Bal Arısı Islahı
Özet
Bal arısı ıslahı, üstün özelliklere sahip arı kolonileri geliştirme sürecidir. Amaç; verim, hastalıklara ve zararlılara karşı direnç, saldırganlık ve kışlama yeteneği gibi özellikleri iyileştirmektir. Etkili ıslah ve çevresel değişikliklere uyum için genetik çeşitlilik esastır. Yerli bal arısı ırklarının korunması, gelecekte yapılacak ıslah çalışmaları hem de ekosistem dengesi için önemlidir. Islah programlarında sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması amacıyla genetik materyal değişimi ve seçici çiftleştirme yöntemleri kullanılır. Bal arısı ıslahı, arıcılık sektörünün gelişmesine katkı sağlamanın yanı sıra çevresel ve ekonomik faydalar da sağlar.
Kolonilerin performansı, kuluçka gelişimi, hastalıklara ve zararlılara karşı direnç, bal üretimi gibi özelliklerle değerlendirilir. Kolonilerin bu özelliklerinin değerlendirilebilmesi ve karşılaştırılabilmesi için farklı ölçüm teknikleri ve istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılır. Bunların yanı sıra biyoteknoloji alanında kullanılan gen düzenleme, RNAi teknolojisi, markör destekli ve genomik seleksiyon yöntemleri bal arısı ıslahında kullanılır. Koloni yönetimi, ana ve erkek arı yetiştiriciliği ve suni tohumlama teknikleri ıslah çalışmalarının temelini oluşturur. Bu bölümde bal arısı ıslah programlarında kullanılan hem geleneksel hem de biyoteknolojik yaklaşımlar ayrıntılı açıklaması sunulmaktadır.
Referanslar
Kence, A. (1987). Türkiye'nin Biyolojik Zenginlikleri. Epft Publications, Ankara.
Le Conte, Y., & Navajas, M. (2008). Climate change: Impact on honey bee populations and diseases. Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties, 27(2), 499-510.
Cobey, S. W. (2007). Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance. Apidologie, 38(4), 390-410.
Laidlaw, H. H., & Page, R. E. (1997). Queen rearing and bee breeding. Wicwas press LLC, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, ISBN 1-878075-08-x P: 1-224.
Kösoğlu, M.,Oskay,D., Yücel, B., Savaş, T., Topal, E., & Doğaroğlu, M. (2021). Bal Arısı Islahı ve Bazı Temel Yaklaşımlar. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(3), 593-609.
Yoshiyama, M., Kimura, K., Saitoh, K., & Iwata, H. (2011). Measuring colony development in honey bees by simple digital image analysis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 50(2), 170-172.
Guzmán-Novoa, E., & Page Jr, R. E. (1993). Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 86(3), 352-355.
Guzmán-Novoa, E., Hunt, G. J., Uribe, J. L., Smith, C., & Arechavaleta-Velasco, M. E. (2002). Confirmation of QTL effects and evidence of genetic dominance of honeybee defensive behavior: results of colony and individual behavioral assays. Behavior Genetics, 32, 95-102.
Oskay, D. (2008). Bal Arısı Irklarının Çeşitliliğinin Korunması, Kolonilerin Yönetimi ve Genetik Yapılarının İstenen Yönde Geliştirilmesi Üzerine Model Oluşturulması. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 8(2), 63-72.
Oskay, D., Kükrer, M., & Kence, A. (2019). Muğla bal arısında (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) Amerikan yavru çürüklüğü hastalığına karşı direnç geliştirilmesi. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, 11(1), 8-20.
Danka, R. G., Harris, J. W., Villa, J. D., & Dodds, G. E. (2013). Varying congruence of hygienic responses to Varroa destructor and freeze-killed brood among different types of honeybees. Apidologie, 44, 447-457.
Rinderer, T. E., Harris, J. W., Hunt, G. J., & de Guzman, L. I. (2010). Breeding for resistance to Varroa destructor in North America. Apidologie, 41(3), 409-424.
Büchler, R., Berg, S., & Le Conte, Y. (2010). Breeding for resistance to Varroa destructor in Europe. Apidologie, 41(3), 393-408.
Mattos, I. M., Soares, A. E., & Tarpy, D. R. (2017). Effects of synthetic acaricides on honey bee grooming behavior against the parasitic Varroa destructor mite. Apidologie, 48(4), 483-494
Ibrahim, A., & Spivak, M. (2006). The relationship between hygienic behavior and suppression of mite reproduction as honey bee (Apis mellifera) mechanisms of resistance to Varroa destructor. Apidologie, 37(1), 31-40.
Mondet, F., Kim, S. H., De Miranda, J. R., Beslay, D., Le Conte, Y., & Mercer, A. R. (2016). Specific cues associated with honey bee social defense against Varroa destructor infested brood. Scientific Reports, 6, 25444.
Devlin, S. M. (2001). Comparative Analyses of Sampling Methods for Varroa. Citeseer: State College, PA, USA.
Flores, J. M., Gil, S., & Padilla, F. (2015). Reliability of the main field diagnostic methods of Varroa in honey bee colon. Archivos de zootecnia, 64(246), 161-165.
Dietemann, V., Nazzi, F., Martin, S. J., Anderson, D. L., Locke, B., Delaplane, K. S., & Ellis, J. D. (2013). Standard methods for varroa research. Journal of apicultural research, 52(1), 1-54.
Jack, C. J., Sperry, N., Mortensen, A., & Ellis, J. D. (2019). How to quantify Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. University of Florida IFAS Extension, ENY173, Gainesville, FL.
Rinderer, T. E. (1986). Evaluation of honeybee colonies for breeding. In Bee Genetics and Breeding (pp. 155-169). Academic Press.
Hosono, S., Nakamura, J., & Ono, M. (2017). European honeybee defense against Japanese yellow hornet using heat generation by bee‐balling behavior. Entomological Science, 20(1), 163-167.
Bienefeld, K., Ehrhardt, K., & Reinhardt, F. (2007). Genetic evaluation in the honeybee considering queen and worker effects—A BLUP animal model approach. Apidologie, 38(1), 77-87.
Brascamp, E. W., Bijma, P., & Hiemstra, S. J. (2016). Genetic diversity in the Dutch honeybee population and the consequences of stock imports. Journal of Apicultural Research, 55(1), 20-28.
Maucourt S, Fortin F, Robert C, Giovenazzo P (2020) Genetic Parameters of Honey Bee Colonies Traits in a Canadian Selection Program. Insects 2020, 11, 587; doi:10.3390/insects11090587
Kistler T, Kouchner C, Brascamp EW, CDumas C, monDet F, Vignal A, Basso B, Bijma P, and Phoca F, (2024) Heritability and correlations for honey yield, handling ease, brood quantity, and traits related to resilience in a French honeybee population. Apidologie, 55:52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-024-01088-2
Lariviere PJ, Leonard SP, Horak RD, Powel JE ve Barrick JE (2023) Honey bee functional genomics using symbiont-mediated RNAi. Nature Protocols, 18, 902-908. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-022-00778-4
Spivak, M., (1996). Honey bee hygienic behavior and defence against Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie, 27: 245-260
Boecking O, Bienefeld K and Drescher W, (2000) Heritability of the Varroa-speciÆc hygienic behaviour in honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Animal Breed. Genet. 117 (2000), 417±424
Stanimirovic Z, Stevanovic J, Mirilovic M ve Stojic V (2008) Heritability of hygienic behavior in grey honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica). Acta veterinaria 58:5-6, 593-601. https://doi.org/10.2298/AVB0806593S
Guichard M, Neuditschko M, Soland G, Fried P, Grandjean M, Gerster S, Dainat B, Bijma P, Brascamp EW (2020) Estimates of genetic parameters for production, behaviour, and health traits in two Swiss honey bee populations. Apidologie 51:876–891, DOI: 10.1007/s13592-020-00768-z
Stanimirovic Z, Stevanovic J, Aleksic N ve Stojic V (2010) Heritability of Grooming Behaviour in Grey Honey Bees (Apis mellifera carnica). Acta Veterinaria (Beograd), Vol. 60, No. 2-3, 313-323. DOI: 10.2298/AVB1003313S
Gabel M, Hoppe A, Scheiner R, Obergfell J and Büchler R (2023) Heritability of Apis mellifera recapping behavior and suppressed mite reproduction as resistance traits towards Varroa destructor. Front. Insect Sci. 3:1135187. doi: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1135187
Bienefeld K, Ehrhardt K, Reinhardt F (2007) Genetic evaluation in the honey bee considering queen and worker effects – A BLUP-Animal Model approach. Apidologie 38 (2007) 77–85. DOI: 10.1051/apido:2006050
Sainsbury J, E. Nemeth T, Baldo M, Jochym M, Felman C, Goodwin M, Lumsden M, Pattemore D, Jeanplong F (2022) Marker assisted selection for Varroa destructor resistance in New Zealand honey bees. PLoS ONE 17(9): e0273289. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0273289
Kohno H, Suenami S, Takeuchi H, Sasaki T, Kubo T (2016) Production of Knockout Mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 in the European Honeybee, Apis mellifera L. Zoological Science, 33(5):505-512 (2016). https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160043
Nie HY, Liang LQ, Li QF, Li ZHQ, Zhu YN, Guo YK, Zheng QL, Lin Y, Yang DL, Li ZG, Su SK (2021) CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout of Amyellow-y gene results in melanization defect of the cuticle in adult Apis mellifera. Journal of Insect Physiology 132, 104264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104264
Brutscher LM, Flenniken ML (2015) RNAi and Antiviral Defense in the Honey Bee. J Immunol Research, doi: 10.1155/2015/941897
Referanslar
Kence, A. (1987). Türkiye'nin Biyolojik Zenginlikleri. Epft Publications, Ankara.
Le Conte, Y., & Navajas, M. (2008). Climate change: Impact on honey bee populations and diseases. Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties, 27(2), 499-510.
Cobey, S. W. (2007). Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance. Apidologie, 38(4), 390-410.
Laidlaw, H. H., & Page, R. E. (1997). Queen rearing and bee breeding. Wicwas press LLC, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, ISBN 1-878075-08-x P: 1-224.
Kösoğlu, M.,Oskay,D., Yücel, B., Savaş, T., Topal, E., & Doğaroğlu, M. (2021). Bal Arısı Islahı ve Bazı Temel Yaklaşımlar. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(3), 593-609.
Yoshiyama, M., Kimura, K., Saitoh, K., & Iwata, H. (2011). Measuring colony development in honey bees by simple digital image analysis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 50(2), 170-172.
Guzmán-Novoa, E., & Page Jr, R. E. (1993). Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 86(3), 352-355.
Guzmán-Novoa, E., Hunt, G. J., Uribe, J. L., Smith, C., & Arechavaleta-Velasco, M. E. (2002). Confirmation of QTL effects and evidence of genetic dominance of honeybee defensive behavior: results of colony and individual behavioral assays. Behavior Genetics, 32, 95-102.
Oskay, D. (2008). Bal Arısı Irklarının Çeşitliliğinin Korunması, Kolonilerin Yönetimi ve Genetik Yapılarının İstenen Yönde Geliştirilmesi Üzerine Model Oluşturulması. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 8(2), 63-72.
Oskay, D., Kükrer, M., & Kence, A. (2019). Muğla bal arısında (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) Amerikan yavru çürüklüğü hastalığına karşı direnç geliştirilmesi. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, 11(1), 8-20.
Danka, R. G., Harris, J. W., Villa, J. D., & Dodds, G. E. (2013). Varying congruence of hygienic responses to Varroa destructor and freeze-killed brood among different types of honeybees. Apidologie, 44, 447-457.
Rinderer, T. E., Harris, J. W., Hunt, G. J., & de Guzman, L. I. (2010). Breeding for resistance to Varroa destructor in North America. Apidologie, 41(3), 409-424.
Büchler, R., Berg, S., & Le Conte, Y. (2010). Breeding for resistance to Varroa destructor in Europe. Apidologie, 41(3), 393-408.
Mattos, I. M., Soares, A. E., & Tarpy, D. R. (2017). Effects of synthetic acaricides on honey bee grooming behavior against the parasitic Varroa destructor mite. Apidologie, 48(4), 483-494
Ibrahim, A., & Spivak, M. (2006). The relationship between hygienic behavior and suppression of mite reproduction as honey bee (Apis mellifera) mechanisms of resistance to Varroa destructor. Apidologie, 37(1), 31-40.
Mondet, F., Kim, S. H., De Miranda, J. R., Beslay, D., Le Conte, Y., & Mercer, A. R. (2016). Specific cues associated with honey bee social defense against Varroa destructor infested brood. Scientific Reports, 6, 25444.
Devlin, S. M. (2001). Comparative Analyses of Sampling Methods for Varroa. Citeseer: State College, PA, USA.
Flores, J. M., Gil, S., & Padilla, F. (2015). Reliability of the main field diagnostic methods of Varroa in honey bee colon. Archivos de zootecnia, 64(246), 161-165.
Dietemann, V., Nazzi, F., Martin, S. J., Anderson, D. L., Locke, B., Delaplane, K. S., & Ellis, J. D. (2013). Standard methods for varroa research. Journal of apicultural research, 52(1), 1-54.
Jack, C. J., Sperry, N., Mortensen, A., & Ellis, J. D. (2019). How to quantify Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. University of Florida IFAS Extension, ENY173, Gainesville, FL.
Rinderer, T. E. (1986). Evaluation of honeybee colonies for breeding. In Bee Genetics and Breeding (pp. 155-169). Academic Press.
Hosono, S., Nakamura, J., & Ono, M. (2017). European honeybee defense against Japanese yellow hornet using heat generation by bee‐balling behavior. Entomological Science, 20(1), 163-167.
Bienefeld, K., Ehrhardt, K., & Reinhardt, F. (2007). Genetic evaluation in the honeybee considering queen and worker effects—A BLUP animal model approach. Apidologie, 38(1), 77-87.
Brascamp, E. W., Bijma, P., & Hiemstra, S. J. (2016). Genetic diversity in the Dutch honeybee population and the consequences of stock imports. Journal of Apicultural Research, 55(1), 20-28.
Maucourt S, Fortin F, Robert C, Giovenazzo P (2020) Genetic Parameters of Honey Bee Colonies Traits in a Canadian Selection Program. Insects 2020, 11, 587; doi:10.3390/insects11090587
Kistler T, Kouchner C, Brascamp EW, CDumas C, monDet F, Vignal A, Basso B, Bijma P, and Phoca F, (2024) Heritability and correlations for honey yield, handling ease, brood quantity, and traits related to resilience in a French honeybee population. Apidologie, 55:52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-024-01088-2
Lariviere PJ, Leonard SP, Horak RD, Powel JE ve Barrick JE (2023) Honey bee functional genomics using symbiont-mediated RNAi. Nature Protocols, 18, 902-908. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-022-00778-4
Spivak, M., (1996). Honey bee hygienic behavior and defence against Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie, 27: 245-260
Boecking O, Bienefeld K and Drescher W, (2000) Heritability of the Varroa-speciÆc hygienic behaviour in honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Animal Breed. Genet. 117 (2000), 417±424
Stanimirovic Z, Stevanovic J, Mirilovic M ve Stojic V (2008) Heritability of hygienic behavior in grey honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica). Acta veterinaria 58:5-6, 593-601. https://doi.org/10.2298/AVB0806593S
Guichard M, Neuditschko M, Soland G, Fried P, Grandjean M, Gerster S, Dainat B, Bijma P, Brascamp EW (2020) Estimates of genetic parameters for production, behaviour, and health traits in two Swiss honey bee populations. Apidologie 51:876–891, DOI: 10.1007/s13592-020-00768-z
Stanimirovic Z, Stevanovic J, Aleksic N ve Stojic V (2010) Heritability of Grooming Behaviour in Grey Honey Bees (Apis mellifera carnica). Acta Veterinaria (Beograd), Vol. 60, No. 2-3, 313-323. DOI: 10.2298/AVB1003313S
Gabel M, Hoppe A, Scheiner R, Obergfell J and Büchler R (2023) Heritability of Apis mellifera recapping behavior and suppressed mite reproduction as resistance traits towards Varroa destructor. Front. Insect Sci. 3:1135187. doi: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1135187
Bienefeld K, Ehrhardt K, Reinhardt F (2007) Genetic evaluation in the honey bee considering queen and worker effects – A BLUP-Animal Model approach. Apidologie 38 (2007) 77–85. DOI: 10.1051/apido:2006050
Sainsbury J, E. Nemeth T, Baldo M, Jochym M, Felman C, Goodwin M, Lumsden M, Pattemore D, Jeanplong F (2022) Marker assisted selection for Varroa destructor resistance in New Zealand honey bees. PLoS ONE 17(9): e0273289. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0273289
Kohno H, Suenami S, Takeuchi H, Sasaki T, Kubo T (2016) Production of Knockout Mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 in the European Honeybee, Apis mellifera L. Zoological Science, 33(5):505-512 (2016). https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160043
Nie HY, Liang LQ, Li QF, Li ZHQ, Zhu YN, Guo YK, Zheng QL, Lin Y, Yang DL, Li ZG, Su SK (2021) CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout of Amyellow-y gene results in melanization defect of the cuticle in adult Apis mellifera. Journal of Insect Physiology 132, 104264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104264
Brutscher LM, Flenniken ML (2015) RNAi and Antiviral Defense in the Honey Bee. J Immunol Research, doi: 10.1155/2015/941897
