Kas, Tendo ve Tendo Kılıflarının Hastalıkları
Özet
Ekonomik kalkınma çabalarının sürdürüldüğü ülkemizde ekonomik istikrarın sağlanmasında hayvancılığa önemli görevler düşmektedir. Çünkü hayvancılık sektörü istihdam ve ihracata katkıda bulunmakta, milli geliri artırmakta ve et, süt, tekstil, deri, kozmetik, ilaç sanayisine hammadde sağlamaktadır. Yani hayvancılık hem birçok sektöre ham madde sağlarken hem de birçok sektörün piyasası olma durumundadır. Hayvanlarda hastalıklar meydana geldiğinde et, süt ve döl verimi olumsuz yönde etkilenir. Sindirim, solunum, üriner vb. sistemlerin hastalıklarında olduğu gibi kas, tendo ve tendo kılıflarının hastalıkları da hayvanların verimini etkilemektedir. Hayvancılığa dolayısıyla ülke ekonomisine olan katkıları nedeniyle bu bölümde ağırlıklı olarak sığırlarda görülen kas, tendo ve tendo kılıflarının hastalıkları ele alınmıştır. Bu hastalıklar kalıtsal ve edinsel olarak meydana gelebilmektedir. Kalıtsal olan hastalıkların veteriner hekim tarafından tanınması, ilgili hastalığın nesilden nesile aktarılmasının önlenmesi için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Edinsel olarak ortaya çıkan hastalıklarda ise hastalık nedenlerinin anlaşılması ve bu nedenlere yönelik önlemler alınması gerekmektedir. Her ne kadar önlemler alınsa da dikkatsizliğe veya travmaya bağlı olarak edinsel hastalıklar şekillenebilmektedir. Bu bölümde kas, tendo ve tendo kılıflarıyla ilgili şekillenen kalıtsal ve edinsel hastalıkların tanımlanması ve tedavisine yönelik bilgilere yer verilmiştir.
Animal husbandry plays an important role in ensuring economic stability in our country, where economic development efforts are ongoing. The livestock sector contributes to employment and exports, increases national income, and provides raw materials for the meat, milk, textile, leather, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In other words, while animal husbandry supplies raw materials to many sectors, it also serves as a market for them. Once diseases occur in animals, meat, milk, and reproductive productivity are negatively affected. As with diseases of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and other systems, diseases of muscles, tendons, and tendon sheaths also impact animal productivity. Due to the contributions of animal husbandry to the national economy, this section primarily addresses the diseases of muscles, tendons, and tendon sheaths observed in cattle. These diseases can be hereditary or acquired. Recognizing hereditary diseases is crucial for veterinarians to prevent the transmission of these conditions from generation to generation. In the case of acquired diseases, it is essential to understand their causes and take precautions against them. Although precautions may be taken, acquired diseases can still arise due to negligence or trauma. This section provides information on the identification and treatment of both hereditary and acquired diseases related to muscles, tendons, and tendon sheaths.
Referanslar
Adams SB. Disorders of Muscle in Animals 2020. (01.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/musculoskeletal-system-introduction/disorders-of-muscle-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Schiffenbauer A, Miller FW. Introduction to Myositis. In: Aggarwal R, Oddis CV (Eds.) Managing Myositis: A Practical Guide. Springer; 2020. p. 1-6.
Valentine BA. Skeletal muscle. In: Zachary JF (Ed.) Pathologic basis of veterinary disease. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier; 2017. p. 908-953.e1.
Altuğ ME, Yurtal Z. Lokomotor Sistem Hastalıkları. In: Yarsan E (Ed.) At Hekimliği. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitabevi: 2019. p. 835-916.
Leipold HW, Steffen DJ, Woollen N, Hiraga T, Dennis SM. Congenital defects of current concern in beef cattle. In: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, 18-21 September 1991, Orlando, Florida, (pp. 87-95).
Leipold HW. Genetics and disease in cattle. In: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, 11-14 December 1978, Baltimore, Maryland, (pp. 18-31).
Bodinga HA, Nura A, Bande F, et al. Congenital malformations in ruminants and its surgical management: a retrospective study of Sokoto veterinary clinic, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Reports. 2020;6(7): 248-252.
Akyürek EE, Busato F, Murgiano L, et al. Differential Analysis of Gly211Val and Gly286Val Mutations Affecting Sarco (endo) plasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1) in Congenital Pseudomyotonia Romagnola Cattle. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022;23(20): 12364. doi:10.3390/ijms232012364
Testoni, Boni P, Gentile A. Congenital pseudomyotonia in Chianina cattle. Veterinary Record. 2008;163(8): 252. doi:10.1136/vr.163.8.252
Charlier C, Coppieters W, Rollin F, et al. Highly effective SNP-based association mapping and management of recessive defects in livestock. Nature genetics. 2008;40(4): 449-454. doi:10.1038/ng.96
Grünberg W, Sacchetto R, Wijnberg I, et al. Pseudomyotonia, a muscle function disorder associated with an inherited ATP2A1 (SERCA1) defect in a Dutch Improved Red and White cross-breed calf. Neuromuscular Disorders. 2010;20(7): 467-470. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2010.04.010
Murgiano L, Sacchetto R, Testoni S, et al. Pseudomyotonia in Romagnola cattle caused by novel ATP2A1 mutations. BMC veterinary research. 2012;8(186): 1-9.
Murgiano L, Testoni S, Drögemüller C, et al. Frequency of bovine congenital pseudomyotonia carriers in selected Italian Chianina sires. The Veterinary Journal. 2013;195(2): 238-240. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.021
Drögemüller C, Drögemüller M, Leeb T, et al. Identification of a missense mutation in the bovine ATP2A1 gene in congenital pseudomyotonia of Chianina cattle: an animal model of human Brody disease. Genomics. 2008;92(6): 474-477. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.07.014
Steiner A, Anderson DE, Desrochers A. Diseases of the tendons and tendon sheaths. In: Anderson DE, Desrochers A (Eds.) Bovine Orthopedics, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier; 2014. p. 157-175.
Leipold HW, Dennis SM. Congenital defects of domestic and feral animals. In: Kalter H (Ed.) Issues and Reviews in Teratology: Volume 2. New York: Plenum Press; 1984. p. 91-156.
Altuğ ME. Lokomotor Sistem Hastalıkları. In: Yarsan E (Ed.) Koyun ve Keçi Hekimliği. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitabevi; 2017. p. 629-686.
Arthur PF. Double muscling in cattle: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1995;46(8): 1493-1515.
Fiems LO. Double muscling in cattle: genes, husbandry, carcasses and meat. Animals. 2012;2(3): 472-506. doi:10.3390/ani2030472
Crum-Cianflone NF. Bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral myositis. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2008;21(3): 473-494. doi:10.1128/CMR.00001-08
Furlan FH, Zanata C, dos Santos Damasceno E, et al. Toxic myopathy and acute hepatic necrosis in cattle caused by ingestion of Senna obtusifolia (sicklepod; coffee senna) in Brazil. Toxicon. 2014;92: 24-30. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.09.007
Webster JD, Horstman LA, Miller MA. Pathology In Practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2009;235(7): 827-829. doi:10.2460/javma.235.7.827
Smith GW. Toxic Myopathies in Ruminants and Pigs 2021. (05.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/myopathies-in-ruminants-and-pigs/toxic-myopathies-in-ruminants-and-pigs adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Davis TZ, Green BT, Stegelmeier BL, et al. The comparative toxicity of Isocoma species in calves. Toxicon: X. 2020;5: 100022. doi:10.1016/j.toxcx.2019.100022
Novilla MN. Ionophores. In: Gupta RC (Ed.) Veterinary Toxicology Basic and Clinical Principles. London: Elsevier; 2018. p. 1073-1092.
Ensley S. Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2020;36(3): 641-652. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.07.001
Potter EL, VanDuyn RL, Cooley CO. Monensin toxicity in cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 1984;58(6): 1499-1511. doi:10.2527/jas1984.5861499x
Galitzer SJ, Oehme FW, Bartley EE, et al. Lasalocid toxicity in cattle: acute clinicopathological changes. Journal of animal science. 1986;62(5): 1308-1316. doi:10.2527/jas1986.6251308x
Peek SF, Divers TJ, Guard C et al. Hypokalemia, muscle weakness, and recumbency in dairy cattle. Veterinary Therapeutics. 2000;1(4): 235-244.
Smith GW. Nutritional Myopathies in Ruminants and Pigs 2021. (06.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/myopathies-in-ruminants-and-pigs/nutritional-myopathies-in-ruminants-and-pigs adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Sattler N, Fecteau G. Hypokalemia syndrome in cattle. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2014;30(2): 351-357. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.04.004
Bradley R, Anderson PH, Wilesmith JW. Changing patterns of nutritional myodegeneration (white muscle disease) in cattle and sheep in the period 1975-1985 in Great Britain. The bovine practitioner. 1987;22: 38-45.
Smith GW. Traumatic Myopathies in Cattle 2021. (10.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/myopathies-in-ruminants-and-pigs/traumatic-myopathies-in-cattle adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Arkins S. Lameness in dairy cows. Irish Veterinary Journal. 1981;35:135–140.
Anderson DE, Desrochers A, Jean GS. Management of tendon disorders in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2008;24(3): 551-566. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.07.008
Ravikanth J, Mounika RB, Reddy SV. Surgical management of congenital flexor tendon deformity in punganur calves. Intas Polivet. 2021;22(1): 40-42.
Yurdakul İ, Yalçın M. Yeni Doğan Buzağıların Konjenital Fleksural Deformiteleri. Turkish Veterinary Journal. 2024;6(1): 1-6. doi:10.51755/turkvetj.1416371
Compagnoni IS, Gomes ARC, Becker APBB, et al. Correction of Flexural Deformity of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint in a Calf. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 2022;50.
De Vlamynck C, Pille F, Vlaminck L. Long term outcome of conservative management or surgical treatment of bovine spastic paresis: 79 cases. Veterinary Surgery. 2016;45(2): 187-193. doi:10.1111/vsu.12432
De Vlamynck C, Pille F, Vlaminck L. Bovine spastic paresis: current knowledge and scientific voids. The Veterinary Journal. 2014;202(2): 229-235. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.015
Constable PD. Spastic Paresis in Cattle 2023. (14.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/lameness-in-cattle/spastic-paresis-in-cattle adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Pavaux CL, Sautet J, Lignereux Y. Anatomie du muscle gastrocnémien des bovins appliquée a la cure chirurgicale de la parésie spastique. Vlaams Diergen Tijds. 1985;54: 296-312.
Rees JD, Maffulli N, Cook J. Management of tendinopathy. The American journal of sports medicine. 2009;37(9): 1855-1867. doi: 10.1177/0363546508324283
Samsar E, Akın F. Genel Cerrahi. Malatya: Medipress Matbaacılık Yayıncılık Ltd Şti; 2013.
Anderson DE, Jean GS. Diagnosis and management of tendon disorders in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 1996;12(1): 85-116. doi:10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30438-2
Anderson DE, ST‐Jean G, Morin DE, et al. Traumatic flexor tendon injuries in 27 cattle. Veterinary surgery. 1996;25(4): 320-326. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01420.x
Wallace AM. Assessment and treatment of diseases of the common calcanean tendon in dogs. UK Vet Companion Animal. 2012;17(4): 16-21.
Moores AP, Owen MR, Tarlton JF. The three‐loop pulley suture versus two locking‐loop sutures for the repair of canine achilles tendons. Veterinary Surgery. 2004;33(2): 131-137. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04020.x
Adams SB. Disorders of Tendons in Animals 2020. (20.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/musculoskeletal-system-introduction/disorders-of-tendons-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hund A, Senn M, Kofler J. Septic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath in 83 cattle. Animals. 2020;10(8): 1303. doi:10.3390/ani10081303
Kofler J. Diagnostic ultrasound in the investigation of septic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath in 33 cattle. The Bovine Practitioner. 1998;32.2: 58-60.
Anderson DE, Allen D, St‐Jean G, et al. Use of a multifenestrated indwelling lavage system for treatment of septic digital teno‐synovitis in cattle. Australian veterinary journal. 1997;75(11): 796-799. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb15654.x
Referanslar
Adams SB. Disorders of Muscle in Animals 2020. (01.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/musculoskeletal-system-introduction/disorders-of-muscle-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Schiffenbauer A, Miller FW. Introduction to Myositis. In: Aggarwal R, Oddis CV (Eds.) Managing Myositis: A Practical Guide. Springer; 2020. p. 1-6.
Valentine BA. Skeletal muscle. In: Zachary JF (Ed.) Pathologic basis of veterinary disease. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier; 2017. p. 908-953.e1.
Altuğ ME, Yurtal Z. Lokomotor Sistem Hastalıkları. In: Yarsan E (Ed.) At Hekimliği. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitabevi: 2019. p. 835-916.
Leipold HW, Steffen DJ, Woollen N, Hiraga T, Dennis SM. Congenital defects of current concern in beef cattle. In: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, 18-21 September 1991, Orlando, Florida, (pp. 87-95).
Leipold HW. Genetics and disease in cattle. In: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, 11-14 December 1978, Baltimore, Maryland, (pp. 18-31).
Bodinga HA, Nura A, Bande F, et al. Congenital malformations in ruminants and its surgical management: a retrospective study of Sokoto veterinary clinic, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Reports. 2020;6(7): 248-252.
Akyürek EE, Busato F, Murgiano L, et al. Differential Analysis of Gly211Val and Gly286Val Mutations Affecting Sarco (endo) plasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1) in Congenital Pseudomyotonia Romagnola Cattle. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022;23(20): 12364. doi:10.3390/ijms232012364
Testoni, Boni P, Gentile A. Congenital pseudomyotonia in Chianina cattle. Veterinary Record. 2008;163(8): 252. doi:10.1136/vr.163.8.252
Charlier C, Coppieters W, Rollin F, et al. Highly effective SNP-based association mapping and management of recessive defects in livestock. Nature genetics. 2008;40(4): 449-454. doi:10.1038/ng.96
Grünberg W, Sacchetto R, Wijnberg I, et al. Pseudomyotonia, a muscle function disorder associated with an inherited ATP2A1 (SERCA1) defect in a Dutch Improved Red and White cross-breed calf. Neuromuscular Disorders. 2010;20(7): 467-470. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2010.04.010
Murgiano L, Sacchetto R, Testoni S, et al. Pseudomyotonia in Romagnola cattle caused by novel ATP2A1 mutations. BMC veterinary research. 2012;8(186): 1-9.
Murgiano L, Testoni S, Drögemüller C, et al. Frequency of bovine congenital pseudomyotonia carriers in selected Italian Chianina sires. The Veterinary Journal. 2013;195(2): 238-240. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.021
Drögemüller C, Drögemüller M, Leeb T, et al. Identification of a missense mutation in the bovine ATP2A1 gene in congenital pseudomyotonia of Chianina cattle: an animal model of human Brody disease. Genomics. 2008;92(6): 474-477. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.07.014
Steiner A, Anderson DE, Desrochers A. Diseases of the tendons and tendon sheaths. In: Anderson DE, Desrochers A (Eds.) Bovine Orthopedics, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier; 2014. p. 157-175.
Leipold HW, Dennis SM. Congenital defects of domestic and feral animals. In: Kalter H (Ed.) Issues and Reviews in Teratology: Volume 2. New York: Plenum Press; 1984. p. 91-156.
Altuğ ME. Lokomotor Sistem Hastalıkları. In: Yarsan E (Ed.) Koyun ve Keçi Hekimliği. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitabevi; 2017. p. 629-686.
Arthur PF. Double muscling in cattle: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1995;46(8): 1493-1515.
Fiems LO. Double muscling in cattle: genes, husbandry, carcasses and meat. Animals. 2012;2(3): 472-506. doi:10.3390/ani2030472
Crum-Cianflone NF. Bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral myositis. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2008;21(3): 473-494. doi:10.1128/CMR.00001-08
Furlan FH, Zanata C, dos Santos Damasceno E, et al. Toxic myopathy and acute hepatic necrosis in cattle caused by ingestion of Senna obtusifolia (sicklepod; coffee senna) in Brazil. Toxicon. 2014;92: 24-30. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.09.007
Webster JD, Horstman LA, Miller MA. Pathology In Practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2009;235(7): 827-829. doi:10.2460/javma.235.7.827
Smith GW. Toxic Myopathies in Ruminants and Pigs 2021. (05.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/myopathies-in-ruminants-and-pigs/toxic-myopathies-in-ruminants-and-pigs adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Davis TZ, Green BT, Stegelmeier BL, et al. The comparative toxicity of Isocoma species in calves. Toxicon: X. 2020;5: 100022. doi:10.1016/j.toxcx.2019.100022
Novilla MN. Ionophores. In: Gupta RC (Ed.) Veterinary Toxicology Basic and Clinical Principles. London: Elsevier; 2018. p. 1073-1092.
Ensley S. Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2020;36(3): 641-652. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.07.001
Potter EL, VanDuyn RL, Cooley CO. Monensin toxicity in cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 1984;58(6): 1499-1511. doi:10.2527/jas1984.5861499x
Galitzer SJ, Oehme FW, Bartley EE, et al. Lasalocid toxicity in cattle: acute clinicopathological changes. Journal of animal science. 1986;62(5): 1308-1316. doi:10.2527/jas1986.6251308x
Peek SF, Divers TJ, Guard C et al. Hypokalemia, muscle weakness, and recumbency in dairy cattle. Veterinary Therapeutics. 2000;1(4): 235-244.
Smith GW. Nutritional Myopathies in Ruminants and Pigs 2021. (06.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/myopathies-in-ruminants-and-pigs/nutritional-myopathies-in-ruminants-and-pigs adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Sattler N, Fecteau G. Hypokalemia syndrome in cattle. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2014;30(2): 351-357. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.04.004
Bradley R, Anderson PH, Wilesmith JW. Changing patterns of nutritional myodegeneration (white muscle disease) in cattle and sheep in the period 1975-1985 in Great Britain. The bovine practitioner. 1987;22: 38-45.
Smith GW. Traumatic Myopathies in Cattle 2021. (10.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/myopathies-in-ruminants-and-pigs/traumatic-myopathies-in-cattle adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Arkins S. Lameness in dairy cows. Irish Veterinary Journal. 1981;35:135–140.
Anderson DE, Desrochers A, Jean GS. Management of tendon disorders in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2008;24(3): 551-566. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.07.008
Ravikanth J, Mounika RB, Reddy SV. Surgical management of congenital flexor tendon deformity in punganur calves. Intas Polivet. 2021;22(1): 40-42.
Yurdakul İ, Yalçın M. Yeni Doğan Buzağıların Konjenital Fleksural Deformiteleri. Turkish Veterinary Journal. 2024;6(1): 1-6. doi:10.51755/turkvetj.1416371
Compagnoni IS, Gomes ARC, Becker APBB, et al. Correction of Flexural Deformity of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint in a Calf. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 2022;50.
De Vlamynck C, Pille F, Vlaminck L. Long term outcome of conservative management or surgical treatment of bovine spastic paresis: 79 cases. Veterinary Surgery. 2016;45(2): 187-193. doi:10.1111/vsu.12432
De Vlamynck C, Pille F, Vlaminck L. Bovine spastic paresis: current knowledge and scientific voids. The Veterinary Journal. 2014;202(2): 229-235. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.015
Constable PD. Spastic Paresis in Cattle 2023. (14.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/lameness-in-cattle/spastic-paresis-in-cattle adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Pavaux CL, Sautet J, Lignereux Y. Anatomie du muscle gastrocnémien des bovins appliquée a la cure chirurgicale de la parésie spastique. Vlaams Diergen Tijds. 1985;54: 296-312.
Rees JD, Maffulli N, Cook J. Management of tendinopathy. The American journal of sports medicine. 2009;37(9): 1855-1867. doi: 10.1177/0363546508324283
Samsar E, Akın F. Genel Cerrahi. Malatya: Medipress Matbaacılık Yayıncılık Ltd Şti; 2013.
Anderson DE, Jean GS. Diagnosis and management of tendon disorders in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 1996;12(1): 85-116. doi:10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30438-2
Anderson DE, ST‐Jean G, Morin DE, et al. Traumatic flexor tendon injuries in 27 cattle. Veterinary surgery. 1996;25(4): 320-326. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01420.x
Wallace AM. Assessment and treatment of diseases of the common calcanean tendon in dogs. UK Vet Companion Animal. 2012;17(4): 16-21.
Moores AP, Owen MR, Tarlton JF. The three‐loop pulley suture versus two locking‐loop sutures for the repair of canine achilles tendons. Veterinary Surgery. 2004;33(2): 131-137. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04020.x
Adams SB. Disorders of Tendons in Animals 2020. (20.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/musculoskeletal-system-introduction/disorders-of-tendons-in-animals adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hund A, Senn M, Kofler J. Septic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath in 83 cattle. Animals. 2020;10(8): 1303. doi:10.3390/ani10081303
Kofler J. Diagnostic ultrasound in the investigation of septic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath in 33 cattle. The Bovine Practitioner. 1998;32.2: 58-60.
Anderson DE, Allen D, St‐Jean G, et al. Use of a multifenestrated indwelling lavage system for treatment of septic digital teno‐synovitis in cattle. Australian veterinary journal. 1997;75(11): 796-799. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb15654.x
