Diş Hekimliğinde Probiyotiklerin Yeri ve Önemi
Özet
Probiyotiklerin insan sağlığında birçok kullanım alanı olmakla birlikte diş hekimliğinde de önemli bir yeri vardır. Probiyotikler, sağlıklı bir mikroflora oluşturma ve koruma özellikleri ile ağız sağlığına katkı sağlayabilmektedir. Oral floranın mikroorganizma dengesini yararlı bakteriler lehine değiştirerek diş çürüğünün azaltılmasında, periodontal hastalıkların tedavisi ve idamesinde etkili olabilmektedir. Ayrıca bazı probiyotik suşlarının hidrojen peroksit ürettikleri için diş beyazlatmada kullanımı ile ilgili çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Probiyotiklerin diş sağlığına etkilerinden yararlanmak için yoğurt, kefir veya özel probiyotik takviyeleri gibi gıda kaynakları tercih edilebilir. Ayrıca, probiyotik içeren diş macunları ve gargaralar da mevcuttur. Probiyotikler diş çürüğünün ve periodontal hastalıkların tedavisinde potansiyel bir yardımcı olabilir ancak probiyotiklerin kullanımı ile ilgili daha fazla araştırmaya gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Böylelikle probiyotiklerin ağız sağlığında kullanımı, gelecekte diş hekimliği uygulamalarında daha fazla yer bulabilir.
Probiotics have various applications in human health, and they also play an important role in dentistry. Probiotics can contribute to oral health with their properties of creating and maintaining a healthy microflora. By shifting the microbial balance in the oral flora in favor of beneficial bacteria, they can effectively reduce dental caries and aid in the treatment and maintenance of periodontal diseases. In addition, there are studies on the use of some probiotic strains in teeth whitening because they produce hydrogen peroxide. Food sources such as yogurt, kefir or special probiotic supplements can be preferred to benefit from the effects of probiotics on dental health. There are also toothpastes and mouthwashes containing probiotics. Probiotics may be a potential aid in the treatment of tooth decay and periodontal diseases, but more research is needed on the use of probiotics. Thus, the use of probiotics in oral health may find more place in dentistry practices in the future.
Referanslar
Kosikowski, F.V. and V.V. Mistry, Cheese and fermented milk foods. Volume 1: origins and principles. Cheese and fermented milk foods. Volume 1: origins and principles., 1997(Ed. 3).
Fermented foods and beverages of the world. 2010, Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. 448.
Metchnikoff, E. and P.C.P.C. Mitchell, The prolongation of life; optimistic studies. 1908: New York & London : G.P. Putnam's Sons. 380.
Sams, E.R., M. Whiteley, and K.H. Turner, ‘The battle for life’: Pasteur, anthrax, and the first probiotics. Journal of medical microbiology, 2014. 63(11): p. 1573-1574.
Tissier, H., Traitement des infections intestinales par la methode de transformation de la flore bacterienne de l'intestin. 1907, S.l.: s.n.
Lilly, D.M. and R.H. Stillwell, Probiotics: Growth-Promoting Factors Produced by Microorganisms. Science (New York, N.Y.), 1965. 147(3659): p. 747-748.
Fuller, R. and R. Fuller, History and development of probiotics. Probiotics: The scientific basis, 1992: p. 1-8.
Salminen, S., et al., Probiotics: how should they be defined? Trends in food science & technology, 1999. 10(3): p. 107-110.
Sen, M., Role of probiotics in health and disease–A review. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 2019: p. 1-11.
Doron, S. and D.R. Snydman, Risk and safety of probiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2015. 60(suppl_2): p. S129-S134.
Kutlu, T., Pre ve Probiyotikler. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 2011. 46(1): p. 59-64.
Henry, S., et al., Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in a head and neck cancer patient: a case report and review of the literature. Acta Clinica Belgica, 2004. 59(4): p. 220-222.
LeDoux, D., V.J. LaBombardi, and D. Karter, Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteraemia after use of a probiotic in a patient with AIDS and Hodgkin's disease. International journal of STD & AIDS, 2006. 17(4): p. 280-282.
Presterl, E., et al., Endocarditis by Lactobacillus rhamnosus due to yogurt ingestion? Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 2001. 33(9): p. 710-714.
Besselink, M.G., et al., Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 2008. 371(9613): p. 651-659.
Johnston, B.C., et al., Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine, 2012. 157(12): p. 878-888.
Dhama, K., et al., Probiotics in curing allergic and inflammatory conditions-research progress and futuristic vision. Recent patents on inflammation & allergy drug discovery, 2016. 10(2): p. 105-118.
Heyman, M. and S. Ménard, Probiotic microorganisms: how they affect intestinal pathophysiology. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2002. 59(7): p. 1151.
Cremonini, F., et al., Effect of different probiotic preparations on anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy-related side effects: a parallel group, triple blind, placebo-controlled study. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2002. 97(11): p. 2744-2749.
Szajewska, H., et al., Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in prevention of nosocomial diarrhea in infants. The Journal of pediatrics, 2001. 138(3): p. 361-365.
Gionchetti, P., et al., Antibiotics and probiotics in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG, 2006. 12(21): p. 3306-3313.
Ishikawa, H., et al., Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on ulcerative colitis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2003. 22(1): p. 56-63.
Lü, M., et al., Efficacy of Probiotic Supplementation Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PloS One, 2016. 11(10): p. e0163743.
Wilkins, T. and J. Sequoia, Probiotics for gastrointestinal conditions: a summary of the evidence. American family physician, 2017. 96(3): p. 170-178.
Mennini, M., et al., Probiotics in Asthma and Allergy Prevention. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2017. 5.
Singh, V.P., et al., Role of probiotics in health and disease: A review. J Pak Med Assoc, 2013. 63: p. 5.
Ma, E.L., et al., The anticancer effect of probiotic Bacillus polyfermenticus on human colon cancer cells is mediated through ErbB2 and ErbB3 inhibition. International journal of cancer, 2010. 127(4): p. 780-790.
El-Nezami, H.S., et al., Probiotic supplementation reduces a biomarker for increased risk of liver cancer in young men from Southern China. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2006. 83(5): p. 1199-1203.
Toi, M., et al., Probiotic beverage with soy isoflavone consumption for breast cancer prevention: a case-control study. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 2013. 9(3): p. 194-200.
Pala, V., et al., Yogurt consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in the Italian European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort. International Journal of Cancer, 2011. 129(11): p. 2712-2719.
Ohashi, Y., et al., Habitual intake of lactic acid bacteria and risk reduction of bladder cancer. Urologia Internationalis, 2002. 68(4): p. 273-280.
Ouyang, X., et al., Probiotics for preventing postoperative infection in colorectal cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2019. 34(3): p. 459-469.
Skonieczna-Żydecka, K., et al., A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Evaluating the Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and Synbiotics in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections and Surgery-Related Complications. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2018. 7(12).
Chowdhury, A.H., et al., Perioperative Probiotics or Synbiotics in Adults Undergoing Elective Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Annals of Surgery, 2019.
Stamatova, I. and J.H. Meurman, Probiotics: Health benefits in the mouth. American Journal of Dentistry, 2009. 22(6): p. 10.
Köymen, S.S. and M. Kazak, Effect of Probiotics on the Formation of Dental Caries. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2019. 7(9): p. 1295-1299.
Srivastava, S., Effect of Probiotic Curd on Salivary pH and Streptococcus mutans : A Double Blind Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2016.
Roberfroid, M.B., Prebiotics and probiotics: are they functional foods? The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2000. 71(6): p. 1682S-1687S.
Meurman, J.H., Probiotics: do they have a role in oral medicine and dentistry? European journal of oral sciences, 2005. 113(3): p. 188-196.
Näse, L., et al., Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Research, 2001. 35(6): p. 412-420.
Ahola, A.J., et al., Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Archives of oral biology, 2002. 47(11): p. 799-804.
Rodríguez, G., et al., Probiotic Compared with Standard Milk for High-caries Children: A Cluster Randomized Trial. Journal of Dental Research, 2016. 95(4): p. 402-407.
Juneja, A. and A. Kakade, Evaluating the effect of probiotic containing milk on salivary mutans streptococci levels. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 2012. 37(1): p. 9-14.
Glavina, D., et al., Effect of LGG yoghurt on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. salivary counts in children. Collegium antropologicum, 2012. 36(1): p. 129-132.
Petersson, L.G., et al., Reversal of primary root caries lesions after daily intake of milk supplemented with fluoride and probiotic lactobacilli in older adults. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2011. 69(6): p. 321-327.
Lin, Y.-T.J., C.-C. Chou, and C.-Y.S. Hsu, Effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota intake on caries risk in children. Journal of dental sciences, 2017. 12(2): p. 179-184.
Comelli, E.M., et al., Selection of dairy bacterial strains as probiotics for oral health. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 2002. 110(3): p. 218-224.
Çaglar, E., et al., Effect of yogurt with Bifidobacterium DN-173 010 on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in young adults. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2005. 63(6): p. 317-320.
Petti, S., G. Tarsitani, and A. Simonetti D'Arca, Antibacterial activity of yoghurt against viridans streptococci in vitro. Archives of Oral Biology, 2008. 53(10): p. 985-990.
Hedayati-Hajikand, T., et al., Effect of probiotic chewing tablets on early childhood caries – a randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health, 2015. 15(1): p. 112.
Manmontri, C., et al., Reduction of Streptococcus mutans by probiotic milk: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Clinical oral investigations, 2020. 24: p. 2363-2374.
Burton, J.P., et al., Influence of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius strain M18 on indices of dental health in children: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of medical microbiology, 2013. 62(6): p. 875-884.
Di Pierro, F., et al., Cariogram outcome after 90 days of oral treatment with Streptococcus salivarius M18 in children at high risk for dental caries: results of a randomized, controlled study. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry, 2015: p. 107-113.
Kang, M.-S., et al., Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. The Journal of Microbiology, 2011. 49: p. 193-199.
Ratna Sudha, M., et al., Evaluation of the effect of probiotic Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 on mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli levels in saliva and plaque: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study in children. International journal of dentistry, 2020. 2020(1): p. 8891708.
D. Hillman, J., et al., Dental whitening effect of an oral probiotic. Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Research, 2016. 2(1).
Rathore, M., et al., Antimicrobial Efficacy of Probiotic and Herbal Oral Rinses against Candida albicans in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 2016. 9(1): p. 25-30.
Rossoni, R.D., et al., Antifungal activity of clinical Lactobacillus strains against Candida albicans biofilms: identification of potential probiotic candidates to prevent oral candidiasis. Biofouling, 2018. 34(2): p. 212-225.
Riccia, D.D., et al., Anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis (CD2) on periodontal disease. Oral Diseases, 2007. 13(4): p. 376-385.
Invernici, M.M., et al., Effects of Bifidobacterium probiotic on the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of clinical periodontology, 2018. 45(10): p. 1198-1210.
Tekce, M., et al., Clinical and microbiological effects of probiotic lozenges in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a 1‐year follow‐up study. Journal of clinical periodontology, 2015. 42(4): p. 363-372.
Vicario, M., et al., Clinical changes in periodontal subjects with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis: a preliminary randomized clinical trial. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2013. 71(3-4): p. 813-819.
Kuru, B.E., et al., The influence of a Bifidobacterium animalis probiotic on gingival health: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of periodontology, 2017. 88(11): p. 1115-1123.
Babina, K., et al., Antigingivitis and antiplaque effects of oral probiotic containing the Streptococcus salivarius M18 strain: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrients, 2023. 15(18): p. 3882.
Li, X., et al., Effects of toothpaste containing inactivated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Probio-01 on plaque-induced gingivitis and dental plaque microbiota. Microbial Pathogenesis, 2024: p. 106701.
Referanslar
Kosikowski, F.V. and V.V. Mistry, Cheese and fermented milk foods. Volume 1: origins and principles. Cheese and fermented milk foods. Volume 1: origins and principles., 1997(Ed. 3).
Fermented foods and beverages of the world. 2010, Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. 448.
Metchnikoff, E. and P.C.P.C. Mitchell, The prolongation of life; optimistic studies. 1908: New York & London : G.P. Putnam's Sons. 380.
Sams, E.R., M. Whiteley, and K.H. Turner, ‘The battle for life’: Pasteur, anthrax, and the first probiotics. Journal of medical microbiology, 2014. 63(11): p. 1573-1574.
Tissier, H., Traitement des infections intestinales par la methode de transformation de la flore bacterienne de l'intestin. 1907, S.l.: s.n.
Lilly, D.M. and R.H. Stillwell, Probiotics: Growth-Promoting Factors Produced by Microorganisms. Science (New York, N.Y.), 1965. 147(3659): p. 747-748.
Fuller, R. and R. Fuller, History and development of probiotics. Probiotics: The scientific basis, 1992: p. 1-8.
Salminen, S., et al., Probiotics: how should they be defined? Trends in food science & technology, 1999. 10(3): p. 107-110.
Sen, M., Role of probiotics in health and disease–A review. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 2019: p. 1-11.
Doron, S. and D.R. Snydman, Risk and safety of probiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2015. 60(suppl_2): p. S129-S134.
Kutlu, T., Pre ve Probiyotikler. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 2011. 46(1): p. 59-64.
Henry, S., et al., Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in a head and neck cancer patient: a case report and review of the literature. Acta Clinica Belgica, 2004. 59(4): p. 220-222.
LeDoux, D., V.J. LaBombardi, and D. Karter, Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteraemia after use of a probiotic in a patient with AIDS and Hodgkin's disease. International journal of STD & AIDS, 2006. 17(4): p. 280-282.
Presterl, E., et al., Endocarditis by Lactobacillus rhamnosus due to yogurt ingestion? Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 2001. 33(9): p. 710-714.
Besselink, M.G., et al., Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 2008. 371(9613): p. 651-659.
Johnston, B.C., et al., Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine, 2012. 157(12): p. 878-888.
Dhama, K., et al., Probiotics in curing allergic and inflammatory conditions-research progress and futuristic vision. Recent patents on inflammation & allergy drug discovery, 2016. 10(2): p. 105-118.
Heyman, M. and S. Ménard, Probiotic microorganisms: how they affect intestinal pathophysiology. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2002. 59(7): p. 1151.
Cremonini, F., et al., Effect of different probiotic preparations on anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy-related side effects: a parallel group, triple blind, placebo-controlled study. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2002. 97(11): p. 2744-2749.
Szajewska, H., et al., Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in prevention of nosocomial diarrhea in infants. The Journal of pediatrics, 2001. 138(3): p. 361-365.
Gionchetti, P., et al., Antibiotics and probiotics in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG, 2006. 12(21): p. 3306-3313.
Ishikawa, H., et al., Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on ulcerative colitis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2003. 22(1): p. 56-63.
Lü, M., et al., Efficacy of Probiotic Supplementation Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PloS One, 2016. 11(10): p. e0163743.
Wilkins, T. and J. Sequoia, Probiotics for gastrointestinal conditions: a summary of the evidence. American family physician, 2017. 96(3): p. 170-178.
Mennini, M., et al., Probiotics in Asthma and Allergy Prevention. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2017. 5.
Singh, V.P., et al., Role of probiotics in health and disease: A review. J Pak Med Assoc, 2013. 63: p. 5.
Ma, E.L., et al., The anticancer effect of probiotic Bacillus polyfermenticus on human colon cancer cells is mediated through ErbB2 and ErbB3 inhibition. International journal of cancer, 2010. 127(4): p. 780-790.
El-Nezami, H.S., et al., Probiotic supplementation reduces a biomarker for increased risk of liver cancer in young men from Southern China. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2006. 83(5): p. 1199-1203.
Toi, M., et al., Probiotic beverage with soy isoflavone consumption for breast cancer prevention: a case-control study. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 2013. 9(3): p. 194-200.
Pala, V., et al., Yogurt consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in the Italian European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort. International Journal of Cancer, 2011. 129(11): p. 2712-2719.
Ohashi, Y., et al., Habitual intake of lactic acid bacteria and risk reduction of bladder cancer. Urologia Internationalis, 2002. 68(4): p. 273-280.
Ouyang, X., et al., Probiotics for preventing postoperative infection in colorectal cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2019. 34(3): p. 459-469.
Skonieczna-Żydecka, K., et al., A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Evaluating the Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and Synbiotics in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections and Surgery-Related Complications. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2018. 7(12).
Chowdhury, A.H., et al., Perioperative Probiotics or Synbiotics in Adults Undergoing Elective Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Annals of Surgery, 2019.
Stamatova, I. and J.H. Meurman, Probiotics: Health benefits in the mouth. American Journal of Dentistry, 2009. 22(6): p. 10.
Köymen, S.S. and M. Kazak, Effect of Probiotics on the Formation of Dental Caries. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2019. 7(9): p. 1295-1299.
Srivastava, S., Effect of Probiotic Curd on Salivary pH and Streptococcus mutans : A Double Blind Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2016.
Roberfroid, M.B., Prebiotics and probiotics: are they functional foods? The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2000. 71(6): p. 1682S-1687S.
Meurman, J.H., Probiotics: do they have a role in oral medicine and dentistry? European journal of oral sciences, 2005. 113(3): p. 188-196.
Näse, L., et al., Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Research, 2001. 35(6): p. 412-420.
Ahola, A.J., et al., Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Archives of oral biology, 2002. 47(11): p. 799-804.
Rodríguez, G., et al., Probiotic Compared with Standard Milk for High-caries Children: A Cluster Randomized Trial. Journal of Dental Research, 2016. 95(4): p. 402-407.
Juneja, A. and A. Kakade, Evaluating the effect of probiotic containing milk on salivary mutans streptococci levels. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 2012. 37(1): p. 9-14.
Glavina, D., et al., Effect of LGG yoghurt on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. salivary counts in children. Collegium antropologicum, 2012. 36(1): p. 129-132.
Petersson, L.G., et al., Reversal of primary root caries lesions after daily intake of milk supplemented with fluoride and probiotic lactobacilli in older adults. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2011. 69(6): p. 321-327.
Lin, Y.-T.J., C.-C. Chou, and C.-Y.S. Hsu, Effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota intake on caries risk in children. Journal of dental sciences, 2017. 12(2): p. 179-184.
Comelli, E.M., et al., Selection of dairy bacterial strains as probiotics for oral health. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 2002. 110(3): p. 218-224.
Çaglar, E., et al., Effect of yogurt with Bifidobacterium DN-173 010 on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in young adults. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2005. 63(6): p. 317-320.
Petti, S., G. Tarsitani, and A. Simonetti D'Arca, Antibacterial activity of yoghurt against viridans streptococci in vitro. Archives of Oral Biology, 2008. 53(10): p. 985-990.
Hedayati-Hajikand, T., et al., Effect of probiotic chewing tablets on early childhood caries – a randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health, 2015. 15(1): p. 112.
Manmontri, C., et al., Reduction of Streptococcus mutans by probiotic milk: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Clinical oral investigations, 2020. 24: p. 2363-2374.
Burton, J.P., et al., Influence of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius strain M18 on indices of dental health in children: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of medical microbiology, 2013. 62(6): p. 875-884.
Di Pierro, F., et al., Cariogram outcome after 90 days of oral treatment with Streptococcus salivarius M18 in children at high risk for dental caries: results of a randomized, controlled study. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry, 2015: p. 107-113.
Kang, M.-S., et al., Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. The Journal of Microbiology, 2011. 49: p. 193-199.
Ratna Sudha, M., et al., Evaluation of the effect of probiotic Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 on mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli levels in saliva and plaque: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study in children. International journal of dentistry, 2020. 2020(1): p. 8891708.
D. Hillman, J., et al., Dental whitening effect of an oral probiotic. Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Research, 2016. 2(1).
Rathore, M., et al., Antimicrobial Efficacy of Probiotic and Herbal Oral Rinses against Candida albicans in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 2016. 9(1): p. 25-30.
Rossoni, R.D., et al., Antifungal activity of clinical Lactobacillus strains against Candida albicans biofilms: identification of potential probiotic candidates to prevent oral candidiasis. Biofouling, 2018. 34(2): p. 212-225.
Riccia, D.D., et al., Anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis (CD2) on periodontal disease. Oral Diseases, 2007. 13(4): p. 376-385.
Invernici, M.M., et al., Effects of Bifidobacterium probiotic on the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of clinical periodontology, 2018. 45(10): p. 1198-1210.
Tekce, M., et al., Clinical and microbiological effects of probiotic lozenges in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a 1‐year follow‐up study. Journal of clinical periodontology, 2015. 42(4): p. 363-372.
Vicario, M., et al., Clinical changes in periodontal subjects with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis: a preliminary randomized clinical trial. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2013. 71(3-4): p. 813-819.
Kuru, B.E., et al., The influence of a Bifidobacterium animalis probiotic on gingival health: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of periodontology, 2017. 88(11): p. 1115-1123.
Babina, K., et al., Antigingivitis and antiplaque effects of oral probiotic containing the Streptococcus salivarius M18 strain: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrients, 2023. 15(18): p. 3882.
Li, X., et al., Effects of toothpaste containing inactivated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Probio-01 on plaque-induced gingivitis and dental plaque microbiota. Microbial Pathogenesis, 2024: p. 106701.
