Doğum Sonu Bakım
Özet
Doğum sonu dönem, bebek ve plasentanın doğumuyla başlayan, bir dizi fizyolojik ve psikolojik değişikliklerin gerçekleştiği, pek çok deneyimin yaşandığı bir adaptasyon dönemidir. Gebelik döneminde anne ve bebek sağlığını korumak ve geliştirmek adına vücutta meydana gelen tüm değişimler doğum tamamlandıktan sonra ilerleyici ve gerileyici olmak üzere bir involüsyon sürecine girer. Diğer sistemlerde gerileyici bir involüsyon görülürken, memelerde laktasyon hazırlığı nedeniyle ilerleyici bir involüsyon izlenir. Yenidoğan bebek ise anne karnından çok farklı bir ortam olan yeni dünyaya adaptasyon sürecindedir. Hem anne hem de bebek için büyük değişimlerin yaşandığı bu dönemde yakından takip edilmeleri oldukça önemlidir. Doğum sonu bakım, kadının bedeninde gerçekleşen fizyolojik ve psikolojik tüm değişimlerin takip edildiği hayati bir takip sürecidir.
Referanslar
World Health Organization (WHO). Recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience: executive summary. 2022. [Online]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240044074 [Accessed: 16th Feb 2024]
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Optimizing postpartum care. ACOG committee opinion no. 736. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2018; 131, e140–e150. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002633
Gresh A, Cohen M, Anderson J, Glass N. Postpartum care content and delivery throughout the African continent: An integrative review. Midwifery. 2021;97:102976. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.102976.
World Health Organization. Maternal mortality. 2023. [Online]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality [Accessed: 18th Feb 2024]
Gölbaşı Z, Evcili F. Postpartum dönem ve bakım. In: Şentürk Erenel A, Vural G (ed.) Perinatal Bakım. İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevleri- Vizyon Basımevi; 2020. p. 311-38.
Taşkın, L. (2016). Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği. Ankara: Sistem Ofset Matbaacılık.
Lowe NK. Reconsidering Postpartum Care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 2019 Jan;48(1):1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jogn.2018.12.001. Epub 2018 Dec 10.
Gürsoy E., & Yeşildere Sağlam H. Doğum sonu bakım. In: Nazik E (ed.) Doğum ve Kadın Hastalıkları Hemşireliği. Ankara: Akademisyen Yayınevi; 2022.p.375-408.
Aslan E. Normal lohusalık süreci ve bakım. In: Kızılkaya Beji N (ed.) Hemşire ve Ebelere Yönelik Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri 2017.
Tully KP, Stuebe AM & Verbiest SB. The fourth trimester: A critical transition period with unmet maternal health needs. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2017; 217, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.03.032
Lopez-Gonzalez DM, Kopparapu AK. Postpartum Care of the New Mother. StatPearls [Online]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565875/ [Accessed: 11th Feb 2024]
Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Care: A Handbook for Building Skills. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Postnatal Care of the Mother and Newborn. [Online] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304191/ [Accessed: 3th Feb 2024]
Shakespeare, J. Postnatal Care in Primary Care. In A. Connolly & A. Britton (Eds.), Women’s Health in Primary Care (pp. 101–110). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017.
Kirlek F, Öztürk Can H. Postpartum dönem. In: Sevil Ü, Ertem G (ed.) Perinatoloji ve Bakım. Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2016.
Coşkun A, Aslan E. Doğum Sonu Dönem. Coşkun AM (Editör). Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği El Kitabı. Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul, 2. Baskı.2016:243.
Cordeiro, F., Gomes-Ferreira, M. (2023). Changes and Potential Complications During Puerperium. In: Gomes-Ferreira, M., Olivas-Menayo, J. (eds) Post-maternity Body Changes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43840-1_7
Raman A. Nursing care of women in postnatal period. In: Raman A (eds.) Reeder’s Maternity Nursing. 20. ed. India: Wolters Kluwer india Pvt Ltd; 2020.
Andrighetti TP, Karsnitz DB. Components of postnatal care. In: Jordan RG, Farley CL, Grace KT, eds. Prenatal and postnatal care: a woman-centered approach. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
Von Aarburg N, Veit-Rubin N, Boulvain M, Bertuit J, Simonson C, Desseauve D. Physical activity and urinary incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2021 Dec;267:262-268. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.11.005. Epub 2021 Nov 16.
Florio KL, DeZorzi C, Williams E, Swearingen K, Magalski A. Cardiovascular Medications in Pregnancy: A Primer. Cardiol Clin. 2021 Feb;39(1):33-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2020.09.011. Epub 2020 Nov 2.
Lawrence RA & Lawrence RM. Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical profession (7th ed.). St. Louis: C.V. Mosby; 2011.
Acheson LS, Danner SC. Postpartum care and breastfeeding. Prim Care. 1993 Sep;20(3):729-47.
Postpartum psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2018; 26;4:18023. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.23
Davidson MR. A nurse’s guide to women’s mental health. New York, NY: Springer; 2012.
Yang M, Yue W, Han X, Hu C, Sun X, Luo J. Postpartum care indications and methodological quality:a systematic review of guidelines. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitswissenschaften. 2022;30(9):2261-2275. doi: 10.1007/s10389-021-01629-4. Epub 2021 Jul 19. PMID: 34306970; PMCID: PMC8288832.
Hamlacı Y, Bekmezci H, Özerdoğan N. Postpartum kanamalarda kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2017;7(1):38-44.
Omotayo MO, Abioye AI, Kuyebi M, Eke AC. Prenatal anemia and postpartum hemorrhage risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2021 Aug;47(8):2565-2576. doi: 10.1111/jog.14834.
da Silva Lopes K, Yamaji N, Rahman MO, Suto M, Takemoto Y, Garcia-Casal MN, Ota E. Nutrition-specific interventions for preventing and controlling anaemia throughout the life cycle: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2021 Sep 26;9(9):CD013092. doi: 10.1002/14651858
Haider BA, Bhutta ZA. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2017 Apr 13;4(4):CD004905. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004905.pub5
Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gomez Malave H, Flores-Urrutia MC, Dowswell T. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2015 Oct 19;2015(10):CD009997. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009997.pub2. PMID: 26482110; PMCID: PMC7092533.
Habe S, Haruna M, Yonezawa K, Usui Y, Sasaki S, Nagamatsu T, Fujita M, Suetsugu Y, Ohori R, Tanaka M, Aoyama S. Factors Associated with Anemia and Iron Deficiency during Pregnancy: A Prospective Observational Study in Japan. Nutrients. 2024 Jan 31;16(3):418. doi: 10.3390/nu16030418.
Evenson KR, Brown WJ, Brinson AK, Budzynski-Seymour E, Hayman M. A review of public health guidelines for postpartum physical activity and sedentary behavior from around the world. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2024 Jul;13(4):472-483. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.12.004.
Evenson KR, Mottola MF, Owe KM, Rousham EK, Brown WJ. Summary of international guidelines for physical activity after pregnancy. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2014 Jul;69(7):407-14. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000077. PMID: 25112589; PMCID: PMC4134098.
Grussu P, Vicini B, Quatraro RM. Sexuality in the perinatal period: A systematic review of reviews and recommendations for practice. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. 2021 Dec;30:100668. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2021.100668. Epub 2021 Sep 11. PMID: 34563859.
Cattani L, De Maeyer L, Verbakel JY, Bosteels J, Deprest J. Predictors for sexual dysfunction in the first year postpartum: A systematic review and meta-analysis. An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2022 Jun;129(7):1017-1028. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16934. Epub 2021 Oct 17. PMID: 34536325.
Srimoragot M, Hershberger PE, Park C, Hernandez TL, Izci Balserak B. Infant feeding type and maternal sleep during the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sleep Research. 2023 Apr;32(2):e13625. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13625. Epub 2022 May 12. PMID: 35548942.
Liu X, Wang S, Wang G. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2022 Oct;31(19-20):2665-2677. doi: 10.1111/jocn.16121. Epub 2021 Nov 8. PMID: 34750904.
Zhao XH, Zhang ZH. Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;53:102353. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102353. Epub 2020 Aug 30. PMID: 32927309.
Wang Z, Liu J, Shuai H, Cai Z, Fu X, Liu Y, Xiao X, Zhang W, Krabbendam E, Liu S, Liu Z, Li Z, Yang BX. Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Oct 20;11(1):543. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01663-6.
World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. [Online] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breastfeeding [Accessed: 19th Apr 2024]
American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk [Online] https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827 [Accessed: 19th Apr 2024]
European Union and European Academy of Paediatrics. The Importance of Breastfeeding. [Online] https://ec.europa.eu/health/major_chronic_diseases/diseases/breastfeeding_tr [Accessed: 19th Apr 2024]
UNICEF. Breastfeeding. [Online] https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_24824.html [Accessed: 19th Apr 2024]
Korkmaz A, Vural G. Sezaryen Sonrası Klinikte Annelerin Hemşirelik Bakımından Memnuniyet Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi. TOGÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;3(1):49-60.
Ladewig PL, London ML, Davidson MR. Contemporary maternal-newborn nursing care (8th ed.) Boston, MA: Pearson, 2014.
Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Care: A Handbook for Building Skills. [Online] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304191/ [Accessed: 27th May 2024]
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Kadın ve Üreme Sağlığı Dairesi Başkanlığı. Doğum Sonu Bakım Yönetim Rehberi. Ankara.2018. [Online] https://khgmsaglikhizmetleridb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-42925/dogum-sonu-bakim-yonetim-rehberi.html [Accessed: 17th Feb 2024]
Referanslar
World Health Organization (WHO). Recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience: executive summary. 2022. [Online]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240044074 [Accessed: 16th Feb 2024]
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Optimizing postpartum care. ACOG committee opinion no. 736. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2018; 131, e140–e150. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002633
Gresh A, Cohen M, Anderson J, Glass N. Postpartum care content and delivery throughout the African continent: An integrative review. Midwifery. 2021;97:102976. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.102976.
World Health Organization. Maternal mortality. 2023. [Online]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality [Accessed: 18th Feb 2024]
Gölbaşı Z, Evcili F. Postpartum dönem ve bakım. In: Şentürk Erenel A, Vural G (ed.) Perinatal Bakım. İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevleri- Vizyon Basımevi; 2020. p. 311-38.
Taşkın, L. (2016). Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği. Ankara: Sistem Ofset Matbaacılık.
Lowe NK. Reconsidering Postpartum Care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 2019 Jan;48(1):1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jogn.2018.12.001. Epub 2018 Dec 10.
Gürsoy E., & Yeşildere Sağlam H. Doğum sonu bakım. In: Nazik E (ed.) Doğum ve Kadın Hastalıkları Hemşireliği. Ankara: Akademisyen Yayınevi; 2022.p.375-408.
Aslan E. Normal lohusalık süreci ve bakım. In: Kızılkaya Beji N (ed.) Hemşire ve Ebelere Yönelik Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri 2017.
Tully KP, Stuebe AM & Verbiest SB. The fourth trimester: A critical transition period with unmet maternal health needs. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2017; 217, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.03.032
Lopez-Gonzalez DM, Kopparapu AK. Postpartum Care of the New Mother. StatPearls [Online]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565875/ [Accessed: 11th Feb 2024]
Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Care: A Handbook for Building Skills. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Postnatal Care of the Mother and Newborn. [Online] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304191/ [Accessed: 3th Feb 2024]
Shakespeare, J. Postnatal Care in Primary Care. In A. Connolly & A. Britton (Eds.), Women’s Health in Primary Care (pp. 101–110). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017.
Kirlek F, Öztürk Can H. Postpartum dönem. In: Sevil Ü, Ertem G (ed.) Perinatoloji ve Bakım. Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2016.
Coşkun A, Aslan E. Doğum Sonu Dönem. Coşkun AM (Editör). Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği El Kitabı. Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul, 2. Baskı.2016:243.
Cordeiro, F., Gomes-Ferreira, M. (2023). Changes and Potential Complications During Puerperium. In: Gomes-Ferreira, M., Olivas-Menayo, J. (eds) Post-maternity Body Changes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43840-1_7
Raman A. Nursing care of women in postnatal period. In: Raman A (eds.) Reeder’s Maternity Nursing. 20. ed. India: Wolters Kluwer india Pvt Ltd; 2020.
Andrighetti TP, Karsnitz DB. Components of postnatal care. In: Jordan RG, Farley CL, Grace KT, eds. Prenatal and postnatal care: a woman-centered approach. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
Von Aarburg N, Veit-Rubin N, Boulvain M, Bertuit J, Simonson C, Desseauve D. Physical activity and urinary incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2021 Dec;267:262-268. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.11.005. Epub 2021 Nov 16.
Florio KL, DeZorzi C, Williams E, Swearingen K, Magalski A. Cardiovascular Medications in Pregnancy: A Primer. Cardiol Clin. 2021 Feb;39(1):33-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2020.09.011. Epub 2020 Nov 2.
Lawrence RA & Lawrence RM. Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical profession (7th ed.). St. Louis: C.V. Mosby; 2011.
Acheson LS, Danner SC. Postpartum care and breastfeeding. Prim Care. 1993 Sep;20(3):729-47.
Postpartum psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2018; 26;4:18023. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.23
Davidson MR. A nurse’s guide to women’s mental health. New York, NY: Springer; 2012.
Yang M, Yue W, Han X, Hu C, Sun X, Luo J. Postpartum care indications and methodological quality:a systematic review of guidelines. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitswissenschaften. 2022;30(9):2261-2275. doi: 10.1007/s10389-021-01629-4. Epub 2021 Jul 19. PMID: 34306970; PMCID: PMC8288832.
Hamlacı Y, Bekmezci H, Özerdoğan N. Postpartum kanamalarda kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2017;7(1):38-44.
Omotayo MO, Abioye AI, Kuyebi M, Eke AC. Prenatal anemia and postpartum hemorrhage risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2021 Aug;47(8):2565-2576. doi: 10.1111/jog.14834.
da Silva Lopes K, Yamaji N, Rahman MO, Suto M, Takemoto Y, Garcia-Casal MN, Ota E. Nutrition-specific interventions for preventing and controlling anaemia throughout the life cycle: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2021 Sep 26;9(9):CD013092. doi: 10.1002/14651858
Haider BA, Bhutta ZA. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2017 Apr 13;4(4):CD004905. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004905.pub5
Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gomez Malave H, Flores-Urrutia MC, Dowswell T. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2015 Oct 19;2015(10):CD009997. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009997.pub2. PMID: 26482110; PMCID: PMC7092533.
Habe S, Haruna M, Yonezawa K, Usui Y, Sasaki S, Nagamatsu T, Fujita M, Suetsugu Y, Ohori R, Tanaka M, Aoyama S. Factors Associated with Anemia and Iron Deficiency during Pregnancy: A Prospective Observational Study in Japan. Nutrients. 2024 Jan 31;16(3):418. doi: 10.3390/nu16030418.
Evenson KR, Brown WJ, Brinson AK, Budzynski-Seymour E, Hayman M. A review of public health guidelines for postpartum physical activity and sedentary behavior from around the world. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2024 Jul;13(4):472-483. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.12.004.
Evenson KR, Mottola MF, Owe KM, Rousham EK, Brown WJ. Summary of international guidelines for physical activity after pregnancy. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2014 Jul;69(7):407-14. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000077. PMID: 25112589; PMCID: PMC4134098.
Grussu P, Vicini B, Quatraro RM. Sexuality in the perinatal period: A systematic review of reviews and recommendations for practice. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. 2021 Dec;30:100668. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2021.100668. Epub 2021 Sep 11. PMID: 34563859.
Cattani L, De Maeyer L, Verbakel JY, Bosteels J, Deprest J. Predictors for sexual dysfunction in the first year postpartum: A systematic review and meta-analysis. An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2022 Jun;129(7):1017-1028. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16934. Epub 2021 Oct 17. PMID: 34536325.
Srimoragot M, Hershberger PE, Park C, Hernandez TL, Izci Balserak B. Infant feeding type and maternal sleep during the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sleep Research. 2023 Apr;32(2):e13625. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13625. Epub 2022 May 12. PMID: 35548942.
Liu X, Wang S, Wang G. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2022 Oct;31(19-20):2665-2677. doi: 10.1111/jocn.16121. Epub 2021 Nov 8. PMID: 34750904.
Zhao XH, Zhang ZH. Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;53:102353. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102353. Epub 2020 Aug 30. PMID: 32927309.
Wang Z, Liu J, Shuai H, Cai Z, Fu X, Liu Y, Xiao X, Zhang W, Krabbendam E, Liu S, Liu Z, Li Z, Yang BX. Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Oct 20;11(1):543. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01663-6.
World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. [Online] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breastfeeding [Accessed: 19th Apr 2024]
American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk [Online] https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827 [Accessed: 19th Apr 2024]
European Union and European Academy of Paediatrics. The Importance of Breastfeeding. [Online] https://ec.europa.eu/health/major_chronic_diseases/diseases/breastfeeding_tr [Accessed: 19th Apr 2024]
UNICEF. Breastfeeding. [Online] https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_24824.html [Accessed: 19th Apr 2024]
Korkmaz A, Vural G. Sezaryen Sonrası Klinikte Annelerin Hemşirelik Bakımından Memnuniyet Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi. TOGÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;3(1):49-60.
Ladewig PL, London ML, Davidson MR. Contemporary maternal-newborn nursing care (8th ed.) Boston, MA: Pearson, 2014.
Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Care: A Handbook for Building Skills. [Online] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304191/ [Accessed: 27th May 2024]
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Kadın ve Üreme Sağlığı Dairesi Başkanlığı. Doğum Sonu Bakım Yönetim Rehberi. Ankara.2018. [Online] https://khgmsaglikhizmetleridb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-42925/dogum-sonu-bakim-yonetim-rehberi.html [Accessed: 17th Feb 2024]
