Bal
Özet
Bal, bal arıları tarafından bitki ve çiçek nektarlarından üretilen, daha sonra belirli bal arısı maddeleriyle birleştirilen, işlenmek ve olgunlaşmak için peteklerde depolanan doğal bir gıda maddesidir. Bal yapısında yer alan yüksek besleyici değere sahip bileşenleri nedeniyle günlük gıda ile birlikte antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, apoptotik, antiinflamatuar etkileri nedeniyle tedavi amaçlı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ulusal ve uluslararası standartlara göre belirlenen duyusal, fiziksel, kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik kalite kriterleri balın kalite niteliği açısından oldukça önemlidir. Ayrıca gıda güvenliği bakımından bal kaynaklı zehirlenme vakalarının ortaya çıkmasının önlenmesi tüketici sağlığının korunması bakımından önemli bir unsurdur. Bu bölümde ülkemizde ve dünyada önemli bir arı ürünü olan bal konusuna yer verilmiştir.
Referanslar
Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T, Samini F. Honey and health: A review of recent clinical research. Pharmacognosy Research. 2017;9(2): 121-127. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.204647
Tafere DA.Chemical composition and uses of Honey: A Review. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research. 2021;4(3): 194-201. doi: 10.26502/jfsnr.2642-11000072
Puscion-Jakubik A, Borawska MH, Socha K. Modern methods for assessing the quality of bee honey and botanical origin identification. Foods. 2020;9(8): 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081028
Akharaiyi FC, Lawal HA. Physicochemical analysis and mineral contents of honey from farmers in Western States of Nigeria. Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2016;6(19): 78-84.
Arawwawala LDAM, Hewageegana HGSP. Health benefits and traditional uses of honey: A review. Journal of Apitherapy. 2017;2(1): 9-14. doi: 10.5455/ja.20170208043727
Gündoğdu E, Çakmakçı S, Şat İG. An overview of honey: Its composition, nutritional and functional properties. Journal of Food Science and Engineering. 2019;9: 10-14. doi:10.17265/2159-5828/2019.01.003
TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). Hayvansal üretim istatistikleri 2021. [Online] https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hayvansal-Uretim-Istatistikleri-Aralik-2021-45593 [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Burucu V. Ürün Raporu ARICILIK. Ankara: Tarımsal Ekonomi ve Politika Geliştirme Enstitüsü (TEPGE), TEPGE Yayın No: 330; 2021. [Online] Arıcılık Ürün Raporu 2021-320 TEPGE.pdf (tarimorman.gov.tr) [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
National Honey Board (NHB). Honey-Health and Therapeutic Qualities.[Online]https://www.biologiq.nl/UserFiles/Compendium%20Honey%202002.pdf [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Luo X, Dong Y, Gu C, et al. Processing Technologies for Bee Products: An overview of recent developments and perspectives. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2021;8: 727181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.727181
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). Bees and their role in forest livelihoods. In: Bradbear N (ed.) A guide to the services provided by bees and the sustainable harvesting, processing and marketing of their products, Non-Wood Forest Products 19. Rome: 2009. p.1-192.
Eyer M, Neumann P, Dietemann V. A look into the cell: honey storage in honey bees, Apis mellifera. PloS one. 2016;11(8): e0161059. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161059
Delaney D. Honey Bee Nutrition. Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium (MAAREC) Publication. 2015; 1.4.
Jimoh WLO, Ummi UA. Chemical characteristic of selected imported and local honey. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2014;7(2): 55-58. doi:10.4314/bajopas.v7i2.11
TGK (Türk Gıda Kodeksi). Bal Tebliği (Tebliğ No: 2020/7). Ankara: Resmi Gazete; 2020. 31107.
TSE (Türk Standartları Enstitüsü). TS 3036-Bal Standardı. Ankara: TSE Yayını; 2010.
Bogdanov S. Honey Types. In: Bogdanov S (ed.) Book of Honey. Chapter 6. Switzerland: Bee Product Science; 2016. p. 1-5.
Özkök A, Ecem BN. Kestane (Castanea sativa) balı örneklerinin botanik orijinlerinin doğrulanması ve toplam polen sayıları. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi. 2021;21(1): 54-65. https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.899782
Bogdanov S, Jurendic T, Sieber R, et al. Honey for Nutrition and Health: A Review. Journal of the American Collage of Nutrition. 2008; 27(6): 677-689. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2008.10719745
Nainu F, Masyita A, Bahar MA, et al. Pharmaceutical prospects of bee products: Special focus on anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties. Antibiotics. 2021;10(7): 822. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070822
Bertoncelj J, Dobersek U, Jamnik M, et al. Evaluation of the phenolic content, antioxidant activity and colour of Slovenian honey. Food Chemistry. 2007;105(2): 822-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.060
Kahraman SD. Süzme Ballarda Depolama Sıcaklığının HMF Değeri ve Diastaz Aktivitesi Üzerine Etkisi (Doktora Tezi). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2012.
Krell R. Value-Added Products from Beekeeping. In: FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No: 124, Chapter 2. Rome: FAO; 1996. p. 5-6.
Şahin G. Bazı Balların Kimyasal Bileşimi Üzerine Araştırma (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2019.
Belitz HD, Grosch W, Schieberle P. (2009). Food Chemistry. 4th ed. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2009. p. 274-277.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. Revised Codex Standard for Honey. Codex Stan 12-1981, Rev.1 (1987), Rev.2 (2001). [Online] https://www.ihc-platform.net/codex2001.pdf [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Official Journal of the European Communities. Council Directive 2001/110/EC of 20 December 2001 relating to honey. [Online] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:010:0047:0052:EN:PDF [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Wang XH, Andrae L, Engeseth NJ. Antimutagenic effect of various honeys and sugars against Trp-p-1. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50(23): 6923-6928. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf025641n
Hashem NM, Hassanein EM, Simal-Gandara J. Improving reproductive performance and health of mammals using honeybee products. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(3): 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030336
McLoone P, Oluwadun A, Warnock M, et al. Honey: a therapeutic agent for disorders of the skin. Central Asian Journal of Global Health. 2016;5(1): 241. doi: 10.5195/cajgh.2016.241
Pasupuleti VR, Sammugam L, Ramesh N, et al. (2017). Honey, propolis, and royal jelly: A comprehensive review of their biological actions and health benefits. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017;2017: 1259510. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1259510
Goldman RD. Honey for treatment of cough in children. Canadian Family Physician. 2014;60(12): 1107-1110.
National Honey Board (NHB). Carbohydrates and the Sweetness of Honey. [Online] https://cdn.agclassroom.org/media/uploads/2017/11/07/Carbohydrates_and_the_Sweetness_of_Honey.pdf [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Zabrodska B, Vorlova L. Adulteration of honey and available methods for detection-a review. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 2014;83(10): 85-102. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201483S10S85
Gök Uğur H, Sıralı R, Aktürk S. Deli Bal zehirlenmesinde kullanılan geleneksel tedavi yöntemleri. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi. 2015; 1-2.
Pişkin Ö, Arslan-Yurtlu D, Gülhan-Aydın B, et al. Deli Bal zehirlenmesinde klinik özellikler ve laboratuar bulguları: Retrospektif bir çalışma. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tıp Bülteni. 2017;51(2): 125-132. doi: 10.5350/SEMB.20170321093232
Van Horn NL, Street M. Infantile Botulism. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. [Online] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493178/ [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Cagan E, Peker E, Dogan M, et al. Infant Botulism. The Eurasian Journal of Medicine (EAJM). 2010;42(2): 92-94. doi: 10.5152/eajm.2010.25
Referanslar
Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T, Samini F. Honey and health: A review of recent clinical research. Pharmacognosy Research. 2017;9(2): 121-127. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.204647
Tafere DA.Chemical composition and uses of Honey: A Review. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research. 2021;4(3): 194-201. doi: 10.26502/jfsnr.2642-11000072
Puscion-Jakubik A, Borawska MH, Socha K. Modern methods for assessing the quality of bee honey and botanical origin identification. Foods. 2020;9(8): 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081028
Akharaiyi FC, Lawal HA. Physicochemical analysis and mineral contents of honey from farmers in Western States of Nigeria. Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2016;6(19): 78-84.
Arawwawala LDAM, Hewageegana HGSP. Health benefits and traditional uses of honey: A review. Journal of Apitherapy. 2017;2(1): 9-14. doi: 10.5455/ja.20170208043727
Gündoğdu E, Çakmakçı S, Şat İG. An overview of honey: Its composition, nutritional and functional properties. Journal of Food Science and Engineering. 2019;9: 10-14. doi:10.17265/2159-5828/2019.01.003
TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). Hayvansal üretim istatistikleri 2021. [Online] https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hayvansal-Uretim-Istatistikleri-Aralik-2021-45593 [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Burucu V. Ürün Raporu ARICILIK. Ankara: Tarımsal Ekonomi ve Politika Geliştirme Enstitüsü (TEPGE), TEPGE Yayın No: 330; 2021. [Online] Arıcılık Ürün Raporu 2021-320 TEPGE.pdf (tarimorman.gov.tr) [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
National Honey Board (NHB). Honey-Health and Therapeutic Qualities.[Online]https://www.biologiq.nl/UserFiles/Compendium%20Honey%202002.pdf [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Luo X, Dong Y, Gu C, et al. Processing Technologies for Bee Products: An overview of recent developments and perspectives. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2021;8: 727181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.727181
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). Bees and their role in forest livelihoods. In: Bradbear N (ed.) A guide to the services provided by bees and the sustainable harvesting, processing and marketing of their products, Non-Wood Forest Products 19. Rome: 2009. p.1-192.
Eyer M, Neumann P, Dietemann V. A look into the cell: honey storage in honey bees, Apis mellifera. PloS one. 2016;11(8): e0161059. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161059
Delaney D. Honey Bee Nutrition. Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium (MAAREC) Publication. 2015; 1.4.
Jimoh WLO, Ummi UA. Chemical characteristic of selected imported and local honey. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2014;7(2): 55-58. doi:10.4314/bajopas.v7i2.11
TGK (Türk Gıda Kodeksi). Bal Tebliği (Tebliğ No: 2020/7). Ankara: Resmi Gazete; 2020. 31107.
TSE (Türk Standartları Enstitüsü). TS 3036-Bal Standardı. Ankara: TSE Yayını; 2010.
Bogdanov S. Honey Types. In: Bogdanov S (ed.) Book of Honey. Chapter 6. Switzerland: Bee Product Science; 2016. p. 1-5.
Özkök A, Ecem BN. Kestane (Castanea sativa) balı örneklerinin botanik orijinlerinin doğrulanması ve toplam polen sayıları. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi. 2021;21(1): 54-65. https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.899782
Bogdanov S, Jurendic T, Sieber R, et al. Honey for Nutrition and Health: A Review. Journal of the American Collage of Nutrition. 2008; 27(6): 677-689. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2008.10719745
Nainu F, Masyita A, Bahar MA, et al. Pharmaceutical prospects of bee products: Special focus on anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties. Antibiotics. 2021;10(7): 822. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070822
Bertoncelj J, Dobersek U, Jamnik M, et al. Evaluation of the phenolic content, antioxidant activity and colour of Slovenian honey. Food Chemistry. 2007;105(2): 822-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.060
Kahraman SD. Süzme Ballarda Depolama Sıcaklığının HMF Değeri ve Diastaz Aktivitesi Üzerine Etkisi (Doktora Tezi). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2012.
Krell R. Value-Added Products from Beekeeping. In: FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No: 124, Chapter 2. Rome: FAO; 1996. p. 5-6.
Şahin G. Bazı Balların Kimyasal Bileşimi Üzerine Araştırma (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2019.
Belitz HD, Grosch W, Schieberle P. (2009). Food Chemistry. 4th ed. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2009. p. 274-277.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. Revised Codex Standard for Honey. Codex Stan 12-1981, Rev.1 (1987), Rev.2 (2001). [Online] https://www.ihc-platform.net/codex2001.pdf [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Official Journal of the European Communities. Council Directive 2001/110/EC of 20 December 2001 relating to honey. [Online] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:010:0047:0052:EN:PDF [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Wang XH, Andrae L, Engeseth NJ. Antimutagenic effect of various honeys and sugars against Trp-p-1. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50(23): 6923-6928. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf025641n
Hashem NM, Hassanein EM, Simal-Gandara J. Improving reproductive performance and health of mammals using honeybee products. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(3): 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030336
McLoone P, Oluwadun A, Warnock M, et al. Honey: a therapeutic agent for disorders of the skin. Central Asian Journal of Global Health. 2016;5(1): 241. doi: 10.5195/cajgh.2016.241
Pasupuleti VR, Sammugam L, Ramesh N, et al. (2017). Honey, propolis, and royal jelly: A comprehensive review of their biological actions and health benefits. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017;2017: 1259510. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1259510
Goldman RD. Honey for treatment of cough in children. Canadian Family Physician. 2014;60(12): 1107-1110.
National Honey Board (NHB). Carbohydrates and the Sweetness of Honey. [Online] https://cdn.agclassroom.org/media/uploads/2017/11/07/Carbohydrates_and_the_Sweetness_of_Honey.pdf [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Zabrodska B, Vorlova L. Adulteration of honey and available methods for detection-a review. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 2014;83(10): 85-102. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201483S10S85
Gök Uğur H, Sıralı R, Aktürk S. Deli Bal zehirlenmesinde kullanılan geleneksel tedavi yöntemleri. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi. 2015; 1-2.
Pişkin Ö, Arslan-Yurtlu D, Gülhan-Aydın B, et al. Deli Bal zehirlenmesinde klinik özellikler ve laboratuar bulguları: Retrospektif bir çalışma. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tıp Bülteni. 2017;51(2): 125-132. doi: 10.5350/SEMB.20170321093232
Van Horn NL, Street M. Infantile Botulism. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. [Online] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493178/ [Accessed: 16th November 2023].
Cagan E, Peker E, Dogan M, et al. Infant Botulism. The Eurasian Journal of Medicine (EAJM). 2010;42(2): 92-94. doi: 10.5152/eajm.2010.25
