Travmatik Bozukluklar (Lezyon) Yara
Özet
Travma, vücuda isabet eden dış güçler nedeniyle oluşan fiziksel yaralanmalar olarak tanımlanırken, yara doku bütünlüğünün ve fizyolojik fonksiyonlarının bozulduğu durumlarda ortaya çıkar. Yaralar, kapalı ve açık yaralar olarak sınıflandırılır. Kapalı yaralar, deri bütünlüğü bozulmadan derin dokularda hasar meydana gelen yaralardır. Açık yaralar ise deri bütünlüğünün bozulduğu ve kesik, yırtık, delici, ateşli silah ve sıyrık yaraları gibi alt kategorilere ayrılır. Yara iyileşmesini etkileyen lokal ve genel faktörler olduğundan yaralar her hayvanda aynı hızda iyileşmez. Yaralar çoğu zaman komplikasyonsuz iyileşir ancak bazı durumlarda kanama, travmatik nevralji, travmatik amfizem, fistül, venöz tromboz ve emboli, travmatik ateş, erisipel, septisemi, piyemi, gazlı gangren, tetanoz ve adezyon komplikasyonları gelişebilir. Bu komplikasyonların önlenmesi ve yaraların hızlı kapanmasını için tedavi ilkelerine uyulması ve uygun tedavi yöntemlerinin uygulanması önemlidir. Açık yaraların tedavisinde kanama kontrolü, yara lavajı ve debridmanı, enfeksiyonun kontrolü, drenaj sağlanması ve bandaj uygulamaları temel ilkelerdir. Ayrıca maddi kayıplı ve aşırı gerilmiş yaralar cerrahi flep uygulamalarıyla tedavi edilebilir. Kesik yaraları genellikle dikişle kapatılırken, derin ve kontamine yaralar debride edilip drenle tedavi edilir. Sivri cisim yaralarında yabancı cisimlerin dikkatlice çıkarılması ve enfeksiyon riskine karşı drenaj sağlanması önemlidir. Hayvanlarda yaralarla sıkça karşılaşıldığından veteriner hekimin yaranın nedenini, olası ilerleyişini, tedavi seçeneklerini ve olası komplikasyonları değerlendirme becerisi büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Referanslar
Pavletic MM. Atlas of small animal wound management and reconstructive surgery. 4th ed. NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2018.
van Hengel T, ter Haar G, Kirpensteijn J. Wound management: a new protocol for dogs and cats. In: Kirpensteijn J, ter Haar G. (eds) Reconstructive surgery and wound management of the dog and cat. 1st ed. London, UK: Manson Publishing Ltd; 2013. p. 21-48.
Pope J. Wound aetiology and classification. In: Williams J, Moores A. (eds) BSAVA manual of canine and feline wound management and reconstruction. 2nd ed. England; British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2009. p. 15-24.
Pawde AM. Management of Wounds. In: Zama MMS, Aithal HP, Pawde AM. (eds) Handbook on field veterinary surgery. 1st ed. New Delhi, India; Daya Publishing House: 2016. p. 37-40.
Mickelson MA, Mans C, Colopy SA. Principles of wound management and wound healing in exotic pets. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice; 2016;19(1): 33-53. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2015.08.002
Lux CN. Wound healing in animals: a review of physiology and clinical evaluation. Veterinary dermatology; 2022;33(1), 91-103. doi: 10.1111/vde.13032
Theoret C. Physiology of wound healing. In: Theoret C, Schumacher J. (eds) Equine Wound Management. 3rd ed. Iowa, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2017. p. 1-13.
Dyson M. Advances in wound healing physiology: the comparative perspective. Veterinary Dermatology; 1997;8(4): 227-233. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1997.tb00268.x
Balsa IM, Culp WT. Wound care. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice; 2015;45(5): 1049-1065. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.04.009
Gonzalez ACDO, Costa TF, Andrade ZDA. Wound healing-A literature review. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia; 2016;91(5): 614-620. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164741
Winkler KP. Wound Management. In: Aiello SE. (ed) The Merck Veterinary Manual. 11th ed. Kenilworth: NJ; 2016. p. 1701-1708.
Hosgood G. The biology of wound healing. In: Williams J, Moores A. (eds) BSAVA manual of canine and feline wound management and reconstruction. 2nd ed. England; British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2009. p. 1-14.
Tyagi SK, Malik V. General veterinary surgery; 1st ed. India: Paperback; 2023.
Venugopalan A. Essentials of veterinary surgery. 8th ed. India: CBS Publishers; 2020.
Gangwar AK, Kumar N, Devi KS. General animal surgery and anesthesiology: with theory and practicals. New Delhi, India: New India Publishing Agency; 2020.
Samsar E, Akın F. Genel cerrahi. Malatya: Medipres Matbaacılık; 2003.
Yanık K. Travma. In: Görgül OS, Yanık K, Seyrek-İntaş D (eds) Veteriner genel cerrahi. Malatya: Medipres Matbaacılık; 2012. p. 301-332.
Nandi SK, Halder S, Hoque M. A Textbook on Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. 1st ed New Delhi, India: Kalyani Publishers; 2009.
Felsmann MZ, Felsmann M, Babińska J. et al. A review of firearms, projectile and gunshot wounds in animals. Pakistan Veterinary Journal; 2014;34(3): 279-287.
Dart AJ, Sole‐Guitart A, Stashak TS. et al. In: Theoret C, Schumacher J. (eds) Equine Wound Management. 3rd ed. Iowa, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2017. p. 30-46.
White RAS. Management of specific skin wounds. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice; 2006;36(4): 895-912. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.04.004
MacPhail C. Current treatment options for auricular hematomas. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice; 2016;46(4): 635-641. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.01.003
Hewitt J, Bajwa J. Aural hematoma and it’s treatment: a review. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 2020;61(3): 313-315.
Davidson JR. Current concepts in wound management and wound healing products. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice; 2015;45(3): 537-564. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.01.009
Referanslar
Pavletic MM. Atlas of small animal wound management and reconstructive surgery. 4th ed. NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2018.
van Hengel T, ter Haar G, Kirpensteijn J. Wound management: a new protocol for dogs and cats. In: Kirpensteijn J, ter Haar G. (eds) Reconstructive surgery and wound management of the dog and cat. 1st ed. London, UK: Manson Publishing Ltd; 2013. p. 21-48.
Pope J. Wound aetiology and classification. In: Williams J, Moores A. (eds) BSAVA manual of canine and feline wound management and reconstruction. 2nd ed. England; British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2009. p. 15-24.
Pawde AM. Management of Wounds. In: Zama MMS, Aithal HP, Pawde AM. (eds) Handbook on field veterinary surgery. 1st ed. New Delhi, India; Daya Publishing House: 2016. p. 37-40.
Mickelson MA, Mans C, Colopy SA. Principles of wound management and wound healing in exotic pets. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice; 2016;19(1): 33-53. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2015.08.002
Lux CN. Wound healing in animals: a review of physiology and clinical evaluation. Veterinary dermatology; 2022;33(1), 91-103. doi: 10.1111/vde.13032
Theoret C. Physiology of wound healing. In: Theoret C, Schumacher J. (eds) Equine Wound Management. 3rd ed. Iowa, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2017. p. 1-13.
Dyson M. Advances in wound healing physiology: the comparative perspective. Veterinary Dermatology; 1997;8(4): 227-233. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1997.tb00268.x
Balsa IM, Culp WT. Wound care. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice; 2015;45(5): 1049-1065. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.04.009
Gonzalez ACDO, Costa TF, Andrade ZDA. Wound healing-A literature review. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia; 2016;91(5): 614-620. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164741
Winkler KP. Wound Management. In: Aiello SE. (ed) The Merck Veterinary Manual. 11th ed. Kenilworth: NJ; 2016. p. 1701-1708.
Hosgood G. The biology of wound healing. In: Williams J, Moores A. (eds) BSAVA manual of canine and feline wound management and reconstruction. 2nd ed. England; British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2009. p. 1-14.
Tyagi SK, Malik V. General veterinary surgery; 1st ed. India: Paperback; 2023.
Venugopalan A. Essentials of veterinary surgery. 8th ed. India: CBS Publishers; 2020.
Gangwar AK, Kumar N, Devi KS. General animal surgery and anesthesiology: with theory and practicals. New Delhi, India: New India Publishing Agency; 2020.
Samsar E, Akın F. Genel cerrahi. Malatya: Medipres Matbaacılık; 2003.
Yanık K. Travma. In: Görgül OS, Yanık K, Seyrek-İntaş D (eds) Veteriner genel cerrahi. Malatya: Medipres Matbaacılık; 2012. p. 301-332.
Nandi SK, Halder S, Hoque M. A Textbook on Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. 1st ed New Delhi, India: Kalyani Publishers; 2009.
Felsmann MZ, Felsmann M, Babińska J. et al. A review of firearms, projectile and gunshot wounds in animals. Pakistan Veterinary Journal; 2014;34(3): 279-287.
Dart AJ, Sole‐Guitart A, Stashak TS. et al. In: Theoret C, Schumacher J. (eds) Equine Wound Management. 3rd ed. Iowa, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2017. p. 30-46.
White RAS. Management of specific skin wounds. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice; 2006;36(4): 895-912. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.04.004
MacPhail C. Current treatment options for auricular hematomas. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice; 2016;46(4): 635-641. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.01.003
Hewitt J, Bajwa J. Aural hematoma and it’s treatment: a review. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 2020;61(3): 313-315.
Davidson JR. Current concepts in wound management and wound healing products. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice; 2015;45(3): 537-564. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.01.009
