Erişkin Onkoloji Hastalarında Ağrı Semptomuna Yönelik Güncel Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları
Özet
Kanser, mutasyona uğrayan hücrelerin kontrolsüz şekilde çoğalmaya devam etmesi ve çeşitli doku ve organlarda yayılım gösteren bir hastalık grubudur. Evrensel ölüm nedenleri arasında kanser ikinci sırada yer almaktadır. Kanser yükü birey, aile, toplum ve sağlık sistemleri üzerinde fiziksel, psikososyal, ekonomik olumsuz etkilere neden olur. Fiziksel semptomlar arasında yaygın olarak deneyimlenen kanser ağrısı hastanın yaşam kalitesi, tedavi sürecine uyumu ve psikososyal iyilik halini olumsuz etkiler. Kanser bakım sürecinde kritik öneme sahip olan ağrı yönetimi disiplinler arası bir yaklaşım gerektirir ve uygun durumlarda hem farmakolojik hem de farmakolojik olmayan tedavileri içermelidir. Hemşirelerin bakım süreci boyunca hastalar ile iletişim halinde olması etkin ağrı yönetimini gerçekleştirmede önemli bir faktördür. Bütünleşik terapi uygulamaları kanser ağrısı yönetiminde etkin olarak kullanılmaktadır. Holistik hemşirelik uygulamaları ile bütünleşik terapi uygulamaları benzer felsefeye dayanmaktadır. Onkoloji hemşirelik uygulamalarında ağrı yönetiminde kanıta dayalı bütünleşik uygulamaları yaygınlaştırılarak hemşirelik bakımın kalitesi ve etkinliğini artıma olasılığı olabilir.
Cancer is a group of diseases in which mutated cells continue to multiply uncontrollably and spread to various tissues and organs. Cancer is the second leading cause of universal death. The burden of cancer causes physical, psychosocial and economic negative effects on the individual, family, society and health systems. Cancer pain, which is commonly experienced among physical symptoms, negatively affects the patient's quality of life, compliance with the treatment process and psychosocial well-being. Pain management, which is of critical importance in the cancer care process, requires an interdisciplinary approach and should include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments when appropriate. The communication of nurses with patients throughout the care process is an important factor in achieving effective pain management. Integrated therapy practices are effectively used in cancer pain management. Holistic nursing practices and integrated therapy practices are based on similar philosophies. There may be a possibility of increasing the quality and effectiveness of nursing care by disseminating evidence-based integrated practices in pain management in oncology nursing practices.
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Referanslar
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Paice, J. A., & Ferrell, B. (2011). The management of cancer pain. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 61(3), 157-182.
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Matteliano, D. (2003). Holistic nursing management of pain and suffering: a historical view with contemporary applications. JOURNAL-NEW YORK STATE NURSES ASSOCIATION, 34(1), 4-8.
Bartoszczyk, D. A., & Gilbertson-White, S. (2015, November). Interventions to nurse-related barriers in cancer pain management. In Oncology nursing forum (Vol. 42, No. 6, p. 634). NIH Public Access.
Booth-Laforce, C., Scott, C. S., Heitkemper, M. M., Cornman, B. J., Lan, M. C., Bond, E. F., Swanson, K. M. (2010). Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) attitudes and competencies of nursing students and faculty: results of integrating CAM into the nursing curriculum. Journal of Professional Nursing : Official Journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 26(5), 293–300. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2010.03.003
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Wynder, E. L. (1988). Tobacco and health: a review of the history and suggestions for public health policy. Public Health Reports, 103(1), 8.
Bertuccio, P., Rosato, V., Andreano, A., Ferraroni, M., Decarli, A., Edefonti, V., & La Vecchia, C. (2013). Dietary patterns and gastric cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Oncology, 24(6), 1450-1458.
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Vidal, A. C., Oyekunle, T., Howard, L. E., De Hoedt, A. M., Kane, C. J., Terris, M. K., ... & Aronson, W. J. (2020). Obesity, race, and long‐term prostate cancer outcomes. Cancer, 126(16), 3733-3741.
Liu, H., & Dong, Z. (2021). Cancer etiology and prevention principle:“1+ X”. Cancer Research, 81(21), 5377-5395.
Lin, H. Y., & Park, J. Y. (2024). Epidemiology of Cancer. In Anesthesia for Oncological Surgery (pp. 11-16). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
National Cancer Institute. World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Global Cancer Control 2022. ( 19.10.2024 tarihinde https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/cgh/partnershipsdissemination/whocollaboratingcenter#:~:text=The%20WHO%20Collaborating%20Center%20for,goals%2C%20prioritization%2C%20and%20strategy%20alignment adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Kanser Dairesi Başkanlığı. Kanser İstatistikleri 2022. ( 19.10.2024 tarihinde https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/Dokumanlar/Istatistikler/Kanser_Rapor_2018.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Zugazagoitia, J., Guedes, C., Ponce, S., Ferrer, I., Molina-Pinelo, S., & Paz-Ares, L. (2016). Current challenges in cancer treatment. Clinical therapeutics, 38(7), 1551-1566.
Imyanitov, E. N., & Yanus, G. A. (2018). Neoadjuvant therapy: theoretical, biological and medical consideration. Chinese Clinical Oncology, 7(6), 55-55.
Chau, I. ve Cunningham, D. (2006). Kolon kanserinde adjuvan tedavi - ne, ne zaman ve nasıl? Annals of Oncology , 17 (9), 1347-1359.
Aydoğan, F., & Uygun, K. (2011). Kanser hastalarında palyatif tedaviler. Klinik Gelişim, 24(3), 4-9.
Hamblin, M. R. (2020). Photodynamic therapy for cancer: what's past is prologue. Photochemistry and photobiology, 96(3), 506-516.
Showalter, A., Limaye, A., Oyer, J. L., Igarashi, R., Kittipatarin, C., Copik, A. J., & Khaled, A. R. (2017). Cytokines in immunogenic cell death: applications for cancer immunotherapy. Cytokine, 97, 123-132.
Showalter, A., Limaye, A., Oyer, J. L., Igarashi, R., Kittipatarin, C., Copik, A. J., & Khaled, A. R. (2017). Cytokines in immunogenic cell death: applications for cancer immunotherapy. Cytokine, 97, 123-132.
Merskey, H. E. (1986). Classification of chronic pain: Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Pain.
World Health Organization, & World Health Organization. (2007). Access to controlled medications programme. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Hamamoto, D. T., Khasabov, S. G., Cain, D. M., & Simone, D. A. (2008). Tumor-evoked sensitization of C nociceptors: a role for endothelin. Journal of neurophysiology, 100(4), 2300-2311.
Schmidt, B. L., Hamamoto, D. T., Simone, D. A., & Wilcox, G. L. (2010). Mechanism of cancer pain. Molecular interventions, 10(3), 164.
Cherny, N. (2007). Cancer pain: principles of assessment and syndromes. Principles and practice of palliative care and supportive oncology, 3-26.
Portenoy, R. K., & Ahmed, E. (2018). Cancer pain syndromes. Hematology/Oncology Clinics, 32(3), 371-386.
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