Gebelikte Fizyolojik Değişiklikler Vücut Homeostazı
Özet
Gebelikle birlikte bir dizi fizyolojik değişiklik meydana gelir ve bu değişiklikler neredeyse her organ sistemini etkiler. Bu uyumlar, annenin fetoplazental birimin metabolik gereksinimlerini desteklemesini ve doğumla ilişkili kanamaya dayanmasını sağlar. Sağlık hizmeti sağlayıcısının bu değişikliklerin farkında olması önemlidir, çünkü bunlar hastalığı taklit edebilir. Ayrıca, travma veya cerrahi stresten kaynaklanan bir hastanın tepkisini değiştirebilir ve standart yönetim protokollerinde değişiklik gerektirebilir.
Referanslar
von Tempelhoff, G.-F., et al. (2008). "Mean maternal second-trimester hemoglobin concentration and outcome of pregnancy: a population-based study." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 14(1): 19-28.
Crapo RO. Normal cardiopulmonary physiology during pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 1996;39(1):3-16.
Menkhorst E, Winship A, Van Sinderen M, Dimitriadis E. Human extravillous trophoblast invasion: intrinsic and extrinsic regulation. Reproduction, Fertility and Development. 2016;28(4):406-15.
Davison J, Lindheimer M. 8 Volume homeostasis and osmoregulation in human pregnancy. Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1989;3(2):451-72.
Duvekot JJ, Cheriex EC, Pieters FA, Menheere PP, Peeters LL. Early pregnancy changes in hemodynamics and volume homeostasis are consecutive adjustments triggered by a primary fall in systemic vascular tone. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1993;169(6):1382-92.
Lapinsky SE, Kruczynski K, Slutsky AS. Critical care in the pregnant patient. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 1995;152(2):427-55.
Laird‐Meeter K, Van de Ley G, Bom T, Wladimiroff J, Roelandt J. Cardiocirculatory adjustments during pregnancy—an echocardiographic study. Clinical Cardiology. 1979;2(5):328-32.
Robson SC, Hunter S, Boys RJ, Dunlop W. Serial study of factors influencing changes in cardiac output during human pregnancy. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 1989;256(4):H1060-H5.
Laird‐Meeter K, Van de Ley G, Bom T, Wladimiroff J, Roelandt J. Cardiocirculatory adjustments during pregnancy—an echocardiographic study. Clinical Cardiology. 1979;2(5):328-32.
Chesnutt AN. Physiology of normal pregnancy. Critical care clinics. 2004;20(4):609-15.
Assali N, Rauramo L, Peltonen T. Measurement of uterine blood flow and uterine metabolism. 8. Uterine and fetal blood flow and oxygen consumption in early human pregnancy. 1960.
Ginsburg J, Duncan SL. Peripheral circulation in hypertensive pregnancy. Cardiovascular research. 1967;1(4):356-61.
Mashini IS, Albazzaz SJ, Fadel HE, Abdulla AM, Hadi HA, Harp R, et al. Serial noninvasive evaluation of cardiovascular hemodynamics during pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1987;156(5):1208-13.
Lozada MJ, Babazade R, Vadhera RB. Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia. Critical Care Obstetrics. 2018;19:315.
Goodman S, editor Anesthesia for nonobstetric surgery in the pregnant patient. Seminars in perinatology; 2002: Elsevier.
Mendenhall HW. Effect of oral contraceptives on serum protein concentrations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970;106(5):750-3.
Mishra M, Chambers J, Jackson G. Murmurs in pregnancy: an audit of echocardiography. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1992;304(6839):1413.
Rosen MA, Weiskopf RB. Management of anesthesia for the pregnant surgical patient. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 1999;91(4):1159-.
Crapo RO. Normal cardiopulmonary physiology during pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 1996;39(1):3-16.
Novy MJ, Edwards MJ. Respiratory problems in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967;99(7):1024-45.
Cheek TG, Gutsche BB. Maternal physiologic alterations during pregnancy. Anesthesia for obstetrics 4ª edición Filadelfia: LW&W. 2002:3-18.
Ciliberto CF, Marx GF. Physiological changes associated with pregnancy. Update in Anaesthesia. 1998;9(2):1-3.
Davies JM, Posner KL, Lee LA, Cheney FW, Domino KB. Liability associated with obstetric anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 2009;110(1):131-9.
Stackhouse RA, Bainton CR. Difficult airway management. Anesthesia for obstetrics. 2002;4:375-90.
Hegewald MJ, Crapo RO. Respiratory physiology in pregnancy. Clinics in chest medicine. 2011;32(1):1-13.
Rubin A, Russo N, Goucher D. The effect of pregnancy upon pulmonary function in normal women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1956;72(5):963-9.
King Jr TE. Restrictive lung disease in pregnancy. Clinics in chest medicine. 1992;13(4):607-22.
Rubin A, Russo N, Goucher D. The effect of pregnancy upon pulmonary function in normal women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1956;72(5):963-9.
Collop NA, Sahn SA. Critical illness in pregnancy: an analysis of 20 patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit. Chest. 1993;103(5):1548-52.
Weinberger SE, Weiss ST, Cohen WR, Weiss JW, Johnson TS. Pregnancy and the lung. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1980;121(3):559-81.
Guzman C, Caplan R. Cardiorespiratory response to exercise during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970;108(4):600-5.
Plass E, Oberst FW. Respiration and pulmonary ventilation in normal nonpregnant, pregnant, and puerperal women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1938;35(3):441-52.
Kolarzyk E, Szot WM, Lyszczarz J. Lung function and breathing regulation parameters during pregnancy. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 2005;272:53-8.
Siggaard‐Andersen O, Huch R. The oxygen status of fetal blood. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1995;39:129-35.
McCormack MC, Wise RA. Respiratory physiology in pregnancy. Pulmonary Problems in Pregnancy: Clinical and Research Aspects. 2009:19-26.
Reed P, Colquhoun A, Hanning C. Maternal oxygenation during normal labour. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1989;62(3):316-8.
Powrie RO, Larson L, Rosene-Montella K, Abarca M, Barbour L, Trujillo N. Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in acute pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1998;178(2):394-6.
Ramirez MV. Anesthesia for nonobstetric surgery in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;63(2):351-63.
Cheek TG, Gutsche BB. Maternal physiologic alterations during pregnancy. Anesthesia for obstetrics 4ª edición Filadelfia: LW&W. 2002:3-18.
Soothill P, Lestas A, Nicolaides K, Rodeck C, Bellingham A. 2, 3-Diphosphoglycerate in normal, anaemic and transfused human fetuses. Clinical Science (London, England: 1979). 1988;74(5):527-30.
Gazioglu K, Kaltreider NL, Rosen M, Paul NY. Pulmonary function during pregnancy in normal women and in patients with cardiopulmonary disease. Thorax. 1970;25(4):445-50.
Fishburne J. Physiology and disease of the respiratory system in pregnancy. A review. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 1979;22(4):177-89.
Gee JBL, Packer BS, Millen JE, Robin E. Pulmonary mechanics during pregnancy. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1967;46(6):945-52.
Koch KL, Frissora CL. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics. 2003;32(1):201-34.
Arzt F. Further observations on the gastric juice in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1930;20(3):382-5.
Mclain Jr CR. Amniography studies of the gastrointestinal motility of the human fetus. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1963;86(8):1079-87.
Camann WR, Ostheimer GW. Physiological adaptations during pregnancy. International anesthesiology clinics. 1990;28(1):2-10.
Muir HA. General anaesthesia for obstetrics, is it obsolete? Canadian journal of anaesthesia. 1994;41(Suppl 1):R20-R9.
King W. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. Update Anesth Dec. 2010;26(1):28-31.
Graves CR. Medical Disorders in Pregnancy. Journal of Perinatology. 2002;22(6):511-.
Woo J, Wan C, Ma HK. Pregnancy hydronephrosis—a longitudinal ultrasonic evaluation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1984;24(1):9-13.
Aviles DH, Fildes RD, Jose PA. Evaluation of renal function. Clinics in perinatology. 1992;19(1):69-84.
Sturgiss SN, Davison JM. Effect of pregnancy on long-term function of renal allografts. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 1992;19(2):167-72.
Chesley LC. Hypertension in pregnancy: definitions, familial factor, and remote prognosis. Kidney international. 1980;18(2):234-40.
Kuo VS, Koumantakis G, Gallery ED. Proteinuria and its assessment in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1992;167(3):723-8.
BARRON WM. The pregnant surgical patient: medical evaluation and management. Annals of internal medicine. 1984;101(5):683-91.
James AH. Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2009;29(3):326-31.
Referanslar
von Tempelhoff, G.-F., et al. (2008). "Mean maternal second-trimester hemoglobin concentration and outcome of pregnancy: a population-based study." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 14(1): 19-28.
Crapo RO. Normal cardiopulmonary physiology during pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 1996;39(1):3-16.
Menkhorst E, Winship A, Van Sinderen M, Dimitriadis E. Human extravillous trophoblast invasion: intrinsic and extrinsic regulation. Reproduction, Fertility and Development. 2016;28(4):406-15.
Davison J, Lindheimer M. 8 Volume homeostasis and osmoregulation in human pregnancy. Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1989;3(2):451-72.
Duvekot JJ, Cheriex EC, Pieters FA, Menheere PP, Peeters LL. Early pregnancy changes in hemodynamics and volume homeostasis are consecutive adjustments triggered by a primary fall in systemic vascular tone. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1993;169(6):1382-92.
Lapinsky SE, Kruczynski K, Slutsky AS. Critical care in the pregnant patient. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 1995;152(2):427-55.
Laird‐Meeter K, Van de Ley G, Bom T, Wladimiroff J, Roelandt J. Cardiocirculatory adjustments during pregnancy—an echocardiographic study. Clinical Cardiology. 1979;2(5):328-32.
Robson SC, Hunter S, Boys RJ, Dunlop W. Serial study of factors influencing changes in cardiac output during human pregnancy. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 1989;256(4):H1060-H5.
Laird‐Meeter K, Van de Ley G, Bom T, Wladimiroff J, Roelandt J. Cardiocirculatory adjustments during pregnancy—an echocardiographic study. Clinical Cardiology. 1979;2(5):328-32.
Chesnutt AN. Physiology of normal pregnancy. Critical care clinics. 2004;20(4):609-15.
Assali N, Rauramo L, Peltonen T. Measurement of uterine blood flow and uterine metabolism. 8. Uterine and fetal blood flow and oxygen consumption in early human pregnancy. 1960.
Ginsburg J, Duncan SL. Peripheral circulation in hypertensive pregnancy. Cardiovascular research. 1967;1(4):356-61.
Mashini IS, Albazzaz SJ, Fadel HE, Abdulla AM, Hadi HA, Harp R, et al. Serial noninvasive evaluation of cardiovascular hemodynamics during pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1987;156(5):1208-13.
Lozada MJ, Babazade R, Vadhera RB. Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia. Critical Care Obstetrics. 2018;19:315.
Goodman S, editor Anesthesia for nonobstetric surgery in the pregnant patient. Seminars in perinatology; 2002: Elsevier.
Mendenhall HW. Effect of oral contraceptives on serum protein concentrations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970;106(5):750-3.
Mishra M, Chambers J, Jackson G. Murmurs in pregnancy: an audit of echocardiography. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1992;304(6839):1413.
Rosen MA, Weiskopf RB. Management of anesthesia for the pregnant surgical patient. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 1999;91(4):1159-.
Crapo RO. Normal cardiopulmonary physiology during pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 1996;39(1):3-16.
Novy MJ, Edwards MJ. Respiratory problems in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967;99(7):1024-45.
Cheek TG, Gutsche BB. Maternal physiologic alterations during pregnancy. Anesthesia for obstetrics 4ª edición Filadelfia: LW&W. 2002:3-18.
Ciliberto CF, Marx GF. Physiological changes associated with pregnancy. Update in Anaesthesia. 1998;9(2):1-3.
Davies JM, Posner KL, Lee LA, Cheney FW, Domino KB. Liability associated with obstetric anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 2009;110(1):131-9.
Stackhouse RA, Bainton CR. Difficult airway management. Anesthesia for obstetrics. 2002;4:375-90.
Hegewald MJ, Crapo RO. Respiratory physiology in pregnancy. Clinics in chest medicine. 2011;32(1):1-13.
Rubin A, Russo N, Goucher D. The effect of pregnancy upon pulmonary function in normal women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1956;72(5):963-9.
King Jr TE. Restrictive lung disease in pregnancy. Clinics in chest medicine. 1992;13(4):607-22.
Rubin A, Russo N, Goucher D. The effect of pregnancy upon pulmonary function in normal women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1956;72(5):963-9.
Collop NA, Sahn SA. Critical illness in pregnancy: an analysis of 20 patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit. Chest. 1993;103(5):1548-52.
Weinberger SE, Weiss ST, Cohen WR, Weiss JW, Johnson TS. Pregnancy and the lung. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1980;121(3):559-81.
Guzman C, Caplan R. Cardiorespiratory response to exercise during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970;108(4):600-5.
Plass E, Oberst FW. Respiration and pulmonary ventilation in normal nonpregnant, pregnant, and puerperal women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1938;35(3):441-52.
Kolarzyk E, Szot WM, Lyszczarz J. Lung function and breathing regulation parameters during pregnancy. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 2005;272:53-8.
Siggaard‐Andersen O, Huch R. The oxygen status of fetal blood. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1995;39:129-35.
McCormack MC, Wise RA. Respiratory physiology in pregnancy. Pulmonary Problems in Pregnancy: Clinical and Research Aspects. 2009:19-26.
Reed P, Colquhoun A, Hanning C. Maternal oxygenation during normal labour. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1989;62(3):316-8.
Powrie RO, Larson L, Rosene-Montella K, Abarca M, Barbour L, Trujillo N. Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in acute pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1998;178(2):394-6.
Ramirez MV. Anesthesia for nonobstetric surgery in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;63(2):351-63.
Cheek TG, Gutsche BB. Maternal physiologic alterations during pregnancy. Anesthesia for obstetrics 4ª edición Filadelfia: LW&W. 2002:3-18.
Soothill P, Lestas A, Nicolaides K, Rodeck C, Bellingham A. 2, 3-Diphosphoglycerate in normal, anaemic and transfused human fetuses. Clinical Science (London, England: 1979). 1988;74(5):527-30.
Gazioglu K, Kaltreider NL, Rosen M, Paul NY. Pulmonary function during pregnancy in normal women and in patients with cardiopulmonary disease. Thorax. 1970;25(4):445-50.
Fishburne J. Physiology and disease of the respiratory system in pregnancy. A review. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 1979;22(4):177-89.
Gee JBL, Packer BS, Millen JE, Robin E. Pulmonary mechanics during pregnancy. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1967;46(6):945-52.
Koch KL, Frissora CL. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics. 2003;32(1):201-34.
Arzt F. Further observations on the gastric juice in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1930;20(3):382-5.
Mclain Jr CR. Amniography studies of the gastrointestinal motility of the human fetus. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1963;86(8):1079-87.
Camann WR, Ostheimer GW. Physiological adaptations during pregnancy. International anesthesiology clinics. 1990;28(1):2-10.
Muir HA. General anaesthesia for obstetrics, is it obsolete? Canadian journal of anaesthesia. 1994;41(Suppl 1):R20-R9.
King W. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. Update Anesth Dec. 2010;26(1):28-31.
Graves CR. Medical Disorders in Pregnancy. Journal of Perinatology. 2002;22(6):511-.
Woo J, Wan C, Ma HK. Pregnancy hydronephrosis—a longitudinal ultrasonic evaluation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1984;24(1):9-13.
Aviles DH, Fildes RD, Jose PA. Evaluation of renal function. Clinics in perinatology. 1992;19(1):69-84.
Sturgiss SN, Davison JM. Effect of pregnancy on long-term function of renal allografts. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 1992;19(2):167-72.
Chesley LC. Hypertension in pregnancy: definitions, familial factor, and remote prognosis. Kidney international. 1980;18(2):234-40.
Kuo VS, Koumantakis G, Gallery ED. Proteinuria and its assessment in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1992;167(3):723-8.
BARRON WM. The pregnant surgical patient: medical evaluation and management. Annals of internal medicine. 1984;101(5):683-91.
James AH. Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2009;29(3):326-31.
