Ana Arı Yetiştiriciliği ve Yapay Tohumlama
Özet
Arı yetiştiriciliği, bal arılarını insanlar tarafından kontrol altında tutularak bal, balmumu, polen ve arı sütü gibi ürünlerin elde edilmesi amacıyla yapılan bir tarım faaliyetidir. Aynı zamanda doğal ekosisteme ve tarım verimliliğine önemli katkıları olan arılar, tozlaşma süreci ile bitki üretkenliğini artırırlar. Ana arı yetiştiriciliği, arı kolonilerinin sağlığı ve verimliliği açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Ana arı, koloninin üreme yeteneğini ve genetik yapısını belirleyen tek birey olduğundan, kaliteli ve sağlıklı ana arılar yetiştirmek, koloninin genel performansını doğrudan etkiler. Ana arının yüksek verimlilik, hastalıklara karşı direnç ve iyi davranış özelliklerine sahip olması, koloninin bal üretimi kapasitesini artırır ve uzun ömürlü olmasını sağlar. Ayrıca, yerel iklim ve çevre koşullarına uyumlu ana arılar yetiştirmek, arıcılık faaliyetlerinin sürdürülebilirliği için kritik bir rol oynar. Bu nedenle, ana arı yetiştiriciliği, arıcılık sektöründe başarılı ve verimli bir üretim için temel bir gerekliliktir. Yapay tohumlama, arı yetiştiriciliğinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu yöntemde, arı yetiştiricisi istenilen genotipe sahip arı ırklarını elde etmek veya özelliklerini güçlendirmek için belirli kraliçe arıları seçer. Seçilen kraliçe arılar daha sonra yapay olarak tohumlanır. Yapay tohumlama işlemi, istenilen erkek arıların spermlerini kraliçe arının spermatekasına yerleştirmeyi içerir. Bu yöntem, arı yetiştiriciliğinde genetik seçim ve ırk iyileştirmesi için önemli bir araçtır.
Referanslar
Güler A. Bal Arıları (Apis mellifera L.)’nda Yapay Tohumlama Ve Türkiye İçin Önemi. OMÜ Zir. Fak. Dergisi, 2006;21(3): 370-378
Doğaroğlu M. Modern arıcılık teknikleri. Doğa Arıcılık San. Tic. Ltd. Şti., Tekirdağ. 2009.
Tarpy DR, Hatch S, Fletcher DJC. The influence of queen age and quality during queen replacement in the honeybee colonies. Animal Behaviour. 2000;59: 97-101.
Delaney DA, Keller JJ, Caren JR et al. The physical, insemination, and reproductive quality of honeybee queens (Apis mellifera L.). Apidologie 2011; 42: 1-13.
Rhodes J. Somerville D. Introduction and early performance of queenbees. RIRDC Publication No 03/049, 42 Macquarie Street, Barton ACT 2600, Australia. 2003.
Koç AU, Karacaoğlu M. Effects of queen rearing period on reproductive features of Italian (Apis mellifera ligustica), Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica), and Anatolian honeybee (A.m.anatoliaca) queens. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2011;35 (4): 271-276.
Field, O.S. Field notes on queen rearing. The International Bee Research Association. Cardiff, U.K. 2008
Mussen EC. Queen quality. Division of Agricultureand Natural Resources. University of California. Available from: entomology. ucdavis. edu/files/147618.pdf.2014.
Fıratlı Ç. Ana arı üretim yöntemleri üzerine bir araştırma. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Ankara. 1982.
Öztürk A.İ. Ana arı yetiştiriciliğinde çıkış ağırlığı ve depolamanın ana arı kalitesine etkileri. Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniv. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bornova, İzmir. 1994.
Kahya, Y., H.V Gençer, J. Woyke. Weight at emergence of honey bee (apis mellifera caucasica) queens and its effect on live weights at the pre and post mating periods. Journal of Apicultural Research, 2008.Vol: 47, Issue: 2, Page: 118-125
De Souza, D.A. M.A.F. Bezzera-Laure, T.M. Francoy, L.S. Gonçalves. Experimental evaluation of the reproductive quality of Africanized queen bees (Apis mellifera) on the basis of body weight at emergence. Genetics and Molecular Research 2013, 12 (4): 5382-5391 (2013)
Gillard TL, Oldroyd BP. Controlled reproduction in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) via artificial insemination. Advances in Insect Physiology. Academic Press. 2020; 59, 1-42
Cobey S. The development of instrumental insemination. Amer. Bee Journal 123(2): 108-111. Cobey, S., 1983b. Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. Amer. Bee Journal 1983; 123(4): 284-289.
Laidlaw HH. Instrumental Insemination of Honeybee Queens: Its Origin and Development. Bee World.1987;68(1), 17–36.
Schley P. An important improvement in the insemination technique of queen honey bees. Justus Liebig University, 6300 Giessen, Otto-Begahel-Strasse 10/D, W. Germany. 1988.
Cobey S, Schley P. Precision instrumental insemination equipment. Amer. Bee Jour. 1989;129. 322-323.
Cobey S. Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. Ohio State Univ., 1735 Neil Ave. Columbus, 1995.OH 43210, USA.
Laidlaw HH, 1979. Contemporary Queen Rearing. Dadant and Sons Inc., Journal Printing Co., Illinois. USA
Harbo JR, Propagation and Instrumental Insemination. Edit. Rinderer, T.E., in Bee Genetics and Breeding. Academic Press Ltd. (London). S:361-390. 1986.
Ruttner F. Breeding Techniques and Selection for Breeding of The Honeybee. The British Isles Bee Breeders Association. Verlag, Munich. 152 pp. 1988.
Morse RA. Rearing Queen Honeybees. Wicwas Press; Cheshire, CT, USA; 128p. Page, 1994.
Moritz RFA. The effect of different diluents on insemination success in the honey bee using mixed semen, J. Apic. Res. 1984;23, 164–167
Kaftanoğlu O, Peng YS. Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. J.of Apic. Reser.1982;21(1):3-6.
Guler A, Alpay H. 2005. Reproductive characteristics of some honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) Genotypes, J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2005; 4, 864–870.
Cobey S.W. Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance. Apidologie. 2007;38, 390–410.
Harbo JR. Instrumental insemination of queen bee. Stock Center Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Route 3, Ben Hur Road, Baston Rouge, LA 70820. 1985.
Cobey S, Schley P. Innovation in instrumental insemination. The compact, versatile right and left handed Schley model II instrument. Ohio State University 1735 Neil Ave. Columbus, Ohio USA. 2002.
Woyke J, Jasinski Z. The influence of age on the results of instrumental insemination of honeybee queens. Apidologie 1976;7(4): 301-306.
Mackensen O. Relation of semen volume to success in artificial insemination of queen honey bees. J. Econ. Ent. 1964;57, 581-583.
Bolten AB., Harbo JR. Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple insemination with small volumes of semen. J. Apic. Res. 1982; 21, 7–10
Mackensen O, Roberts WC. A Manual for the artificial insemination of queen bees. US Bur. Entomol. Plant Quar. ET-250. 1948
Mackensen O. Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1947;40(3): 344-349.
Referanslar
Güler A. Bal Arıları (Apis mellifera L.)’nda Yapay Tohumlama Ve Türkiye İçin Önemi. OMÜ Zir. Fak. Dergisi, 2006;21(3): 370-378
Doğaroğlu M. Modern arıcılık teknikleri. Doğa Arıcılık San. Tic. Ltd. Şti., Tekirdağ. 2009.
Tarpy DR, Hatch S, Fletcher DJC. The influence of queen age and quality during queen replacement in the honeybee colonies. Animal Behaviour. 2000;59: 97-101.
Delaney DA, Keller JJ, Caren JR et al. The physical, insemination, and reproductive quality of honeybee queens (Apis mellifera L.). Apidologie 2011; 42: 1-13.
Rhodes J. Somerville D. Introduction and early performance of queenbees. RIRDC Publication No 03/049, 42 Macquarie Street, Barton ACT 2600, Australia. 2003.
Koç AU, Karacaoğlu M. Effects of queen rearing period on reproductive features of Italian (Apis mellifera ligustica), Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica), and Anatolian honeybee (A.m.anatoliaca) queens. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2011;35 (4): 271-276.
Field, O.S. Field notes on queen rearing. The International Bee Research Association. Cardiff, U.K. 2008
Mussen EC. Queen quality. Division of Agricultureand Natural Resources. University of California. Available from: entomology. ucdavis. edu/files/147618.pdf.2014.
Fıratlı Ç. Ana arı üretim yöntemleri üzerine bir araştırma. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Ankara. 1982.
Öztürk A.İ. Ana arı yetiştiriciliğinde çıkış ağırlığı ve depolamanın ana arı kalitesine etkileri. Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniv. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bornova, İzmir. 1994.
Kahya, Y., H.V Gençer, J. Woyke. Weight at emergence of honey bee (apis mellifera caucasica) queens and its effect on live weights at the pre and post mating periods. Journal of Apicultural Research, 2008.Vol: 47, Issue: 2, Page: 118-125
De Souza, D.A. M.A.F. Bezzera-Laure, T.M. Francoy, L.S. Gonçalves. Experimental evaluation of the reproductive quality of Africanized queen bees (Apis mellifera) on the basis of body weight at emergence. Genetics and Molecular Research 2013, 12 (4): 5382-5391 (2013)
Gillard TL, Oldroyd BP. Controlled reproduction in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) via artificial insemination. Advances in Insect Physiology. Academic Press. 2020; 59, 1-42
Cobey S. The development of instrumental insemination. Amer. Bee Journal 123(2): 108-111. Cobey, S., 1983b. Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. Amer. Bee Journal 1983; 123(4): 284-289.
Laidlaw HH. Instrumental Insemination of Honeybee Queens: Its Origin and Development. Bee World.1987;68(1), 17–36.
Schley P. An important improvement in the insemination technique of queen honey bees. Justus Liebig University, 6300 Giessen, Otto-Begahel-Strasse 10/D, W. Germany. 1988.
Cobey S, Schley P. Precision instrumental insemination equipment. Amer. Bee Jour. 1989;129. 322-323.
Cobey S. Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. Ohio State Univ., 1735 Neil Ave. Columbus, 1995.OH 43210, USA.
Laidlaw HH, 1979. Contemporary Queen Rearing. Dadant and Sons Inc., Journal Printing Co., Illinois. USA
Harbo JR, Propagation and Instrumental Insemination. Edit. Rinderer, T.E., in Bee Genetics and Breeding. Academic Press Ltd. (London). S:361-390. 1986.
Ruttner F. Breeding Techniques and Selection for Breeding of The Honeybee. The British Isles Bee Breeders Association. Verlag, Munich. 152 pp. 1988.
Morse RA. Rearing Queen Honeybees. Wicwas Press; Cheshire, CT, USA; 128p. Page, 1994.
Moritz RFA. The effect of different diluents on insemination success in the honey bee using mixed semen, J. Apic. Res. 1984;23, 164–167
Kaftanoğlu O, Peng YS. Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. J.of Apic. Reser.1982;21(1):3-6.
Guler A, Alpay H. 2005. Reproductive characteristics of some honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) Genotypes, J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2005; 4, 864–870.
Cobey S.W. Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance. Apidologie. 2007;38, 390–410.
Harbo JR. Instrumental insemination of queen bee. Stock Center Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Route 3, Ben Hur Road, Baston Rouge, LA 70820. 1985.
Cobey S, Schley P. Innovation in instrumental insemination. The compact, versatile right and left handed Schley model II instrument. Ohio State University 1735 Neil Ave. Columbus, Ohio USA. 2002.
Woyke J, Jasinski Z. The influence of age on the results of instrumental insemination of honeybee queens. Apidologie 1976;7(4): 301-306.
Mackensen O. Relation of semen volume to success in artificial insemination of queen honey bees. J. Econ. Ent. 1964;57, 581-583.
Bolten AB., Harbo JR. Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple insemination with small volumes of semen. J. Apic. Res. 1982; 21, 7–10
Mackensen O, Roberts WC. A Manual for the artificial insemination of queen bees. US Bur. Entomol. Plant Quar. ET-250. 1948
Mackensen O. Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1947;40(3): 344-349.
