Egzersiz, Mitokondri ve İskelet Kas Atrofisi

Abu Shelbayeh O, Arroum T, Morris S, & Busch KB. PGC-1α Is a Master Regulator of Mitochondrial Lifecycle and ROS Stress Response. Antioxidants (Basel), 2023; 12(5). Doi:10.3390/antiox12051075

Adhihetty PJ, O'Leary MF, Chabi B, et al. Effect of Denervation on Mitochondrially Mediated Apoptosis in Skeletal Muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2007; 102(3): 1143-1151. Doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00768.2006

Ashrafi G, & Schwarz TL. The Pathways of Mitophagy for Quality Control and Clearance of Mitochondria. Cell Death Differ, 2013; 20(1): 31-42. Doi:10.1038/cdd.2012.81

Bishop DJ, Botella J, Genders AJ, et al. High-Intensity Exercise and Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Current Controversies and Future Research Directions. Physiology, 2019; 34(1): 56-70. Doi:10.1152/physiol.00038.2018

Bock FJ, & Tait SWG. Mitochondria as Multifaceted Regulators of Cell Death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2020; 21(2): 85-100. Doi:10.1038/s41580-019-0173-8

Bodine SC. Disuse-induced muscle wasting. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2013; 45(10): 2200-2208. Doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.011

Brandt N, Dethlefsen MM, Bangsbo J, & Pilegaard H. PGC-1α and Exercise Intensity Dependent Adaptations in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Plos One, 2017; 12(10), e0185993.

Calvani R, Joseph AM, Adhihetty PJ, et al. Mitochondrial Pathways in Sarcopenia of Aging and Disuse Muscle Atrophy. Biol Chem, 2013; 394(3): 393-414. Doi:10.1515/hsz-2012-0247

Chemello F, Bean C, Cancellara P, et al. Microgenomic Analysis in Skeletal Muscle: Expression Signatures of Individual Fast and Slow Myofibers. Plos One, 2011; 6(2): e16807.

Deane Colleen S, Piasecki M, & Atherton Philip J. Skeletal Muscle Immobilisation-Induced Atrophy: Mechanistic Insights From Human Studies. Clinical Science, 2024; 138(12): 741-756. Doi:10.1042/cs20231198

Dirks ML, Backx EM, Wall BT, et al. May Bed Rest Cause Greater Muscle Loss Than Limb Immobilization? Acta Physiol (Oxf), 2016; 218(1): 10-12. Doi:10.1111/apha.12699

Dolly A, Dumas JF, & Servais S. Cancer Cachexia and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Clinical Studies: What Do we Really Know? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2020; 11(6): 1413-1428. Doi:10.1002/jcsm.12633

Dominy JE, & Puigserver P. Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through Activation of Nuclear Signaling Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2013; 5(7). Doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a015008

Ebadi M, Bhanji RA, Mazurak VC, & Montano-Loza AJ. Sarcopenia in Cirrhosis: From Pathogenesis to Interventions. J Gastroenterol, 2019; 54(10): 845-859. Doi:10.1007/s00535-019-01605-6

Edwards SJ, Smeuninx B, McKendry J, et al. High-Dose Leucine Supplementation Does Not Prevent Muscle Atrophy or Strength Loss Over 7 Days of Immobilization in Healthy Young Males. Am J Clin Nutr, 2020; 112(5): 1368-1381. Doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa229

Ennion S, Sant'ana Pereira J, Sargeant AJ, et al. Characterization of Human Skeletal Muscle Fibres According to the Myosin Heavy Chains They Express. J Muscle Res Cell Motil, 1995;16(1): 35-43. Doi:10.1007/bf00125308

Eshima H, Tamura Y, Kakehi S, et al. Long-Term, But Not Short-Term High-Fat Diet Induces Fiber Composition Changes and Impaired Contractile Force in Mouse Fast-Twitch Skeletal Muscle. Physiol Rep, 2017; 5(7). Doi:10.14814/phy2.13250

Evans WJ. Skeletal Muscle Loss: Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Inactivity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010; 91(4): 1123S-1127S.

Fanzani A, Conraads VM, Penna F, & Martinet W. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: An Update. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2012;3(3): 163-179. Doi:10.1007/s13539-012-0074-6

Fernie AR, Carrari F, & Sweetlove LJ. Respiratory Metabolism: Glycolysis, the TCA Cycle and Mitochondrial Electron Transport. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2004; 7(3): 254-261.

Ferraro E, Giammarioli AM, Chiandotto S, et al. Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Remodeling and Metabolic Adaptation: Redox Signaling and Role of Autophagy. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2014; 21(1): 154-176. Doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5773

Frontera WR, & Ochala J. Skeletal Muscle: A Brief Review of Structure and Function. Calcif Tissue Int, 2015; 96(3): 183-195. Doi:10.1007/s00223-014-9915-y

Geng T, Li P, Okutsu M, et al. PGC-1alpha Plays a Functional Role in Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Angiogenesis But Not Fiber-Type Transformation in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2011; 298(3): C572-579. Doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00481.2009

Graham ZA, Lavin KM, O'Bryan SM, et al. Mechanisms Of Exercise as a Preventative Measure to Muscle Wasting. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2021; 321(1): C40-c57. Doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2021

Guerra J, Ferrer B, Giralt M, et al. Muscular Interleukin-6 Differentially Regulates Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to High-Fat Diet in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Cytokine, 2015; 74(1): 145-151. Doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2015.04.018

Hackney KJ, & Ploutz-Snyder LL. Unilateral Lower Limb Suspension: Integrative Physiological Knowledge From the Past 20 Years (1991-2011). Eur J Appl Physiol, 2012; 112(1): 9-22. Doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1971-7

Herzig S, & Shaw RJ. AMPK: Guardian of Metabolism and Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2018; 19(2): 121-135. Doi:10.1038/nrm.2017.95

Hood DA, Memme JM, Oliveira AN, & Triolo M. Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Health, Exercise, and Aging. Annu Rev Physiol, 2019; 81: 19-41. Doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114310

Hou Z,Zhang X, & Gao F. Prospective Advances in Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Human Health. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2020; 1228: 455-459. Doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_31

Hughes DC, Ellefsen S, & Baar K. Adaptations to Endurance and Strength Training. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2018; 8(6). Doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029769

Hurst J, James RS, Cox VM, et al. Investigating a Dose-Response Relationship Between High-Fat Diet Consumption and The Contractile Performance of Isolated Mouse Soleus, EDL and Diaphragm Muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2019; 119(1): 213-226. Doi:10.1007/s00421-018-4017-6

Javadov S, Kozlov AV, & Camara AKS. Mitochondria in Health and Diseases. Cells, 2020; 9(5). Doi:10.3390/cells9051177

Joyner MJ, & Coyle EF. Endurance Exercise Performance: The Physiology of Champions. J Physiol, 2008; 586(1): 35-44. Doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834

Kang C, Goodman CA, Hornberger TA, & Ji LL. PGC-1α Overexpression by in Vivo Transfection Attenuates Mitochondrial Deterioration of Skeletal Muscle Caused by Immobilization. Faseb J, 2015; 29(10): 4092-4106. Doi:10.1096/fj.14-266619

Konopka AR, & Harber MP. Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy After Aerobic Exercise Training. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2014; 42(2): 53.

Kubat GB, Bouhamida E,Ulger O, et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Causes, Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies. Mitochondrion, 2023; 72: 33-58. Doi:10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.003

Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, et al. Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function. Physiol Rev, 2019; 99(1): 427-511. Doi:10.1152/physrev.00061.2017

Lee SR, Khamoui AV, Jo E, et al. Effects of Chronic High-Fat Feeding on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function in Middle-Aged Mice. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2015; 27(4): 403-411. Doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0316-5

Li L, Muhlfeld C, Niemann B, et al. Mitochondrial Biogenesis and PGC-1alpha Deacetylation by Chronic Treadmill Exercise: Differential Response in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle. Basic Res Cardiol, 2011; 106(6): 1221-1234. Doi:10.1007/s00395-011-0213-9

Lieber RL, & Fridén J. Functional and Clinical Significance of Skeletal Muscle Architecture. Muscle Nerve, 2000; 23(11): 1647-1666. Doi:10.1002/1097-4598(200011)23:11<1647::aid-mus1>3.0.co;2-m

Lin J, Wu H, Tarr PT, et al. Transcriptional Co-Activator PGC-1 Alpha Drives the Formation of Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibres. Nature, 2002; 418(6899): 797-801. Doi:10.1038/nature00904

Liu S,Yu C, Xie L, et al. Aerobic Exercise Improves Mitochondrial Function in Sarcopenia Mice Through Sestrin2 in an AMPKα2-Dependent Manner. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2021; 76(7): 1161-1168. Doi:10.1093/gerona/glab029

Mannella CA. Structural Diversity of Mitochondria: Functional Implications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008; 1147(1): 171-179.

Mao X, Gu Y, Sui X, et al. Phospghorylation of Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (DRP1) Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics and Skeletal Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2021; 9, 673618. Doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.673618

McCuller C, Jessu R, & Callahan AL. Physiology, Skeletal Muscle. In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2024.

Copyright © 2024, StatPearls Publishing LLC.

McPhee JS, Cameron J, Maden-Wilkinson T, et al. The Contributions of Fiber Atrophy, Fiber Loss, In Situ Specific Force, and Voluntary Activation to Weakness in Sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2018; 73(10), 1287-1294. doi:10.1093/gerona/gly040

Memme JM, Slavin M, Moradi N, & Hood DA. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Turnover during Chronic Muscle Disuse. Int J Mol Sci, 2021; 22(10). Doi:10.3390/ijms22105179

Menshikova EV, Ritov VB, Fairfull L, et al. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial content and function in aging human skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2006; 61(6), 534-540. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.6.534

Migliavacca E, Tay SKH, Patel HP, et al. Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity and NAD(+) Biosynthesis are Reduced in Human Sarcopenia Across Ethnicities. Nat Commun, 2019; 10(1), 5808. Doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13694-1

Min K, Smuder AJ, Kwon OS, et al. Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidants Protect Skeletal Muscle Against Immobilization-Induced Muscle Atrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2011; 111(5): 1459-1466. Doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00591.2011

Miotto PM, McGlory C, Bahniwal R, et al. Supplementation with Dietary Ω-3 Mitigates Immobilization-Induced Reductions in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Respiration in Young Women. Faseb J, 2019; 33(7): 8232-8240. Doi:10.1096/fj.201900095R

Mitchell CJ, D'Souza RF, Mitchell SM, et al. Impact of Dairy Protein During Limb Immobilization and Recovery on Muscle Size and Protein Synthesis; A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2018; 124(3): 717-728. Doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00803.2017

Nuzzo JL. Sex Differences in Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types: A Meta-Analysis. Clinical Anatomy, 2024; 37(1): 81-91. Doi: 10.1002/ca.24091

Organization WH. WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, 2020.

Ploumi C, Daskalaki I, & Tavernarakis N. Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Clearance: A Balancing Act. Febs J, 2017; 284(2): 183-195. Doi:10.1111/febs.13820

Qiu Y, Fernández-García B, Lehmann HI, et al. Exercise Sustains the Hallmarks of Health. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2023; 12(1): 8-35. Doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2022.10.003

Scott I, & Youle RJ. Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion. Essays Biochem, 2010; 47: 85-98. Doi:10.1042/bse0470085

Song Z, Moore DR, Hodson N, et al. Resistance Exercise Initiates Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (Mtor) Translocation and Protein Complex Co-Localisation in Human Skeletal Muscle. Sci Rep, 2017; 7(1): 5028. Doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05483-x

Sousa LGO, Marshall AG, Norman JE, et al. The Effects of Diet Composition and Chronic Obesity on Muscle Growth and Function. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2021; 130(1): 124-138. Doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00156.2020

Stelzer JE, & Widrick JJ. Effect of Hindlimb Suspension on the Functional Properties of Slow and Fast Soleus Fibers From Three Strains of Mice. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2003; 95(6): 2425-2433. Doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01091.2002

Talbot J, & Maves L. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type: Using Insights From Muscle Developmental Biology to Dissect Targets for Susceptibility and Resistance to Muscle Disease. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol, 2016; 5(4): 518-534. Doi:10.1002/wdev.230

Theilen NT, Jeremic N, Weber GJ, & Tyagi SC. Exercise Preconditioning Diminishes Skeletal Muscle Atrophy After Hindlimb Suspension ın Mice. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2018; 125(4): 999-1010. Doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00137.2018

Turkel I, Ozerklig B, Yılmaz M, et al. Mitochondrial Transplantation as a Possible Therapeutic Option for Sarcopenia. J Mol Med (Berl), 2023; 101(6): 645-669. Doi:10.1007/s00109-023-02326-3

Wall BT, Snijders T, Senden JM, et al. Disuse Impairs the Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Protein Ingestion in Healthy Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013; 98(12): 4872-4881. Doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2098

Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, & Atherton PJ. The Age-Related Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function: Measurement and Physiology of Muscle Fibre Atrophy and Muscle Fibre Loss in Humans. Ageing Res Rev, 2018; 47: 123-132. Doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.005

Youle RJ, & Van Der Bliek AM. Mitochondrial Fission, Fusion and Stress. Science, 2012; 337(6098): 1062-1065.

Abu Shelbayeh O, Arroum T, Morris S, & Busch KB. PGC-1α Is a Master Regulator of Mitochondrial Lifecycle and ROS Stress Response. Antioxidants (Basel), 2023; 12(5). Doi:10.3390/antiox12051075

Adhihetty PJ, O'Leary MF, Chabi B, et al. Effect of Denervation on Mitochondrially Mediated Apoptosis in Skeletal Muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2007; 102(3): 1143-1151. Doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00768.2006

Ashrafi G, & Schwarz TL. The Pathways of Mitophagy for Quality Control and Clearance of Mitochondria. Cell Death Differ, 2013; 20(1): 31-42. Doi:10.1038/cdd.2012.81

Bishop DJ, Botella J, Genders AJ, et al. High-Intensity Exercise and Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Current Controversies and Future Research Directions. Physiology, 2019; 34(1): 56-70. Doi:10.1152/physiol.00038.2018

Bock FJ, & Tait SWG. Mitochondria as Multifaceted Regulators of Cell Death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2020; 21(2): 85-100. Doi:10.1038/s41580-019-0173-8

Bodine SC. Disuse-induced muscle wasting. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2013; 45(10): 2200-2208. Doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.011

Brandt N, Dethlefsen MM, Bangsbo J, & Pilegaard H. PGC-1α and Exercise Intensity Dependent Adaptations in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Plos One, 2017; 12(10), e0185993.

Calvani R, Joseph AM, Adhihetty PJ, et al. Mitochondrial Pathways in Sarcopenia of Aging and Disuse Muscle Atrophy. Biol Chem, 2013; 394(3): 393-414. Doi:10.1515/hsz-2012-0247

Chemello F, Bean C, Cancellara P, et al. Microgenomic Analysis in Skeletal Muscle: Expression Signatures of Individual Fast and Slow Myofibers. Plos One, 2011; 6(2): e16807.

Deane Colleen S, Piasecki M, & Atherton Philip J. Skeletal Muscle Immobilisation-Induced Atrophy: Mechanistic Insights From Human Studies. Clinical Science, 2024; 138(12): 741-756. Doi:10.1042/cs20231198

Dirks ML, Backx EM, Wall BT, et al. May Bed Rest Cause Greater Muscle Loss Than Limb Immobilization? Acta Physiol (Oxf), 2016; 218(1): 10-12. Doi:10.1111/apha.12699

Dolly A, Dumas JF, & Servais S. Cancer Cachexia and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Clinical Studies: What Do we Really Know? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2020; 11(6): 1413-1428. Doi:10.1002/jcsm.12633

Dominy JE, & Puigserver P. Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through Activation of Nuclear Signaling Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2013; 5(7). Doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a015008

Ebadi M, Bhanji RA, Mazurak VC, & Montano-Loza AJ. Sarcopenia in Cirrhosis: From Pathogenesis to Interventions. J Gastroenterol, 2019; 54(10): 845-859. Doi:10.1007/s00535-019-01605-6

Edwards SJ, Smeuninx B, McKendry J, et al. High-Dose Leucine Supplementation Does Not Prevent Muscle Atrophy or Strength Loss Over 7 Days of Immobilization in Healthy Young Males. Am J Clin Nutr, 2020; 112(5): 1368-1381. Doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa229

Ennion S, Sant'ana Pereira J, Sargeant AJ, et al. Characterization of Human Skeletal Muscle Fibres According to the Myosin Heavy Chains They Express. J Muscle Res Cell Motil, 1995;16(1): 35-43. Doi:10.1007/bf00125308

Eshima H, Tamura Y, Kakehi S, et al. Long-Term, But Not Short-Term High-Fat Diet Induces Fiber Composition Changes and Impaired Contractile Force in Mouse Fast-Twitch Skeletal Muscle. Physiol Rep, 2017; 5(7). Doi:10.14814/phy2.13250

Evans WJ. Skeletal Muscle Loss: Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Inactivity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010; 91(4): 1123S-1127S.

Fanzani A, Conraads VM, Penna F, & Martinet W. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: An Update. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2012;3(3): 163-179. Doi:10.1007/s13539-012-0074-6

Fernie AR, Carrari F, & Sweetlove LJ. Respiratory Metabolism: Glycolysis, the TCA Cycle and Mitochondrial Electron Transport. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2004; 7(3): 254-261.

Ferraro E, Giammarioli AM, Chiandotto S, et al. Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Remodeling and Metabolic Adaptation: Redox Signaling and Role of Autophagy. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2014; 21(1): 154-176. Doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5773

Frontera WR, & Ochala J. Skeletal Muscle: A Brief Review of Structure and Function. Calcif Tissue Int, 2015; 96(3): 183-195. Doi:10.1007/s00223-014-9915-y

Geng T, Li P, Okutsu M, et al. PGC-1alpha Plays a Functional Role in Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Angiogenesis But Not Fiber-Type Transformation in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2011; 298(3): C572-579. Doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00481.2009

Graham ZA, Lavin KM, O'Bryan SM, et al. Mechanisms Of Exercise as a Preventative Measure to Muscle Wasting. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2021; 321(1): C40-c57. Doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2021

Guerra J, Ferrer B, Giralt M, et al. Muscular Interleukin-6 Differentially Regulates Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to High-Fat Diet in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Cytokine, 2015; 74(1): 145-151. Doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2015.04.018

Hackney KJ, & Ploutz-Snyder LL. Unilateral Lower Limb Suspension: Integrative Physiological Knowledge From the Past 20 Years (1991-2011). Eur J Appl Physiol, 2012; 112(1): 9-22. Doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1971-7

Herzig S, & Shaw RJ. AMPK: Guardian of Metabolism and Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2018; 19(2): 121-135. Doi:10.1038/nrm.2017.95

Hood DA, Memme JM, Oliveira AN, & Triolo M. Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Health, Exercise, and Aging. Annu Rev Physiol, 2019; 81: 19-41. Doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114310

Hou Z,Zhang X, & Gao F. Prospective Advances in Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Human Health. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2020; 1228: 455-459. Doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_31

Hughes DC, Ellefsen S, & Baar K. Adaptations to Endurance and Strength Training. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2018; 8(6). Doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029769

Hurst J, James RS, Cox VM, et al. Investigating a Dose-Response Relationship Between High-Fat Diet Consumption and The Contractile Performance of Isolated Mouse Soleus, EDL and Diaphragm Muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2019; 119(1): 213-226. Doi:10.1007/s00421-018-4017-6

Javadov S, Kozlov AV, & Camara AKS. Mitochondria in Health and Diseases. Cells, 2020; 9(5). Doi:10.3390/cells9051177

Joyner MJ, & Coyle EF. Endurance Exercise Performance: The Physiology of Champions. J Physiol, 2008; 586(1): 35-44. Doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834

Kang C, Goodman CA, Hornberger TA, & Ji LL. PGC-1α Overexpression by in Vivo Transfection Attenuates Mitochondrial Deterioration of Skeletal Muscle Caused by Immobilization. Faseb J, 2015; 29(10): 4092-4106. Doi:10.1096/fj.14-266619

Konopka AR, & Harber MP. Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy After Aerobic Exercise Training. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2014; 42(2): 53.

Kubat GB, Bouhamida E,Ulger O, et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Causes, Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies. Mitochondrion, 2023; 72: 33-58. Doi:10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.003

Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, et al. Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function. Physiol Rev, 2019; 99(1): 427-511. Doi:10.1152/physrev.00061.2017

Lee SR, Khamoui AV, Jo E, et al. Effects of Chronic High-Fat Feeding on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function in Middle-Aged Mice. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2015; 27(4): 403-411. Doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0316-5

Li L, Muhlfeld C, Niemann B, et al. Mitochondrial Biogenesis and PGC-1alpha Deacetylation by Chronic Treadmill Exercise: Differential Response in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle. Basic Res Cardiol, 2011; 106(6): 1221-1234. Doi:10.1007/s00395-011-0213-9

Lieber RL, & Fridén J. Functional and Clinical Significance of Skeletal Muscle Architecture. Muscle Nerve, 2000; 23(11): 1647-1666. Doi:10.1002/1097-4598(200011)23:11<1647::aid-mus1>3.0.co;2-m

Lin J, Wu H, Tarr PT, et al. Transcriptional Co-Activator PGC-1 Alpha Drives the Formation of Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibres. Nature, 2002; 418(6899): 797-801. Doi:10.1038/nature00904

Liu S,Yu C, Xie L, et al. Aerobic Exercise Improves Mitochondrial Function in Sarcopenia Mice Through Sestrin2 in an AMPKα2-Dependent Manner. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2021; 76(7): 1161-1168. Doi:10.1093/gerona/glab029

Mannella CA. Structural Diversity of Mitochondria: Functional Implications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008; 1147(1): 171-179.

Mao X, Gu Y, Sui X, et al. Phospghorylation of Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (DRP1) Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics and Skeletal Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2021; 9, 673618. Doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.673618

McCuller C, Jessu R, & Callahan AL. Physiology, Skeletal Muscle. In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2024.

Copyright © 2024, StatPearls Publishing LLC.

McPhee JS, Cameron J, Maden-Wilkinson T, et al. The Contributions of Fiber Atrophy, Fiber Loss, In Situ Specific Force, and Voluntary Activation to Weakness in Sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2018; 73(10), 1287-1294. doi:10.1093/gerona/gly040

Memme JM, Slavin M, Moradi N, & Hood DA. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Turnover during Chronic Muscle Disuse. Int J Mol Sci, 2021; 22(10). Doi:10.3390/ijms22105179

Menshikova EV, Ritov VB, Fairfull L, et al. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial content and function in aging human skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2006; 61(6), 534-540. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.6.534

Migliavacca E, Tay SKH, Patel HP, et al. Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity and NAD(+) Biosynthesis are Reduced in Human Sarcopenia Across Ethnicities. Nat Commun, 2019; 10(1), 5808. Doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13694-1

Min K, Smuder AJ, Kwon OS, et al. Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidants Protect Skeletal Muscle Against Immobilization-Induced Muscle Atrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2011; 111(5): 1459-1466. Doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00591.2011

Miotto PM, McGlory C, Bahniwal R, et al. Supplementation with Dietary Ω-3 Mitigates Immobilization-Induced Reductions in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Respiration in Young Women. Faseb J, 2019; 33(7): 8232-8240. Doi:10.1096/fj.201900095R

Mitchell CJ, D'Souza RF, Mitchell SM, et al. Impact of Dairy Protein During Limb Immobilization and Recovery on Muscle Size and Protein Synthesis; A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2018; 124(3): 717-728. Doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00803.2017

Nuzzo JL. Sex Differences in Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types: A Meta-Analysis. Clinical Anatomy, 2024; 37(1): 81-91. Doi: 10.1002/ca.24091

Organization WH. WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, 2020.

Ploumi C, Daskalaki I, & Tavernarakis N. Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Clearance: A Balancing Act. Febs J, 2017; 284(2): 183-195. Doi:10.1111/febs.13820

Qiu Y, Fernández-García B, Lehmann HI, et al. Exercise Sustains the Hallmarks of Health. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2023; 12(1): 8-35. Doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2022.10.003

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