Nanopartikül Toksisitesine Güncel Bir Bakış
Özet
Nanopartiküller boyutu 1nm ile 1000 nm arasında olan kolloidal sistemler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Tarım, otomotiv ve gıda gibi pek çok sektörde yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. 1995’te FDA onayı alan ilk nanoteknolojik ürün Doxil® (Doksorubisin) ile birlikte nanopartiküllerin ilaç endüstrisinde kullanımı hız kazanmıştır. Nanopartiküllerin özgün fizikokimyasal özellikleri, etken maddenin farmakokinetiğini değiştirerek toksisiteyi nitel ve/veya nicel olarak etkilemektedir. Nanopartiküllerin toksik etki mekanizmaları halen tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Ancak genel olarak toksik etkilerini serbest oksijen radikal üretimi, DNA hasarı, protein yapı fonksiyonlarının ve membran bütünlüğünün bozulması yolu ile meydana getirdiği düşünülmektedir. Nanopartikül toksisitesinde, nanopartikülün boyutu, şekli, elektriksel yükü, yüzey yapısı, kristal yapısının yanı sıra canlının maruz kaldığı nanopartikül dozu ve maruziyet yolu doğrudan etkilidir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı nanopartikül toksisitesinde etkili olan faktörlerin detaylı bir biçimde incelenmesidir. Bu faktörlerin nanopartikül toksisitesi üzerindeki etkisinin tam olarak aydınlatılabilmesi için ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Nanoparticles are defined as colloidal systems with a size between 1nm and 1000 nm. They are widely used in many sectors such as agriculture, automotive and food. The use of nanoparticles in the pharmaceutical industry gained momentum with Doxil®️ (Doxorubicin), the first nanotechnological product to receive FDA approval in 1995. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles affect the toxicity qualitatively and/or quantitatively by changing the pharmacokinetics of the active substance. The mechanisms of toxic effects of nanoparticles are still not fully elucidated. However, it is generally known that they produce their toxic effects through free oxygen radical production, DNA damage, disruption of protein structure functions and disruption of membrane integrity. The size, shape, electrical charge, surface structure, crystal structure, dose, and route of exposure are directly effect on the toxicity of nanoparticles. The aim of this review study is to examine in detail the factors that are effective in nanoparticle toxicity. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the effect of these factors on nanoparticle toxicity.
Referanslar
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Referanslar
Liveri VT. Controlled synthesis of nanoparticles in microheterogeneous systems: Springer Science & Business Media; 2006.
Thassu D. PYaDM. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview. In: Thassu D. PYaDM, editor. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems. 166. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016: Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.; 2007. p. 1-31.
Malik S, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Modern Industry. Molecules. 2023;28(2).
Taha TB, Barzinjy AA, Hussain FHS, Nurtayeva T. Nanotechnology and Computer Science: Trends and advances. Memories - Materials, Devices, Circuits and Systems. 2022;2:100011.
J. K. Nanoparticulate Carriers for Drug Delivery to the Brain In: Torchilin VP, editor. Nanoparticulates as Drug Carriers. Northeastern University, USA: Imperial College Press; 2006. p. 527-47.
Pishko ASZaMV. Nanotechnology for Cancer Chemotherapy. In: Melgardt M. de Villiers PA, Glen S. Kwon, editor. Biotechnology: Pharmaceutical Aspects: Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery. 10. New York, NY 10013, USA: Springer; 2009. p. 491-518.
Bulbake U, Doppalapudi S, Kommineni N, Khan W. Liposomal Formulations in Clinical Use: An Updated Review. Pharmaceutics. 2017;9(2).
Sengel-Turk C, Hasçiçek C. Polimerik nanopartikuler ilaç taşıyıcı sistemlerde yüzey modifikasyonu. 2009.
Jia L. Nanoparticle Formulation Increases Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs: Approaches Experimental Evidences and Theory. Current Nanoscience. 2005;1(3):237-43.
Vasıf Hasırcı NH. Controlled Release Systems. In: Vasıf Hasırcı NH, editor. Fundamentals of Biomaterials. New York, USA: Springer; 2018. p. 257-79.
Avramovic N, Mandic B, Savic-Radojevic A, Simic T. Polymeric Nanocarriers of Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(4).
Kumar EcaA. Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Systems. In: Arun Kumar HMM, Adam Friedman, Eric R. Blough, editor. Nanomedicine in Drug Delivery. USA: CRC Press; 2013. p. 1-22.
Khan Y, Sadia H, Ali Shah SZ, Khan MN, Shah AA, Ullah N, et al. Classification, synthetic, and characterization approaches to nanoparticles, and their applications in various fields of nanotechnology: A review. Catalysts. 2022;12(11):1386.
Joudeh N, Linke D. Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: a comprehensive review for biologists. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2022;20(1):262.
Mayank D. Bhavsar DBSaMMA. Polymeric Nanoparticles for Delivery in the Gastro-lntestinal Tract In: Torchilin VP, editor. Nanoparticulates as Drug Carriers. Northeastern University, USA: Imperial College Press; 2006. p. 609-48.
Kadhum WR, Majeed AA, Saleh RO, Ali E, Alhajlah S, Alwaily ER, et al. Overcoming drug resistance with specific nano scales to targeted therapy: Focused on metastatic cancers. Pathology - Research and Practice. 2024;255:155137.
Başaran A, Baydar T, Ündeğer Bucurgat Ü, Aydın Dilsiz S, Erkekoğlu Ü, Girgin G, et al. TOKSİKOLOJİ. 2020.
Najahi-Missaoui W, Arnold RD, Cummings BS. Safe Nanoparticles: Are We There Yet? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(1):385.
Asharani P, Wu YL, Gong Z, Valiyaveettil S. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish models. Nanotechnology. 2008;19(25):255102.
Paidari S, Ibrahim SA. Potential application of gold nanoparticles in food packaging: a mini review. Gold Bulletin. 2021;54:31-6.
Saikia BK, Saikia J, Rabha S, Silva LF, Finkelman R. Ambient nanoparticles/nanominerals and hazardous elements from coal combustion activity: Implications on energy challenges and health hazards. Geoscience Frontiers. 2018;9(3):863-75.
Duffin R, Tran L, Brown D, Stone V, Donaldson K. Proinflammogenic Effects of Low-Toxicity and Metal Nanoparticles In Vivo and In Vitro: Highlighting the Role of Particle Surface Area and Surface Reactivity. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007;19(10):849-56.
Popescu T, Matei CO, Vlaicu ID, Tivig I, Kuncser AC, Stefan M, et al. Influence of surfactant-tailored Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles on ROS production and DNA damage induced in murine fibroblast cells. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):18062.
Buchman JT, Hudson-Smith NV, Landy KM, Haynes CL. Understanding nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms to inform redesign strategies to reduce environmental impact. Accounts of chemical research. 2019;52(6):1632-42.
Jiang J, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Gelein R, Mercer P, Biswas P. Does nanoparticle activity depend upon size and crystal phase? Nanotoxicology. 2008;2(1):33-42.
Aillon KL, Xie Y, El-Gendy N, Berkland CJ, Forrest ML. Effects of nanomaterial physicochemical properties on in vivo toxicity. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2009;61(6):457-66.
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