Sığırlarda Ayağın Topografik ve Radyolojik Anatomisi
Özet
Sığırlar, çift tırnaklı hayvanlar (Artiodactyla) arasında yer almaktadır. Sığırlarda ayak ön ekstremitede metacarpophalangea, arka ekstremitede ise metatarsophalangea ekleminin distalinde yer alan bölüm olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Epidermisin farklılaşması sonucu gelişerek ayakların tabanı ve lateral duvarını kaplayan keratinize dokuya tırnak adı verilir. Büyük bir yük taşıma kapasitesine sahip olan sığır ayağı, oldukça karmaşık bir yapıya sahiptir. Bu yapının daha iyi anlaşılmasında topografik ve radyolojik anatomi önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Sığırlarda ayak hastalıkları başta verim kaybı olmak üzere ciddi ekonomik kayıplara neden olabilmektedir. Ayak hastalıklarının tanı ve tedavisinde optimal koşullara ulaşabilmek için ayağı oluşturan anatomik oluşumların normal yapısının bilinmesi son derece önemlidir. Ayak anatomisinin topografik incelemesi, ayağı oluşturan yapıların sayı, işlev ve yerleşiminin değerlendirilmesiyle yapılır. Bu sayede eksiksiz radyolojik anatomi bilgisi edinilirken hem normal ayak yapılarının değerlendirilmesi hem de ayak patolojilerinin tespitinde hata payı minimale iner.
Cattle are among the even-toed animals (Artiodactyla). In cattle, the foot is defined as the part located distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint in the fore extremity and the metatarsophalangeal joint in the hind extremity. The keratinized tissue that develops as a result of the differentiation of the epidermis and covers the sole and lateral wall of the feet is called the nail. The cattle foot, which has a great load-carrying capacity, has a very complex structure. Topographic and radiological anatomy play an important role in better understanding this structure. Foot diseases in cattle can cause serious economic losses, primarily productivity loss. In order to achieve optimal conditions for the diagnosis and treatment of foot diseases, it is extremely important to know the normal structure of the anatomical structures that form the foot. Topographic examination of the foot anatomy is performed by evaluating the number, function and location of the structures that form the foot. In this way, complete radiological anatomy information is obtained, while the margin of error is minimized both in the evaluation of normal foot structures and in the detection of foot pathologies.
Referanslar
Hepworth K, Neary M, Kenyon S. Hoof Anatomy, Care and Management in Livestock. Lafayette, USA: The Education Store; 2004. p. 1-8.
Sitz T, DelCurto-Wyffels H, Emon MV. Importance of Foot and Leg Structure for Beef Cattle in Forage-Based Production Systems. Animals, 2023;13: 495.
Zeder MA, Bradley DG, Smith BD, et al. Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 2006.
Blowey R. Cattle lameness and hoof care an illustrated guide. United Kingdom: Old Pond Publishing LTD; 2012. p. 9-10, 12-42.
Kamiloğlu A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Ayak Hastalıkları. 2. baskı, Malatya: Medipres Yayıncılık LTD. ŞTİ; 2018.
Liebich HG, Maierl J, König HE. Forelimbs or thoracic limbs (membra thoracica). In: Könih HE, Liebich HG, (eds) Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Animals. Textbook and Colour Atlas. 7nd ed. Germany: Georg Thieme Verlag KG; 2020. p. 171-242.
Hepworth K, Neary M, Kenyon S. Hoof Anatomy, Care and Management in Livestock. Lafayette, USA: The Education Store; 2004. p. 1-8.
Simpson KM, Streeter RN, Jones ML, et al. Review of digital anatomy, infectious causes of lameness, and regional intravenous perfusion in Cattle. The Bovine Practitioner, 2020; 54(1): 17-29.
Yavru N, Özkan K, Elma E. Ayak Hastalıkları ve Ortopedi. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayın Ünitesi; 1989. p. 2-23.
Hagag U, Tawfiek MG. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the bovine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint. The Veterinary Journal, 2018; 233: 66–75.
Latorre R, Rodríguez MJ. In search of clinical truths: Equine and comparative studies of anatomy. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2007; 39: 263–268.
Hagag U, Tawfiek M, Brehm W, et al. Computed Tomography of the Normal Bovine Tarsus. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 2016: 45; 469–478.
Cecen G, Salci H, Intas DS, et al. Ultrasonographic and macroscopic comparison of the thickness of the capsule, corium, and soft tissues in bovine claws: an in vitro study. Journal of Veterinary Science, 2015;16(1): 107–112.
Fabbri G, Gianesella M, Morgante M, et al. Ultrasonographic alterations of bovine claws sole soft tissues associated with claw horn disruption lesions, body condition score and locomotion score in Holstein dairy cows. Research in Veterinary Science, 2020;131: 146–152.
Kofler J. Ultrasonography as a diagnostic aid in bovine musculoskeletal disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2009; 25(3): 687–731.
Arıcan M, Hatipoğlu F, Erol H, et al. Comparison of Thermographic Imaging and Other Diagnostic Techniques in Diagnosis of Cattle with Laminitis. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2018; 46: 1594.
Nuss K, Schnetzler C, Hagen R, et al. Clinical application of computed tomography in cattle. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 2011; 39: 317-224.
Tomlinson JE, Redding WR, Berry C: Computed tomographic anatomy of the equine tarsus. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 2003; 44: 174–178.
Özcan S, Demiraslan Y. Apparatus locomotorius. Demiraslan Y, Dayan O, (Eds) Veteriner Sistemik Anatomi. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitapevi; 2022. p. 5-160.
Bahadır A, Yıldız H. Veteriner Anatomi. 10. Baskı. Bursa: Ezgi Kitap Evi; 2020.
Reese S, Budras KD, Mülling C, et al. Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Animals. In: Könih HE, Liebich HG, (Eds), Textbook and Colour Atlas. 7nd ed. Germany: Georg Thieme Verlag KG; 2020. p. 633-683.
Desrochers A, Anderson DE. Anatomy of the distal limb. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2001; 17(1): 25-38.
Langova L, Novotna I, Nemcova P, et al. Impact of Nutrients on the Hoof Health in Cattle. Animals, 2020; 10: 1824.
Bragulla H, Budras KD, Mülling C, et al. Common Integument (integumentum commune). In: Könih HE, Liebich HG, (Eds). Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals, Textbook and Color Atlas. 4nd ed. Germany: Schattauer Gmhb; 2004. p. 585-635.
Dursun N. Veteriner Anatomi II. 12. Baskı. Ankara: Medisan Yayınevi; 2008. p. 128-159.
Greenough PR. Bovine Laminitis and Lameness. Philadelphia, USA: Sounders Elsevier; 2007, p. 8-28, 36-106.
Budras KD, Wünsche A. Veteriner Anatomi Atlası Sığır (Kamil BEŞOLUK, Çev. Ed.). Malatya: Medipress matbaacılık yayıncılık LTD. ŞTİ; 2009. p. 8-34,
Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 4th ed. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. p. 728-751.
Pyszko M, Nemecek P, Horak O, et al. Newly described anatomical opening on forelimb tendon in the artiodactyls and its relation to knee clicks. Scientific Reports, 2022: 12; 43-62.
Referanslar
Hepworth K, Neary M, Kenyon S. Hoof Anatomy, Care and Management in Livestock. Lafayette, USA: The Education Store; 2004. p. 1-8.
Sitz T, DelCurto-Wyffels H, Emon MV. Importance of Foot and Leg Structure for Beef Cattle in Forage-Based Production Systems. Animals, 2023;13: 495.
Zeder MA, Bradley DG, Smith BD, et al. Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 2006.
Blowey R. Cattle lameness and hoof care an illustrated guide. United Kingdom: Old Pond Publishing LTD; 2012. p. 9-10, 12-42.
Kamiloğlu A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Ayak Hastalıkları. 2. baskı, Malatya: Medipres Yayıncılık LTD. ŞTİ; 2018.
Liebich HG, Maierl J, König HE. Forelimbs or thoracic limbs (membra thoracica). In: Könih HE, Liebich HG, (eds) Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Animals. Textbook and Colour Atlas. 7nd ed. Germany: Georg Thieme Verlag KG; 2020. p. 171-242.
Hepworth K, Neary M, Kenyon S. Hoof Anatomy, Care and Management in Livestock. Lafayette, USA: The Education Store; 2004. p. 1-8.
Simpson KM, Streeter RN, Jones ML, et al. Review of digital anatomy, infectious causes of lameness, and regional intravenous perfusion in Cattle. The Bovine Practitioner, 2020; 54(1): 17-29.
Yavru N, Özkan K, Elma E. Ayak Hastalıkları ve Ortopedi. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayın Ünitesi; 1989. p. 2-23.
Hagag U, Tawfiek MG. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the bovine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint. The Veterinary Journal, 2018; 233: 66–75.
Latorre R, Rodríguez MJ. In search of clinical truths: Equine and comparative studies of anatomy. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2007; 39: 263–268.
Hagag U, Tawfiek M, Brehm W, et al. Computed Tomography of the Normal Bovine Tarsus. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 2016: 45; 469–478.
Cecen G, Salci H, Intas DS, et al. Ultrasonographic and macroscopic comparison of the thickness of the capsule, corium, and soft tissues in bovine claws: an in vitro study. Journal of Veterinary Science, 2015;16(1): 107–112.
Fabbri G, Gianesella M, Morgante M, et al. Ultrasonographic alterations of bovine claws sole soft tissues associated with claw horn disruption lesions, body condition score and locomotion score in Holstein dairy cows. Research in Veterinary Science, 2020;131: 146–152.
Kofler J. Ultrasonography as a diagnostic aid in bovine musculoskeletal disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2009; 25(3): 687–731.
Arıcan M, Hatipoğlu F, Erol H, et al. Comparison of Thermographic Imaging and Other Diagnostic Techniques in Diagnosis of Cattle with Laminitis. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2018; 46: 1594.
Nuss K, Schnetzler C, Hagen R, et al. Clinical application of computed tomography in cattle. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 2011; 39: 317-224.
Tomlinson JE, Redding WR, Berry C: Computed tomographic anatomy of the equine tarsus. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 2003; 44: 174–178.
Özcan S, Demiraslan Y. Apparatus locomotorius. Demiraslan Y, Dayan O, (Eds) Veteriner Sistemik Anatomi. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitapevi; 2022. p. 5-160.
Bahadır A, Yıldız H. Veteriner Anatomi. 10. Baskı. Bursa: Ezgi Kitap Evi; 2020.
Reese S, Budras KD, Mülling C, et al. Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Animals. In: Könih HE, Liebich HG, (Eds), Textbook and Colour Atlas. 7nd ed. Germany: Georg Thieme Verlag KG; 2020. p. 633-683.
Desrochers A, Anderson DE. Anatomy of the distal limb. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2001; 17(1): 25-38.
Langova L, Novotna I, Nemcova P, et al. Impact of Nutrients on the Hoof Health in Cattle. Animals, 2020; 10: 1824.
Bragulla H, Budras KD, Mülling C, et al. Common Integument (integumentum commune). In: Könih HE, Liebich HG, (Eds). Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals, Textbook and Color Atlas. 4nd ed. Germany: Schattauer Gmhb; 2004. p. 585-635.
Dursun N. Veteriner Anatomi II. 12. Baskı. Ankara: Medisan Yayınevi; 2008. p. 128-159.
Greenough PR. Bovine Laminitis and Lameness. Philadelphia, USA: Sounders Elsevier; 2007, p. 8-28, 36-106.
Budras KD, Wünsche A. Veteriner Anatomi Atlası Sığır (Kamil BEŞOLUK, Çev. Ed.). Malatya: Medipress matbaacılık yayıncılık LTD. ŞTİ; 2009. p. 8-34,
Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 4th ed. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. p. 728-751.
Pyszko M, Nemecek P, Horak O, et al. Newly described anatomical opening on forelimb tendon in the artiodactyls and its relation to knee clicks. Scientific Reports, 2022: 12; 43-62.
