Eleştirel Okuryazarlık
Özet
Yeni okuryazarlık türlerinden biri olan ve eleştirel pedagojiden doğan eleştirel okuryazarlık, genellikle okuma ve yazma yoluyla gerçekleştirilen, kişinin güç ilişkilerine ilişkin deneyiminin farkına varma sürecini ifade eder. Eleştirel okuryazarlık çeşitli öğrenme ortamlarında ve kültürel bağlamlarda gerçekleşir. Bu okumaya ve yazmaya dayalı öğrenme süreci, öğrencileri metinlerde sunulan ideolojileri kabul etmeye, reddetmeye veya yeniden yapılandırmaya teşvik eder. Eleştirel okuryazarlık, eleştirel bilince benzer özelliklere sahiptir. Öğrencileri problem kurmaya ve şüpheci olmaya yönlendirmektedir. Özellikle güç konularına odaklanan okuma, yazma, konuşma ve dinleme etrafında bir eleştiri niteliğindedir. Eleştirel okuryazarlık, yaşadığımız bilgi toplumunda öğrencileri 21. yüzyıl becerilerine hazırlamak için özellikle ana dili öğretimi derslerinde kazandırılması gereken becerilerin başında gelmelidir. Öğrencilerde eleştirel bir bilinç oluşturmak, bir bakıma dil bilincini inşa ettiği için eleştirel okuryazarlık uygulamalarının erken düzeylerden itibaren eğitimin bir bileşeni olarak dahil edilmesini gerektirir.
Referanslar
Aditiara, A., Ngadiso, N., & Drajati, N. A. (2019). A correlation study between critical thinking skill, grammatical mastery, and critical reading skill. English Education, 7(2), 282-291.
Anderson, G., & Irvine, P. (1993). Informing critical literacy with ethnography. In C. Lankshear and P. McLaren (Eds.) Critical literacy: Politics, praxis, and the postmodern. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Ardhian, T., Ummah, I., Anafiah, S., & Rachmadtullah, R. (2020). Reading and critical thinking techniques on understanding reading skills for early grade students in elementary school. International Journal of Instruction, 13(2), 107-118.
Arıcı, A. F. ve Batmaz, Ö. (2021). Türkçe eğitimi ve medya okuryazarlığı. Fahri Temizyürek ve Tuncay Türkben (Ed.). Türkçe öğretimine genel bir bakış el kitabı içinde (ss. 593-621). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Barrentine, S. J. (1996). Engaging with reading through interactive read-alouds. The Reading Teacher, 50, 36–43.
Behrman, E. H. (2006). Teaching about language, power, and text: a review of classroom practices that support critical literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 49(6), 490–498. https://doi.org/10.1598/JAAL.49.6.4
Bishop, E. (2014). Critical literacy: bringing theory to praxis. Journal of curriculum theorizing, 30, 51.
Blass, L., Vargo, M., & Folse, K. S. (2013). Pathways 2: reading, writing and critical thinking. Boston, MA: National Geographic Learning.
Borsheim-Black, C., Macaluso, M., & Petrone, R. (2014). Critical literature pedagogy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 58(2), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.323
Callinicos, A. (1995). Theories and narratives: Reflections on the philosophy of history. Duke University Press.
Christensen, L. (2000). Reading, writing, and rising up. Milwaulcee, WI: Rethinking Schools.
Ciardiello, A. V. (2004). Democracy's young heroes: An instructional model of critical literacy practices. The Reading Teacher, 58, 138-147.
Clark, L., & Whitney, E. (2009). Walking in their shoes: Using multiple-perspective texts as a bridge to critical literacy. Reading Teacher, 62(6), 530-534.
Coffey, H. (2008). Critical literacy. The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. www.learnnc.org.
Comber, B., & Simpson, A. (2001). Negotiating critical literacies in classrooms. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Darder, A., Baltodano, M. P., & Torres, R. D. (2009). Critical pedagogy: An introduction. In A. Darder, M. P. Baltodano, & R. D. Torres (Eds.), The critical pedagogy reader (21'd ed.) (pp. 1-20). New York: Routledge.
Dianti, R. (2015). The correlation between critical thinking skills and critical reading skills of the English education study program students of Sriwijaya University. Edukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran, 2(1), 43-54.
Dickson, S. V., Simmons, D., Kameenui, E. J. (1988). What reading research tells us about children with diverse learning needs: Bases and basics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dozier, C., Johnston, P., & Rogers, R. (2006). Critical literacy critical teaching: Tools for preparing responsive teachers. New York: Teachers College Press.
Dunkerly-Bean, J., & Bean, T. W. (2015). Exploring human rights and cosmopolitan critical literacy with global young adult literature multimodal text sets. New England Reading Association Journal, 50(2), 1-7.
Elder, L. and Paul, R. (2003). Critical thinking: Teaching students how to study and learn. Journal of Developmental Education, 27(2), 36-38.
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.
Gündoğdu, H. (2009). Eleştirel düşünme ve eleştirel düşünme öğretimine dair bazı yanılgılar. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi S. B. E. Dergisi, 57- 74.
Hall, K. (1998). Critical literacy and the case for it in the early years of school. Language, Culture, and Curriculum, 11(2), 183-1 94.
Hall, L. A., & Piazza, S. V. (2008). Critically reading texts: What students do and how teachers can help. The Reading Teacher, 62(1), 32-41.
Harouni, H. (2009). High school research and critical literacy: Social studies with and despite wikipedia. Harvard Educational Review, 79(3), 473-493.
Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T. W. (2002). The concept of enlightenment. In Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments (pp. 1-34). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. (Originally published in 1947)
Janks, H. (2000). Domination, access, diversity, and design: A synthesis for critical literacy education. Educational Review, 52(2), 175–186.
Jewett, P. (2007). Reading knee-deep. Reading Psychology, 28(2), 149-162.
Kaplan, K. (2017). Medya okuryazarlığı dersinin Türkçe öğretimiyle birleştirilmesi sürecinde medya okuryazarlığı dersi öğretmenlerinde bulunması gereken yeterlikler. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Kist, W. (2000). Beginning to create the new literacy classroom: What does the new literacy look like?. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 43(8), 710-718.
Knobel, M., & Lankshear, C. (2014). Studying new literacies. Journal of adolescent & adult literacy, 58(2), 97-101.
Kökdemir, D. (2012). Üniversite eğitimi ve eleştirel düşünme. Başkent Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Psikoloji Bölümü Eleştirel- Yaratıcı Düşünme ve Davranış Araştırmaları Laboratuvarı, 16- 19.
Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. New York: Routledge.
Kretovics, J.R. (1985). Critical literacy: Challenging the assumptions of mainstream educational theory. Journal of Education, 167(2), 50-62.
Lankshear, C. (1993).Functional literacy from a freirean point of view, In Peter McLarenand Peter Leonard, eds., Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter (London: Routledge, 1993),90–118.
Leland, C. H., Harste, j. C., & Smith, K. (2005). Out of the box: critical literacy in a first-grade classroom. Language Arts, 82 (5), 257-268.
Leland, C. H., Harste, J. C., Ociepka, A., Lewison, M., & Vasquez, V. (1999). Exploring critical literacy: You can hear a pin drop. Language Arts, 77(1), 70-73.
Lewison, M., Flint, A. S., & Van Sluys, K. (2002). Taking on critical literacy: The journey of 119 newcomers and novices. Language Arts, 79(5), 382-392.
Lewison, M., Leland, C., & Harste, J. (2008). Creating critical classrooms: K-8 reading and writing with an edge. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lobron, A, & Selman, R. (2007). The interdependence of social awareness and literacy instruction. The Reading Teacher, 60(6), 528-537.
Luke, A. (2000). The social construction of literacy in the classroom. Melbourne: Macmillan Australia.
Luke, A. (2012). Critical literacy: Foundational notes. Theory Into Practice, 51(1), 4-11.
McLaren, P. (2011). Okullarda yaşam eleştirel pedagojiye giriş (Çev. M. Y. Eryaman, H. Arslan). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
McLaughlin, M., & DeVoogd, G.L. (2004). Critical literacy: Enhancing students’ comprehension of text. New York: Scholastic.
Medlock Paul, C. M. (2018). Critical literacy pedagogy: establishing the factors of critical literacy instruction through a mixed methods approach. Doctoral Thesis. North Carolina State University, USA.
Montgomery, W. (2001). Creating culturally responsive, inclusive classrooms. Teaching Exceptional Children, 33(4), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005990103300401
Morgan, B., & Ramanathan, V. (2005). Critical literacies and language education: Global and local perspectives. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 151-169.
Morrell, E. (2000). Curriculum and popular culture: Building bridges and making waves. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
Morrell, E. (2003). Writing the word and the world: critical literacy as critical textual production. Conference on College Composition & Communication, New York.
Norris, K., Lucas, L., & Prudhoe, C. (2012). Examining critical literacy: preparing preservice teachers to use critical literacy in the early childhood classroom. Multicultural Education, 19(2), 59-62.
Nosich, G. M. (2015). Disiplinlerarası eleştirel düşünme rehberi. Çev. B. Aybek, Ankara: Anı.
Paul, R. and Elder, L. 2001. Critical thinking: tools for taking charge of your learning and your life. N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Perttula, J. (2017). “Welcome to my house”: Using a new literacies stance to promote critical 121 literacies. English Journal, 106(3), 51-55.
Peterson, K. E., & Chamberlain, K. (2015) Everybody treated him like he was from another world: Bilingual fourth graders develop social awareness through interactive read-alouds focused on critical literacies. Literacy Research and Instruction, 54(3), 231-255.
Peterson, R. E. (2009). Teaching how to read the world and change it: Critical pedagogy in the intermediate grades. In A. Darder, M. P. Baltodano, & R. D. Torres (Eds.), The critical pedagogy reader (2. ed.) (pp. 305-323). New York: Routledge.
Potur, Ö. (2014). Türkçe derslerinde eleştirel okuryazarlık. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 2(4),32- 49.
Rini, T.A. (2018). Creating critical literacy skills for young learners at primary school. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), 244, 230-235. doi:10.2991/ECPE-18.2018.51
Rogers, R., & Wetzel, M.M. (2014). Designing critical literacy education through critical discourses analysis. New York: Routledge.
Santrock, J.W. 2014. Psikologi pendidikan. Jakarta: Salemba Humika.
Shor, I. (1999). What is critical literacy? In I. Shor & C. Pari (Eds). Critical literacy in action: Writing, words, changing world. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Shor, I. (2009). What is critical literacy? In A. Darder, M. P. Baltodano, & R. D. Torres (Eds.), The critical pedagogy reader (2nd ed.) (pp. 282-304). New York: Routledge.
Shor, I., & Freire, P. (1987). A pedagogyfor liberation: Dialogues on bansforming education. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.
Sipe, L. R. (2000). The construction of literacy understanding by first and second graders in oral response to picture storybook read-alouds. Reading Research Quarterly, 35(2), 252–275.
Souto-Manning, M. (2009). Negotiating culturally responsive pedagogy through multicultural children's literature: Towards critical democratic literacy practices in a first grade classroom. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 9(1), 50-74.
Vasquez, V.M. (2014). Negotiating Critical Literacy with Young Childern 10th Anniversary Edition. New York: Routlegde.
Wallerstein, N., & Bernstein, E. (1988). Empowerment education: Freire's ideas adapted to health education. Heath Education Quarterly, 15, 379-394.
Wason-Ellam, L. (1997). If only I was like Barbie. Language Arts, 74, 430-437.
Wilson, L. (2001). Critical literacy and pop music magazines. Australian Screen Education, 25, 104.
Wolfe, P. (2010). Preservice teachers planning for critical literacy teaching. English Education, 42(4), 368-390.
Wooldridge, N. (2001) Tensions and ambiguities in critical literacy. In: Comber B., Simpson A. (eds) Negotiating critical literacies in classrooms. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Yıldırım, S., & Söylemez, Y. (2018). The effect of performing reading activities with critical reading questions on critical thinking and reading skills. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 4(4), 326-335.
Referanslar
Aditiara, A., Ngadiso, N., & Drajati, N. A. (2019). A correlation study between critical thinking skill, grammatical mastery, and critical reading skill. English Education, 7(2), 282-291.
Anderson, G., & Irvine, P. (1993). Informing critical literacy with ethnography. In C. Lankshear and P. McLaren (Eds.) Critical literacy: Politics, praxis, and the postmodern. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Ardhian, T., Ummah, I., Anafiah, S., & Rachmadtullah, R. (2020). Reading and critical thinking techniques on understanding reading skills for early grade students in elementary school. International Journal of Instruction, 13(2), 107-118.
Arıcı, A. F. ve Batmaz, Ö. (2021). Türkçe eğitimi ve medya okuryazarlığı. Fahri Temizyürek ve Tuncay Türkben (Ed.). Türkçe öğretimine genel bir bakış el kitabı içinde (ss. 593-621). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Barrentine, S. J. (1996). Engaging with reading through interactive read-alouds. The Reading Teacher, 50, 36–43.
Behrman, E. H. (2006). Teaching about language, power, and text: a review of classroom practices that support critical literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 49(6), 490–498. https://doi.org/10.1598/JAAL.49.6.4
Bishop, E. (2014). Critical literacy: bringing theory to praxis. Journal of curriculum theorizing, 30, 51.
Blass, L., Vargo, M., & Folse, K. S. (2013). Pathways 2: reading, writing and critical thinking. Boston, MA: National Geographic Learning.
Borsheim-Black, C., Macaluso, M., & Petrone, R. (2014). Critical literature pedagogy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 58(2), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.323
Callinicos, A. (1995). Theories and narratives: Reflections on the philosophy of history. Duke University Press.
Christensen, L. (2000). Reading, writing, and rising up. Milwaulcee, WI: Rethinking Schools.
Ciardiello, A. V. (2004). Democracy's young heroes: An instructional model of critical literacy practices. The Reading Teacher, 58, 138-147.
Clark, L., & Whitney, E. (2009). Walking in their shoes: Using multiple-perspective texts as a bridge to critical literacy. Reading Teacher, 62(6), 530-534.
Coffey, H. (2008). Critical literacy. The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. www.learnnc.org.
Comber, B., & Simpson, A. (2001). Negotiating critical literacies in classrooms. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Darder, A., Baltodano, M. P., & Torres, R. D. (2009). Critical pedagogy: An introduction. In A. Darder, M. P. Baltodano, & R. D. Torres (Eds.), The critical pedagogy reader (21'd ed.) (pp. 1-20). New York: Routledge.
Dianti, R. (2015). The correlation between critical thinking skills and critical reading skills of the English education study program students of Sriwijaya University. Edukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran, 2(1), 43-54.
Dickson, S. V., Simmons, D., Kameenui, E. J. (1988). What reading research tells us about children with diverse learning needs: Bases and basics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dozier, C., Johnston, P., & Rogers, R. (2006). Critical literacy critical teaching: Tools for preparing responsive teachers. New York: Teachers College Press.
Dunkerly-Bean, J., & Bean, T. W. (2015). Exploring human rights and cosmopolitan critical literacy with global young adult literature multimodal text sets. New England Reading Association Journal, 50(2), 1-7.
Elder, L. and Paul, R. (2003). Critical thinking: Teaching students how to study and learn. Journal of Developmental Education, 27(2), 36-38.
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.
Gündoğdu, H. (2009). Eleştirel düşünme ve eleştirel düşünme öğretimine dair bazı yanılgılar. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi S. B. E. Dergisi, 57- 74.
Hall, K. (1998). Critical literacy and the case for it in the early years of school. Language, Culture, and Curriculum, 11(2), 183-1 94.
Hall, L. A., & Piazza, S. V. (2008). Critically reading texts: What students do and how teachers can help. The Reading Teacher, 62(1), 32-41.
Harouni, H. (2009). High school research and critical literacy: Social studies with and despite wikipedia. Harvard Educational Review, 79(3), 473-493.
Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T. W. (2002). The concept of enlightenment. In Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments (pp. 1-34). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. (Originally published in 1947)
Janks, H. (2000). Domination, access, diversity, and design: A synthesis for critical literacy education. Educational Review, 52(2), 175–186.
Jewett, P. (2007). Reading knee-deep. Reading Psychology, 28(2), 149-162.
Kaplan, K. (2017). Medya okuryazarlığı dersinin Türkçe öğretimiyle birleştirilmesi sürecinde medya okuryazarlığı dersi öğretmenlerinde bulunması gereken yeterlikler. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Kist, W. (2000). Beginning to create the new literacy classroom: What does the new literacy look like?. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 43(8), 710-718.
Knobel, M., & Lankshear, C. (2014). Studying new literacies. Journal of adolescent & adult literacy, 58(2), 97-101.
Kökdemir, D. (2012). Üniversite eğitimi ve eleştirel düşünme. Başkent Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Psikoloji Bölümü Eleştirel- Yaratıcı Düşünme ve Davranış Araştırmaları Laboratuvarı, 16- 19.
Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. New York: Routledge.
Kretovics, J.R. (1985). Critical literacy: Challenging the assumptions of mainstream educational theory. Journal of Education, 167(2), 50-62.
Lankshear, C. (1993).Functional literacy from a freirean point of view, In Peter McLarenand Peter Leonard, eds., Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter (London: Routledge, 1993),90–118.
Leland, C. H., Harste, j. C., & Smith, K. (2005). Out of the box: critical literacy in a first-grade classroom. Language Arts, 82 (5), 257-268.
Leland, C. H., Harste, J. C., Ociepka, A., Lewison, M., & Vasquez, V. (1999). Exploring critical literacy: You can hear a pin drop. Language Arts, 77(1), 70-73.
Lewison, M., Flint, A. S., & Van Sluys, K. (2002). Taking on critical literacy: The journey of 119 newcomers and novices. Language Arts, 79(5), 382-392.
Lewison, M., Leland, C., & Harste, J. (2008). Creating critical classrooms: K-8 reading and writing with an edge. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lobron, A, & Selman, R. (2007). The interdependence of social awareness and literacy instruction. The Reading Teacher, 60(6), 528-537.
Luke, A. (2000). The social construction of literacy in the classroom. Melbourne: Macmillan Australia.
Luke, A. (2012). Critical literacy: Foundational notes. Theory Into Practice, 51(1), 4-11.
McLaren, P. (2011). Okullarda yaşam eleştirel pedagojiye giriş (Çev. M. Y. Eryaman, H. Arslan). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
McLaughlin, M., & DeVoogd, G.L. (2004). Critical literacy: Enhancing students’ comprehension of text. New York: Scholastic.
Medlock Paul, C. M. (2018). Critical literacy pedagogy: establishing the factors of critical literacy instruction through a mixed methods approach. Doctoral Thesis. North Carolina State University, USA.
Montgomery, W. (2001). Creating culturally responsive, inclusive classrooms. Teaching Exceptional Children, 33(4), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005990103300401
Morgan, B., & Ramanathan, V. (2005). Critical literacies and language education: Global and local perspectives. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 151-169.
Morrell, E. (2000). Curriculum and popular culture: Building bridges and making waves. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
Morrell, E. (2003). Writing the word and the world: critical literacy as critical textual production. Conference on College Composition & Communication, New York.
Norris, K., Lucas, L., & Prudhoe, C. (2012). Examining critical literacy: preparing preservice teachers to use critical literacy in the early childhood classroom. Multicultural Education, 19(2), 59-62.
Nosich, G. M. (2015). Disiplinlerarası eleştirel düşünme rehberi. Çev. B. Aybek, Ankara: Anı.
Paul, R. and Elder, L. 2001. Critical thinking: tools for taking charge of your learning and your life. N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Perttula, J. (2017). “Welcome to my house”: Using a new literacies stance to promote critical 121 literacies. English Journal, 106(3), 51-55.
Peterson, K. E., & Chamberlain, K. (2015) Everybody treated him like he was from another world: Bilingual fourth graders develop social awareness through interactive read-alouds focused on critical literacies. Literacy Research and Instruction, 54(3), 231-255.
Peterson, R. E. (2009). Teaching how to read the world and change it: Critical pedagogy in the intermediate grades. In A. Darder, M. P. Baltodano, & R. D. Torres (Eds.), The critical pedagogy reader (2. ed.) (pp. 305-323). New York: Routledge.
Potur, Ö. (2014). Türkçe derslerinde eleştirel okuryazarlık. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 2(4),32- 49.
Rini, T.A. (2018). Creating critical literacy skills for young learners at primary school. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), 244, 230-235. doi:10.2991/ECPE-18.2018.51
Rogers, R., & Wetzel, M.M. (2014). Designing critical literacy education through critical discourses analysis. New York: Routledge.
Santrock, J.W. 2014. Psikologi pendidikan. Jakarta: Salemba Humika.
Shor, I. (1999). What is critical literacy? In I. Shor & C. Pari (Eds). Critical literacy in action: Writing, words, changing world. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Shor, I. (2009). What is critical literacy? In A. Darder, M. P. Baltodano, & R. D. Torres (Eds.), The critical pedagogy reader (2nd ed.) (pp. 282-304). New York: Routledge.
Shor, I., & Freire, P. (1987). A pedagogyfor liberation: Dialogues on bansforming education. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.
Sipe, L. R. (2000). The construction of literacy understanding by first and second graders in oral response to picture storybook read-alouds. Reading Research Quarterly, 35(2), 252–275.
Souto-Manning, M. (2009). Negotiating culturally responsive pedagogy through multicultural children's literature: Towards critical democratic literacy practices in a first grade classroom. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 9(1), 50-74.
Vasquez, V.M. (2014). Negotiating Critical Literacy with Young Childern 10th Anniversary Edition. New York: Routlegde.
Wallerstein, N., & Bernstein, E. (1988). Empowerment education: Freire's ideas adapted to health education. Heath Education Quarterly, 15, 379-394.
Wason-Ellam, L. (1997). If only I was like Barbie. Language Arts, 74, 430-437.
Wilson, L. (2001). Critical literacy and pop music magazines. Australian Screen Education, 25, 104.
Wolfe, P. (2010). Preservice teachers planning for critical literacy teaching. English Education, 42(4), 368-390.
Wooldridge, N. (2001) Tensions and ambiguities in critical literacy. In: Comber B., Simpson A. (eds) Negotiating critical literacies in classrooms. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Yıldırım, S., & Söylemez, Y. (2018). The effect of performing reading activities with critical reading questions on critical thinking and reading skills. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 4(4), 326-335.
