Antidepresanlar: İlaç Yeniden Konumlandırma (Drug Repurposing ) Çalışmaları
Özet
Günümüzde, ilaç keşif ve geliştirme sürecinde karşılaşılan maliyet, zorluk ve sınırlılıklar nedeniyle ilaç moleküllerinin yeniden konumlandırılması giderek daha fazla ilgi çekmektedir. Bu durum, mevcut ilaçların farklı terapötik alanlarda kullanımının keşfedilmesini teşvik etmektedir. Antidepresan ilaçlar, bu yeniden konumlandırma sürecinde önemli bir aday ilaç grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Antidepresanların sadece depresyon tedavisinde değil, aynı zamanda diğer hastalıkların tedavisinde de potansiyel etkilere sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Örneğin, bazı antidepresanların anksiyete bozuklukları, obsesif-kompulsif bozukluk ve ağrı gibi farklı hastalıkların semptomlarını hafifletmede etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, antidepresan ilaçların farklı hastalıkların tedavisindeki potansiyelini değerlendirmek ve ilaç yeniden konumlandırmasının sağlık sektörüne getireceği faydaları ve dezavantajları tartışmaktır. Bu çalışma, ilaçların yeniden konumlandırılması konusundaki tartışmalara ışık tutmayı ve gelecekteki araştırmalara yön verecek bakış açısı sunmayı hedeflemektedir.
Nowadays, drug molecule repositioning has attracted increasing attention due to the cost, difficulty and limitations encountered in the drug discovery and development process. This situation encourages the discovery of the use of existing drugs in different therapeutic areas. Antidepressant drugs constitute an important candidate drug group in this repositioning process. It has been observed that antidepressants have potential effects not only in the treatment of depression but also in the treatment of other diseases. For example, it is known that some antidepressants are effective in alleviating the symptoms of different diseases such as anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and pain. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of antidepressant drugs in the treatment of different diseases and to discuss the benefits and disadvantages that drug repositioning will bring to the healthcare sector. This study aims to shed light on the discussions on drug repositioning and to provide a perspective that will guide future research.
Referanslar
Kulkarni VS, Alagarsamy V, Solomon VR, Jose PA, Murugesan S. Drug Repurposing: An effective tool in modern drug discovery. Russ J bioorg chem. 2023;49(2):157-66.
Bıyık B. Alzheimer hastalığı tedavisi için ilaç yeniden konumlandırma çalışması / Drug repositioning study for alzheimer's disease treatment-Mersin Üniversitesi / Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Farmasötik Kimya Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 2023.
Joon P, Dahiya M, Sharma G, Sharma K, Ray E, Kadian M. Drug Repurposing: An Advance Way to Traditional Drug Discovery. Drug Repurposing for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Cancer 2023. p. 1-25.
Masoudi-Sobhanzadeh Y, Omidi Y, Amanlou M, Masoudi-Nejad A. DrugR+: A comprehensive relational database for drug repurposing, combination therapy, and replacement therapy. Comput Biol Med. 2019;109:254-62.
Rudrapal M, J. Khairnar S, G. Jadhav A. Drug Repurposing (DR): An Emerging Approach in Drug Discovery. Drug Repurposing - Hypothesis, Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications 2020.
European Journal of Science and Technology Special Issue. November 2020:297-304.
Meera M, Sekar S, Mahatao R. A novel approach for drug discovery-drug repurposing. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2022;12(05):546-51.
Das J. Repurposing of Drugs-The Ketamine Story. J Med Chem. 2020;63(22):13514-25.
Meera M, Sekar S, Mahatao R. A novel approach for drug discovery-drug repurposing. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2022;12(5).
Rüschoff J, Wallinger S, Dietmaier W, Bocker T, Brockhoff G, Hofstädter F, et al. Aspirin suppresses the mutator phenotype associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer by genetic selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1998;95(19):11301-6.
Chast F. [The story of Annales pharmaceutiques francaises. 1809-2009]. Ann Pharm Fr. 2009;67(6):380-90.
Li YY, Jones SJM. Drug repositioning for personalized medicine. Genome Medicine. 2012;4(3).
Mohammad Sadeghi H, Adeli I, Mousavi T, Daniali M, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Drug Repurposing for the Management of Depression: Where Do We Stand Currently Life. 2021;11(8).
Su EW. Drug Repositioning by Mining Adverse Event Data in ClinicalTrials.gov. Computational Methods for Drug Repurposing. Methods in Molecular Biology 2019. p. 61-72.
Wurth R, Thellung S, Bajetto A, Mazzanti M, Florio T, Barbieri F. Drug-repositioning opportunities for cancer therapy: novel molecular targets for known compounds. Drug Discov Today. 2016;21(1):190-9.
Lage OM, Ramos MC, Calisto R, Almeida E, Vasconcelos V, Vicente F. Current Screening Methodologies in Drug Discovery for Selected Human Diseases. Mar Drugs. 2018;16(8).
Dudley JT, Deshpande T, Butte AJ. Exploiting drug-disease relationships for computational drug repositioning. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2011;12(4):303-11.
Lamb J, Crawford ED, Peck D, Modell JW, Blat IC, Wrobel MJ, et al. The Connectivity Map: Using Gene-Expression Signatures to Connect Small Molecules, Genes, and Disease. Science. 2006;313(5795):1929-35.
Saba K, Jaya A, Sunanda P, Nikhat K. Drug repurposing: A futuristic approach in drug discovery. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences. 2023;11(1):66-9.
Dudley JT, Schadt E, Sirota M, Butte AJ, Ashley E. Drug Discovery in a Multidimensional World: Systems, Patterns, and Networks. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. 2010;3(5):438-47.
Segal E, Friedman N, Koller D, Regev A. A module map showing conditional activity of expression modules in cancer. Nature Genetics. 2004;36(10):1090-8.
Yang X, Deignan JL, Qi H, Zhu J, Qian S, Zhong J, et al. Validation of candidate causal genes for obesity that affect shared metabolic pathways and networks. Nature Genetics. 2009;41(4):415-23.
Wu Z, Wang Y, Chen L. Network-based drug repositioning. Mol Biosyst. 2013;9(6):1268- 81.
McCarron RM, Shapiro B, Rawles J, Luo J. Depression. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(5):ITC65-ITC80.
Maier A, Riedel-Heller SG, Pabst A, Luppa M. Risk factors and protective factors of depression in older people 65+. A systematic review. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251326.
Li Y-F. A hypothesis of monoamine (5-HT) – Glutamate/GABA long neural circuit: Aiming for fast-onset antidepressant discovery. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2020;208.
Wang L, Zhao Y, Edmiston EK, Womer FY, Zhang R, Zhao P, et al. Structural and Functional Abnormities of Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex in Major Depressive Disorder With Suicide Attempts. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:923.
Fakhoury M. New insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of major depressive disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2015;37(2):172-7.
Troubat R, Barone P, Leman S, Desmidt T, Cressant A, Atanasova B, et al. Neuroinflammation and depression: A review. Eur J Neurosci. 2021;53(1):151-71.
Jarończyk M, Walory J. Novel Molecular Targets of Antidepressants. Molecules. 2022;27(2).
ATC/DDD INDEX. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. 2024.
Bonilla-Jaime H, Sánchez-Salcedo JA, Estevez-Cabrera MM, Molina-Jiménez T, Cortes- Altamirano JL, Alfaro-Rodríguez A. Depression and Pain: Use of Antidepressants. Current Neuropharmacology. 2022;20(2):384-402.
Van den Eynde V, Abdelmoemin WR, Abraham MM, Amsterdam JD, Anderson IM, Andrade C, et al. The prescriber's guide to classic MAO inhibitors (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid) for treatment-resistant depression. CNS Spectr. 2022:1-14.
Stahl SM, Felker A. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a modern guide to an unrequited class of antidepressants. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(10):855-70.
Calvi A, Fischetti I, Verzicco I, Belvederi Murri M, Zanetidou S, Volpi R, et al. Antidepressant Drugs Effects on Blood Pressure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:704281.
Fiedorowicz JG, Swartz KL. The role of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in current psychiatric practice. J Psychiatr Pract. 2004;10(4):239-48.
Guglielmi P, Carradori S, D'Agostino I, Campestre C, Petzer JP. An updated patent review on monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2022;32(8):849-83.
Schneider J, Patterson M, Jimenez XF. Beyond depression: Other uses for tricyclic antidepressants. Cleve Clin J Med. 2019;86(12):807-14.
Aboukhatwa M, Dosanjh L, Luo Y. Antidepressants are a rational complementary therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2010;5:10.
Jannini TB, Lorenzo GD, Bianciardi E, Niolu C, Toscano M, Ciocca G, et al. Off-label Uses of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Current Neuropharmacology. 2022;20(4):693-712.
Liebelt EL. An Update on Antidepressant Toxicity: An Evolution of Unique Toxicities to Master. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine. 2008;9(1):24-34.
https://go.drugbank.com/articles/A38588.
Khawam EA, Laurencic G, Malone DA, Jr. Side effects of antidepressants: an overview. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73(4):351-3, 6-61.
Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL. Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians. Drugs Context. 2015;4:212290.
https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01156.
Huecker M, R, Smiley A, Saadabadi A. Bupropion. StatPearls 2023.
https://go.drugbank.com/articles/A177892.
Kim EJ, Felsovalyi K, Young LM, Shmelkov SV, Grunebaum MF, Cardozo T. Molecular basis of atypicality of bupropion inferred from its receptor engagement in nervous system tissues. Psychopharmacology. 2018;235(9):2643-50.
Leon AC. Evolution of psychopharmacology trial design and analysis: six decades in the making. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(3):331-40.
Song Y, Yang X, Yu B. Repurposing antidepressants for anticancer drug discovery. Drug Discovery Today. 2022;27(7):1924-35.
Lenze EJ, Reiersen AM, Zorumski CF, Santosh PJ. Beyond "Psychotropic": Repurposing Psychiatric Drugs for COVID-19, Alzheimer's Disease, and Cancer. J Clin Psychiatry. 2023;84(3).
He L, Fu Y, Tian Y, Wang X, Zhou X, Ding RB, et al. Antidepressants as Autophagy Modulators for Cancer Therapy. Molecules. 2023;28(22).
Maes M, Fisar Z, Medina M, Scapagnini G, Nowak G, Berk M. New drug targets in depression: inflammatory, cell-mediated immune, oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial, antioxidant, and neuroprogressive pathways. And new drug candidates-Nrf2 activators and GSK-3 inhibitors. Inflammopharmacology. 2012;20(3):127-50.
Frick LR, Rapanelli M. Antidepressants: influence on cancer and immunity Life Sci. 2013;92(10):525-32.
Riess JW, Jahchan NS, Das M, Zach Koontz M, Kunz PL, Wakelee HA, et al. A Phase Iia Study Repositioning Desipramine in Small Cell Lung Cancer and Other High-Grade Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2020;23:100174.
Wass M, Gollner S, Besenbeck B, Schlenk RF, Mundmann P, Gothert JR, et al. A proof of concept phase I/II pilot trial of LSD1 inhibition by tranylcypromine combined with ATRA in refractory/relapsed AML patients not eligible for intensive therapy. Leukemia. 2021;35(3):701-11.
Xia Z, Bergstrand A, DePierre JW, Nassberger L. The antidepressants imipramine, clomipramine, and citalopram induce apoptosis in human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells via caspase-3 activation. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 1999;13(6):338- 47.
Khin PP, Po WW, Thein W, Sohn UD. Apoptotic effect of fluoxetine through the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in the human gastric cancer cell line AGS. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020;393(4):537-49.
Duarte D, Vale N. Antidepressant Drug Sertraline against Human Cancer Cells. Biomolecules. 2022;12(10).
Hassani M, Ghassemi-Barghi N, Modanloo M, Mohammadpour A, Shokrzadeh M. Cytotoxic Effects of Duloxetine on Mkn45 and Nih3t3 Cell Lines and Genotoxic Effects on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia. 2019;56(4):372-6.
Lv GB, Wang TT, Zhu HL, Wang HK, Sun W, Zhao LF. Vortioxetine induces apoptosis and autophagy of gastric cancer AGS cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway. FEBS Open Bio. 2020;10(10):2157-65.
Maes M. The immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001;16(1):95-103.
Hashimoto K. Repurposing of CNS drugs to treat COVID-19 infection: targeting the sigma-1 receptor. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2021;271(2):249-58.
Hoertel N, Sanchez-Rico M, Cougoule C, Gulbins E, Kornhuber J, Carpinteiro A, et al. Repurposing antidepressants inhibiting the sphingomyelinase acid/ceramide system against COVID-19: current evidence and potential mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(12):7098-9.
Gordon DE, Jang GM, Bouhaddou M, Xu J, Obernier K, White KM, et al. A SARS- CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing. Nature. 2020;583(7816):459-68.
Fico G, Isayeva U, De Prisco M, Oliva V, Sole B, Montejo L, et al. Psychotropic drug repurposing for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;66:30-44.
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Nykamp MJ, Zorumski CF, Reiersen AM, Nicol GE, Cirrito J, Lenze EJ. Opportunities for Drug Repurposing of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Potential Uses in Inflammation, Infection, Cancer, Neuroprotection, and Alzheimer's Disease Prevention. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2022;55(1):24-9.
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Mas M, Garcia-Vicente JA, Estrada-Gelonch A, Perez-Mana C, Papaseit E, Torrens M, et al. Antidepressant Drugs and COVID-19: A Review of Basic and Clinical Evidence. J Clin Med. 2022;11(14).
Pashaei Y. Drug repurposing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Could these drugs help fight COVID-19 and save lives J Clin Neurosci. 2021;88:163-72.
Pushpakom S, Iorio F, Eyers PA, Escott KJ, Hopper S, Wells A, et al. Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019;18(1):41-58.
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Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Juarez-Lopez D, Duenas-Gonzalez A. Perspectives on Drug Repurposing. Curr Med Chem. 2021;28(11):2085-99.
Referanslar
Kulkarni VS, Alagarsamy V, Solomon VR, Jose PA, Murugesan S. Drug Repurposing: An effective tool in modern drug discovery. Russ J bioorg chem. 2023;49(2):157-66.
Bıyık B. Alzheimer hastalığı tedavisi için ilaç yeniden konumlandırma çalışması / Drug repositioning study for alzheimer's disease treatment-Mersin Üniversitesi / Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Farmasötik Kimya Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 2023.
Joon P, Dahiya M, Sharma G, Sharma K, Ray E, Kadian M. Drug Repurposing: An Advance Way to Traditional Drug Discovery. Drug Repurposing for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Cancer 2023. p. 1-25.
Masoudi-Sobhanzadeh Y, Omidi Y, Amanlou M, Masoudi-Nejad A. DrugR+: A comprehensive relational database for drug repurposing, combination therapy, and replacement therapy. Comput Biol Med. 2019;109:254-62.
Rudrapal M, J. Khairnar S, G. Jadhav A. Drug Repurposing (DR): An Emerging Approach in Drug Discovery. Drug Repurposing - Hypothesis, Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications 2020.
European Journal of Science and Technology Special Issue. November 2020:297-304.
Meera M, Sekar S, Mahatao R. A novel approach for drug discovery-drug repurposing. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2022;12(05):546-51.
Das J. Repurposing of Drugs-The Ketamine Story. J Med Chem. 2020;63(22):13514-25.
Meera M, Sekar S, Mahatao R. A novel approach for drug discovery-drug repurposing. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2022;12(5).
Rüschoff J, Wallinger S, Dietmaier W, Bocker T, Brockhoff G, Hofstädter F, et al. Aspirin suppresses the mutator phenotype associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer by genetic selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1998;95(19):11301-6.
Chast F. [The story of Annales pharmaceutiques francaises. 1809-2009]. Ann Pharm Fr. 2009;67(6):380-90.
Li YY, Jones SJM. Drug repositioning for personalized medicine. Genome Medicine. 2012;4(3).
Mohammad Sadeghi H, Adeli I, Mousavi T, Daniali M, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Drug Repurposing for the Management of Depression: Where Do We Stand Currently Life. 2021;11(8).
Su EW. Drug Repositioning by Mining Adverse Event Data in ClinicalTrials.gov. Computational Methods for Drug Repurposing. Methods in Molecular Biology 2019. p. 61-72.
Wurth R, Thellung S, Bajetto A, Mazzanti M, Florio T, Barbieri F. Drug-repositioning opportunities for cancer therapy: novel molecular targets for known compounds. Drug Discov Today. 2016;21(1):190-9.
Lage OM, Ramos MC, Calisto R, Almeida E, Vasconcelos V, Vicente F. Current Screening Methodologies in Drug Discovery for Selected Human Diseases. Mar Drugs. 2018;16(8).
Dudley JT, Deshpande T, Butte AJ. Exploiting drug-disease relationships for computational drug repositioning. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2011;12(4):303-11.
Lamb J, Crawford ED, Peck D, Modell JW, Blat IC, Wrobel MJ, et al. The Connectivity Map: Using Gene-Expression Signatures to Connect Small Molecules, Genes, and Disease. Science. 2006;313(5795):1929-35.
Saba K, Jaya A, Sunanda P, Nikhat K. Drug repurposing: A futuristic approach in drug discovery. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences. 2023;11(1):66-9.
Dudley JT, Schadt E, Sirota M, Butte AJ, Ashley E. Drug Discovery in a Multidimensional World: Systems, Patterns, and Networks. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. 2010;3(5):438-47.
Segal E, Friedman N, Koller D, Regev A. A module map showing conditional activity of expression modules in cancer. Nature Genetics. 2004;36(10):1090-8.
Yang X, Deignan JL, Qi H, Zhu J, Qian S, Zhong J, et al. Validation of candidate causal genes for obesity that affect shared metabolic pathways and networks. Nature Genetics. 2009;41(4):415-23.
Wu Z, Wang Y, Chen L. Network-based drug repositioning. Mol Biosyst. 2013;9(6):1268- 81.
McCarron RM, Shapiro B, Rawles J, Luo J. Depression. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(5):ITC65-ITC80.
Maier A, Riedel-Heller SG, Pabst A, Luppa M. Risk factors and protective factors of depression in older people 65+. A systematic review. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251326.
Li Y-F. A hypothesis of monoamine (5-HT) – Glutamate/GABA long neural circuit: Aiming for fast-onset antidepressant discovery. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2020;208.
Wang L, Zhao Y, Edmiston EK, Womer FY, Zhang R, Zhao P, et al. Structural and Functional Abnormities of Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex in Major Depressive Disorder With Suicide Attempts. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:923.
Fakhoury M. New insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of major depressive disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2015;37(2):172-7.
Troubat R, Barone P, Leman S, Desmidt T, Cressant A, Atanasova B, et al. Neuroinflammation and depression: A review. Eur J Neurosci. 2021;53(1):151-71.
Jarończyk M, Walory J. Novel Molecular Targets of Antidepressants. Molecules. 2022;27(2).
ATC/DDD INDEX. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. 2024.
Bonilla-Jaime H, Sánchez-Salcedo JA, Estevez-Cabrera MM, Molina-Jiménez T, Cortes- Altamirano JL, Alfaro-Rodríguez A. Depression and Pain: Use of Antidepressants. Current Neuropharmacology. 2022;20(2):384-402.
Van den Eynde V, Abdelmoemin WR, Abraham MM, Amsterdam JD, Anderson IM, Andrade C, et al. The prescriber's guide to classic MAO inhibitors (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid) for treatment-resistant depression. CNS Spectr. 2022:1-14.
Stahl SM, Felker A. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a modern guide to an unrequited class of antidepressants. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(10):855-70.
Calvi A, Fischetti I, Verzicco I, Belvederi Murri M, Zanetidou S, Volpi R, et al. Antidepressant Drugs Effects on Blood Pressure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:704281.
Fiedorowicz JG, Swartz KL. The role of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in current psychiatric practice. J Psychiatr Pract. 2004;10(4):239-48.
Guglielmi P, Carradori S, D'Agostino I, Campestre C, Petzer JP. An updated patent review on monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2022;32(8):849-83.
Schneider J, Patterson M, Jimenez XF. Beyond depression: Other uses for tricyclic antidepressants. Cleve Clin J Med. 2019;86(12):807-14.
Aboukhatwa M, Dosanjh L, Luo Y. Antidepressants are a rational complementary therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2010;5:10.
Jannini TB, Lorenzo GD, Bianciardi E, Niolu C, Toscano M, Ciocca G, et al. Off-label Uses of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Current Neuropharmacology. 2022;20(4):693-712.
Liebelt EL. An Update on Antidepressant Toxicity: An Evolution of Unique Toxicities to Master. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine. 2008;9(1):24-34.
https://go.drugbank.com/articles/A38588.
Khawam EA, Laurencic G, Malone DA, Jr. Side effects of antidepressants: an overview. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73(4):351-3, 6-61.
Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL. Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians. Drugs Context. 2015;4:212290.
https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01156.
Huecker M, R, Smiley A, Saadabadi A. Bupropion. StatPearls 2023.
https://go.drugbank.com/articles/A177892.
Kim EJ, Felsovalyi K, Young LM, Shmelkov SV, Grunebaum MF, Cardozo T. Molecular basis of atypicality of bupropion inferred from its receptor engagement in nervous system tissues. Psychopharmacology. 2018;235(9):2643-50.
Leon AC. Evolution of psychopharmacology trial design and analysis: six decades in the making. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(3):331-40.
Song Y, Yang X, Yu B. Repurposing antidepressants for anticancer drug discovery. Drug Discovery Today. 2022;27(7):1924-35.
Lenze EJ, Reiersen AM, Zorumski CF, Santosh PJ. Beyond "Psychotropic": Repurposing Psychiatric Drugs for COVID-19, Alzheimer's Disease, and Cancer. J Clin Psychiatry. 2023;84(3).
He L, Fu Y, Tian Y, Wang X, Zhou X, Ding RB, et al. Antidepressants as Autophagy Modulators for Cancer Therapy. Molecules. 2023;28(22).
Maes M, Fisar Z, Medina M, Scapagnini G, Nowak G, Berk M. New drug targets in depression: inflammatory, cell-mediated immune, oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial, antioxidant, and neuroprogressive pathways. And new drug candidates-Nrf2 activators and GSK-3 inhibitors. Inflammopharmacology. 2012;20(3):127-50.
Frick LR, Rapanelli M. Antidepressants: influence on cancer and immunity Life Sci. 2013;92(10):525-32.
Riess JW, Jahchan NS, Das M, Zach Koontz M, Kunz PL, Wakelee HA, et al. A Phase Iia Study Repositioning Desipramine in Small Cell Lung Cancer and Other High-Grade Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2020;23:100174.
Wass M, Gollner S, Besenbeck B, Schlenk RF, Mundmann P, Gothert JR, et al. A proof of concept phase I/II pilot trial of LSD1 inhibition by tranylcypromine combined with ATRA in refractory/relapsed AML patients not eligible for intensive therapy. Leukemia. 2021;35(3):701-11.
Xia Z, Bergstrand A, DePierre JW, Nassberger L. The antidepressants imipramine, clomipramine, and citalopram induce apoptosis in human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells via caspase-3 activation. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 1999;13(6):338- 47.
Khin PP, Po WW, Thein W, Sohn UD. Apoptotic effect of fluoxetine through the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in the human gastric cancer cell line AGS. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020;393(4):537-49.
Duarte D, Vale N. Antidepressant Drug Sertraline against Human Cancer Cells. Biomolecules. 2022;12(10).
Hassani M, Ghassemi-Barghi N, Modanloo M, Mohammadpour A, Shokrzadeh M. Cytotoxic Effects of Duloxetine on Mkn45 and Nih3t3 Cell Lines and Genotoxic Effects on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia. 2019;56(4):372-6.
Lv GB, Wang TT, Zhu HL, Wang HK, Sun W, Zhao LF. Vortioxetine induces apoptosis and autophagy of gastric cancer AGS cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway. FEBS Open Bio. 2020;10(10):2157-65.
Maes M. The immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001;16(1):95-103.
Hashimoto K. Repurposing of CNS drugs to treat COVID-19 infection: targeting the sigma-1 receptor. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2021;271(2):249-58.
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