeley KJ, et al. Assessment of welfare on 24 commercial UK dairy goat farms based on direct observations. Veterinary Record, 2010; 167: 774-780.
Clements RH, Stoye SC. The “Five Point Plan”: a successful tool for reducing lameness in sheep. Veterinary Record, 2014;175(9):225.
Alkan F, Uzunlu EO, Zamirbekova N. Koyun ve Keçilerde Enfeksiyöz Ayak Hastalıklarında Tanı, Tedavi ve Profilaktif Önlemler. In: Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri-Cerrahi-Özel Konular. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2023. p. 91-95.
Altan S. Anestezi. Elmas M (ed). Koyun-Keçi El Kitabı içinde. 1. Baskı. Konya: Billur Yayınevi; 2013. p.444-446.
