Çevresel Etmenlerin Metabolizma Üzerine Etkisi
Özet
Çevresel etmenler (soğuk ve sıcak iklim, rakım, hasat zamanı) bazal metabolizma hızı (BMH) üzerine etkilerini inceleyen çalışmalar giderek artış göstermektedir. Mevsimsel farklılıklar fiziksel aktivite düzeyini etkileyerek metabolizma hızını, toplam enerji harcamasını etkileyebilmektedir. Soğuk iklimin enerji harcamasını arttırdığı gösteren çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmaların bazılarında, kahverengi yağ dokusunun fazla olmasının enerji harcamasını arttırdığı belirtilmektedir. Ancak bazı çalışmalarda ise kış mevsiminde fiziksel aktivitenin azalmasından dolayı enerji harcamasının azaldığı bulunmuştur. Sıcak havalarda yapılan çalışmalarda, fiziksel aktivitenin artması metabolizma hızını arttırdığı fakat tüketilen besin miktarı arttığı için vücut ağırlığında herhangi bir farklılık olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Sadece mevsimsel değişikliklere bağlı olarak metabolik yanıt oluşmamaktadır. Rakımın artmasıyla birlikte (BMH) arttığını gösteren çalışmalarda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada çevresel etmenlerin vücutta meydana getirdiği değişiklikler, metabolik yanıtlar ve metabolizma hızı üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir.
Studies examining the effects of environmental factors (cold and hot climates, altitude, harvest time) on basal metabolic rate (BMR) are increasing. Seasonal differences can affect the level of physical activity and affect metabolic rate and total energy expenditure. Studies show that cold climates increase energy expenditure. Some of these studies indicate that having more brown fat tissue increases energy expenditure. However, some studies have found that energy expenditure decreases due to decreased physical activity in cold weather. In studies conducted in hot weather, increased physical activity increases metabolic rate, but since the amount of food consumed increases, no difference in body weight has been observed. There is no metabolic response only due to seasonal changes. Studies have also been found showing that BMR increases with increasing altitude. This study examined changes in the body caused by environmental factors, metabolic responses, and metabolic rate.
Referanslar
Tanaka N,Okuda T, Shinohara H, et al. Relationship between seasonal changes in food intake and energy metabolism, physical activity, and body composition in young Japanese women. Nutrients, 2022. 14(3): p. 506.
Mercer JG,Adam CL, Morgan PJ. Towards an understanding of physiological body mass regulation: seasonal animal models. Nutritional Neuroscience, 2000. 3(5): p. 307-320.
Palmer BF,Clegg DJ. Ascent to altitude as a weight loss method: the good and bad of hypoxia inducible factor activation. Obesity, 2014. 22(2): p. 311-317.
Anthanont P, Levine JA, McCrady-Spitzer SK, et al. Lack of seasonal differences in basal metabolic rate in humans: a cross-sectional study. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 2017. 49(01): p. 30-35.
Leonard WR, Levy SB, Tarskaia LA, et al. Seasonal variation in basal metabolic rates among the Yakut (Sakha) of Northeastern Siberia. American Journal of Human Biology, 2014. 26(4): p. 437-445.
Bittel JH. Heat debt as an index for cold adaptation in men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1987. 62(4): p. 1627-1634.
Huttunen P, Lando NG, Meshtsheryakov VA, et al. Effects of long-distance swimming in cold water on temperature, blood pressure and stress hormones in winter swimmers. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2000. 25(1-2): p. 171-174.
Haman F, Blondin DP. Shivering thermogenesis in humans: Origin, contribution and metabolic requirement. Temperature, 2017. 4(3): p. 217-226.
Hanssen MJW, van der Lans AJJ, Brans B, et al. Short-term cold acclimation recruits brown adipose tissue in obese humans. Diabetes, 2016. 65(5): p. 1179-1189.
Betz MJ, Enerbäck S. Targeting thermogenesis in brown fat and muscle to treat obesity and metabolic disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2018. 14(2): p. 77-87.
Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Thermogenesis challenges the adipostat hypothesis for body-weight control: Symposium on ‘Frontiers in adipose tissue biology’. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2009. 68(4): p. 401-407.
Bhatt PS, Dhillo WS, Salem V. Human brown adipose tissue—function and therapeutic potential in metabolic disease. Current opinion in pharmacology, 2017. 37: p. 1-9.
Erdem Ö, Güyagüler T, Yüksek Isının Metabolizma ve Çalışma Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi The Effects of High Temperature on Human Metabolism and Working Performance.
van Marken Lichtenbelt, Schrauwen P, van de Kerckhove S, et al. Individual variation in body temperature and energy expenditure in response to mild cold. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2002. 282(5): p. E1077-E1083.
Van Ooijen A, van Marken Lichtenbelt W, Westerterp K. Individual differences in body temperature and the relation to energy expenditure: the influence of mild cold. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2001. 26(4-5): p. 455-459.
Van Ooijen, A, van Marken Lichtenbelt, Steenhovem AAV, et al. Seasonal changes in metabolic and temperature responses to cold air in humans. Physiology & behavior, 2004. 82(2-3): p. 545-553.
Dauncey M, Influence of mild cold on 24 h energy expenditure, resting metabolism and diet-induced thermogenesis. British Journal of Nutrition, 1981. 45(2): p. 257-267.
Ginting RP, Lee JM, Lee MW. The influence of ambient temperature on adipose tissue homeostasis, metabolic diseases and cancers. Cells, 2023. 12(6): p. 881.
Stock M.J, Norgan NG, Ferro-Luzzi A, et al. Effect of altitude on dietary-induced thermogenesis at rest and during light exercise in man. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1978.45(3), 345-349.
Kellogg RH, Pace N, Archibald ER et al. Respiratory response to inspired CO2 during acclimatization to an altitude of 12,470 feet. Journal of applied physiology. 11(1), 65-71.
Butterfield GE, Gates J, Fleming S, et al. Increased energy intake minimizes weight loss in men at high altitude. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72(5), 1741-1748.
Lippl FJ, Neubauer S, Schipfer S, et al. Hypobaric hypoxia causes body weight reduction in obese subjects. Obesity, 2010. 18(4), 675-681.
Uitenbroek DG. Seasonal variation in leisure time physical activity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1993. 25(6), 755-760.
Hamilton SL, Clemes SA, Griffiths PL et al. UK adults exhibit higher step counts in summer compared to winter months. Annals of Human Biology, 2008. 35(2): p. 154-169.
Clemes SA, Hamilton SL, Griffiths PL. Summer to winter variability in the step counts of normal weight and overweight adults living in the UK. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2011. 8(1): p. 36-44.
Wang G, Li B, Zhang X, et al. No seasonal variation in physical activity of Han Chinese living in Beijing. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2017. 14, 1-10.
Speakman JR, Heidari-Bakavoli S. Type 2 diabetes, but not obesity, prevalence is positively associated with ambient temperature. Scientific reports, 2016. 6: p. 30409.
Zinkel SR, Moe III,Stern M, et al. Comparison of total energy expenditure between school and summer months. Pediatric Obesity,2013. 8(5), 404-410.
Gillis L, McDowell M, Bar-Or O. Relationship between summer vacation weight gain and lack of success in a pediatric weight control program. Eating Behaviors, 2005. 6(2): p. 137-143.
Kobayashi M, Kobayashi M. The relationship between obesity and seasonal variation in body weight among elementary school children in Tokyo. Economics & Human Biology, 2006. 4(2): p. 253-261.
Hori T, Tsuzuki S. Thermoregulation in adult rats which have been treated with capsaicin as neonates. Pflügers Archiv, 1981. 390: p. 219-223.
Schoeller DA. The effect of holiday weight gain on body weight. Physiology & behavior, 2014. 134: p. 66-69.
Cook CM, Subar AF, Troiano RP et al. (2012). Relation between holiday weight gain and total energy expenditure among 40-to 69-y-old men and women (OPEN study). The American journal of clinical nutrition, 95(3), 726-731.
Mehrang S, Helander E, Chieh A, et al. Seasonal weight variation patterns in seven countries located in northern and southern hemispheres. in 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). 2016. pp. 2475-2478
Van Staveren WA, Deurenberg P, Burema J, et al. Seasonal variation in food intake, pattern of physical activity and change in body weight in a group of young adult Dutch women consuming self-selected diets. International journal of obesity, 1986. 10(2): p. 133-145.
Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Li W, et al. Seasonal variation in food intake, physical activity, and body weight in a predominantly overweight population. European journal of clinical nutrition, 2006. 60(4): p. 519.
Tsibulnikov S, Maslow L, Voronkov N et al. Thyroid hormones and the mechanisms of adaptation to cold. Hormones, 2020. 19: p. 329-339.
Louzada RA, Santos MC, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JP, et al. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is upregulated in rat slow-and fast-twitch skeletal muscle during cold exposure. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2014. 307(11): p. E1020-E1029.
Mirit E, Palmon A, Hasin Y, et al. Heat acclimation induces changes in cardiac mechanical performance: the role of thyroid hormone. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 1999. 276(2): p. R550-R558.
Kinabo J,Kamukama E, Bukuku U. Seasonal variation in physical activity patterns, energy expenditure and nutritional status of women in a rural village in Tanzania. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2003. 276(2), R550-R558.
Leslie PW, Bindon JR, Baker PT. Caloric requirements of human populations: A model. Human Ecology, 12(2): p. 137-162.
Schultink W, Van Raaij J. Seasonal changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI) and body composition of rural Beninese women. Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr, 1995. 4: p. 89-84.
Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiological reviews, 2004. 84(1): p. 277-359.
Nedergaard J, Golozoubova V, Matthias A, et al. UCP1: the only protein able to mediate adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolic inefficiency. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics, 2001. 1504(1): p. 82-106.
Chen KY, Brychta RJ, Linderman JD, et al. Brown fat activation mediates cold-induced thermogenesis in adult humans in response to a mild decrease in ambient temperature. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2013. 98(7): p. E1218-E1223.
Ouellet V, Routhier-Labadie A, Bellemare W, et al. Outdoor temperature, age, sex, body mass index, and diabetic status determine the prevalence, mass, and glucose-uptake activity of 18F-FDG-detected BAT in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2011. 96(1): p. 192-199.
van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, et al. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. New England Journal of Medicine, 2009. 360(15): p. 1500-1508.
Referanslar
Tanaka N,Okuda T, Shinohara H, et al. Relationship between seasonal changes in food intake and energy metabolism, physical activity, and body composition in young Japanese women. Nutrients, 2022. 14(3): p. 506.
Mercer JG,Adam CL, Morgan PJ. Towards an understanding of physiological body mass regulation: seasonal animal models. Nutritional Neuroscience, 2000. 3(5): p. 307-320.
Palmer BF,Clegg DJ. Ascent to altitude as a weight loss method: the good and bad of hypoxia inducible factor activation. Obesity, 2014. 22(2): p. 311-317.
Anthanont P, Levine JA, McCrady-Spitzer SK, et al. Lack of seasonal differences in basal metabolic rate in humans: a cross-sectional study. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 2017. 49(01): p. 30-35.
Leonard WR, Levy SB, Tarskaia LA, et al. Seasonal variation in basal metabolic rates among the Yakut (Sakha) of Northeastern Siberia. American Journal of Human Biology, 2014. 26(4): p. 437-445.
Bittel JH. Heat debt as an index for cold adaptation in men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1987. 62(4): p. 1627-1634.
Huttunen P, Lando NG, Meshtsheryakov VA, et al. Effects of long-distance swimming in cold water on temperature, blood pressure and stress hormones in winter swimmers. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2000. 25(1-2): p. 171-174.
Haman F, Blondin DP. Shivering thermogenesis in humans: Origin, contribution and metabolic requirement. Temperature, 2017. 4(3): p. 217-226.
Hanssen MJW, van der Lans AJJ, Brans B, et al. Short-term cold acclimation recruits brown adipose tissue in obese humans. Diabetes, 2016. 65(5): p. 1179-1189.
Betz MJ, Enerbäck S. Targeting thermogenesis in brown fat and muscle to treat obesity and metabolic disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2018. 14(2): p. 77-87.
Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Thermogenesis challenges the adipostat hypothesis for body-weight control: Symposium on ‘Frontiers in adipose tissue biology’. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2009. 68(4): p. 401-407.
Bhatt PS, Dhillo WS, Salem V. Human brown adipose tissue—function and therapeutic potential in metabolic disease. Current opinion in pharmacology, 2017. 37: p. 1-9.
Erdem Ö, Güyagüler T, Yüksek Isının Metabolizma ve Çalışma Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi The Effects of High Temperature on Human Metabolism and Working Performance.
van Marken Lichtenbelt, Schrauwen P, van de Kerckhove S, et al. Individual variation in body temperature and energy expenditure in response to mild cold. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2002. 282(5): p. E1077-E1083.
Van Ooijen A, van Marken Lichtenbelt W, Westerterp K. Individual differences in body temperature and the relation to energy expenditure: the influence of mild cold. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2001. 26(4-5): p. 455-459.
Van Ooijen, A, van Marken Lichtenbelt, Steenhovem AAV, et al. Seasonal changes in metabolic and temperature responses to cold air in humans. Physiology & behavior, 2004. 82(2-3): p. 545-553.
Dauncey M, Influence of mild cold on 24 h energy expenditure, resting metabolism and diet-induced thermogenesis. British Journal of Nutrition, 1981. 45(2): p. 257-267.
Ginting RP, Lee JM, Lee MW. The influence of ambient temperature on adipose tissue homeostasis, metabolic diseases and cancers. Cells, 2023. 12(6): p. 881.
Stock M.J, Norgan NG, Ferro-Luzzi A, et al. Effect of altitude on dietary-induced thermogenesis at rest and during light exercise in man. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1978.45(3), 345-349.
Kellogg RH, Pace N, Archibald ER et al. Respiratory response to inspired CO2 during acclimatization to an altitude of 12,470 feet. Journal of applied physiology. 11(1), 65-71.
Butterfield GE, Gates J, Fleming S, et al. Increased energy intake minimizes weight loss in men at high altitude. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72(5), 1741-1748.
Lippl FJ, Neubauer S, Schipfer S, et al. Hypobaric hypoxia causes body weight reduction in obese subjects. Obesity, 2010. 18(4), 675-681.
Uitenbroek DG. Seasonal variation in leisure time physical activity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1993. 25(6), 755-760.
Hamilton SL, Clemes SA, Griffiths PL et al. UK adults exhibit higher step counts in summer compared to winter months. Annals of Human Biology, 2008. 35(2): p. 154-169.
Clemes SA, Hamilton SL, Griffiths PL. Summer to winter variability in the step counts of normal weight and overweight adults living in the UK. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2011. 8(1): p. 36-44.
Wang G, Li B, Zhang X, et al. No seasonal variation in physical activity of Han Chinese living in Beijing. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2017. 14, 1-10.
Speakman JR, Heidari-Bakavoli S. Type 2 diabetes, but not obesity, prevalence is positively associated with ambient temperature. Scientific reports, 2016. 6: p. 30409.
Zinkel SR, Moe III,Stern M, et al. Comparison of total energy expenditure between school and summer months. Pediatric Obesity,2013. 8(5), 404-410.
Gillis L, McDowell M, Bar-Or O. Relationship between summer vacation weight gain and lack of success in a pediatric weight control program. Eating Behaviors, 2005. 6(2): p. 137-143.
Kobayashi M, Kobayashi M. The relationship between obesity and seasonal variation in body weight among elementary school children in Tokyo. Economics & Human Biology, 2006. 4(2): p. 253-261.
Hori T, Tsuzuki S. Thermoregulation in adult rats which have been treated with capsaicin as neonates. Pflügers Archiv, 1981. 390: p. 219-223.
Schoeller DA. The effect of holiday weight gain on body weight. Physiology & behavior, 2014. 134: p. 66-69.
Cook CM, Subar AF, Troiano RP et al. (2012). Relation between holiday weight gain and total energy expenditure among 40-to 69-y-old men and women (OPEN study). The American journal of clinical nutrition, 95(3), 726-731.
Mehrang S, Helander E, Chieh A, et al. Seasonal weight variation patterns in seven countries located in northern and southern hemispheres. in 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). 2016. pp. 2475-2478
Van Staveren WA, Deurenberg P, Burema J, et al. Seasonal variation in food intake, pattern of physical activity and change in body weight in a group of young adult Dutch women consuming self-selected diets. International journal of obesity, 1986. 10(2): p. 133-145.
Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Li W, et al. Seasonal variation in food intake, physical activity, and body weight in a predominantly overweight population. European journal of clinical nutrition, 2006. 60(4): p. 519.
Tsibulnikov S, Maslow L, Voronkov N et al. Thyroid hormones and the mechanisms of adaptation to cold. Hormones, 2020. 19: p. 329-339.
Louzada RA, Santos MC, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JP, et al. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is upregulated in rat slow-and fast-twitch skeletal muscle during cold exposure. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2014. 307(11): p. E1020-E1029.
Mirit E, Palmon A, Hasin Y, et al. Heat acclimation induces changes in cardiac mechanical performance: the role of thyroid hormone. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 1999. 276(2): p. R550-R558.
Kinabo J,Kamukama E, Bukuku U. Seasonal variation in physical activity patterns, energy expenditure and nutritional status of women in a rural village in Tanzania. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2003. 276(2), R550-R558.
Leslie PW, Bindon JR, Baker PT. Caloric requirements of human populations: A model. Human Ecology, 12(2): p. 137-162.
Schultink W, Van Raaij J. Seasonal changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI) and body composition of rural Beninese women. Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr, 1995. 4: p. 89-84.
Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiological reviews, 2004. 84(1): p. 277-359.
Nedergaard J, Golozoubova V, Matthias A, et al. UCP1: the only protein able to mediate adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolic inefficiency. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics, 2001. 1504(1): p. 82-106.
Chen KY, Brychta RJ, Linderman JD, et al. Brown fat activation mediates cold-induced thermogenesis in adult humans in response to a mild decrease in ambient temperature. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2013. 98(7): p. E1218-E1223.
Ouellet V, Routhier-Labadie A, Bellemare W, et al. Outdoor temperature, age, sex, body mass index, and diabetic status determine the prevalence, mass, and glucose-uptake activity of 18F-FDG-detected BAT in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2011. 96(1): p. 192-199.
van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, et al. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. New England Journal of Medicine, 2009. 360(15): p. 1500-1508.
