Çocuklarda Akut Enfeksiyöz İshaller
Özet
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ)’ne göre akut ishal günde üç veya daha fazla gevşek veya sıvı dışkılamanın 3 veya daha fazla gün ve 14 günden az bir süre boyunca devam etmesidir. Akut çocukluk çağı ishalinin akut sulu ishal, akut kanlı ishal ve peristan (dirençli) ishal olmak üzere üç ana formu vardır ve bunların hepsi potansiyel olarak yaşamı tehdit edicidir ve farklı tedavi süreçleri gerektirir. Dünya genelinde her yıl yaklaşık 1,7 milyar çocuk ishalden etkilenmektedir. İshal, 5 yaş altı çocuklarda yetersiz beslenmenin önde gelen nedenlerinden biridir. İshalli hastalıklar 1-59 aylık çocuklarda üçüncü önde gelen ölüm nedenidir. İshalli hastalıkların önemli bir kısmı güvenli içme suyu, yeterli sanitasyon ve hijyenle önlenebilir. Ayrıca rotavirüs, akut enfeksiyöz ishallerin başta gelen nedenlerinden olup rotavirüs aşısının uygulanması ishalli hastalıklardan korunmada etkili bir önlemdir. Aşının dünya genelinde uygulanmasıyla birlikte 5 yaş altı çocuklarda ishale bağlı hastane yatışlarında ve ölümlerinde önemli bir azalma olmuştur. Akut enfeksiyöz ishaller çocuklarda hem önlenebilir hem de tedavi edilebilir bir ölüm nedeni olması açısından çok önemli bir konudur. Bu derleme ile 5 yaş altı çocuklarda önemli bir halk sağlığı yükü olmaya devam eden akut enfeksiyöz ishalli hastalıklar ve önleme konusunda yapılabilecekler hakkında genel bilgiler verilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), acute diarrhea is the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day for 3 or more days and less than 14 days. There are three main forms of acute childhood diarrhea: acute watery diarrhea, acute bloody diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea, all of which are potentially life-threatening and require different treatment processes. Approximately 1.7 billion children worldwide are affected by diarrhea each year. Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age. Diarrheal diseases are the third leading cause of death in children aged 1-59 months. A significant portion of diarrheal diseases can be prevented with safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, and hygiene. In addition, rotavirus is a leading cause of acute infectious diarrhea, and rotavirus vaccination is an effective measure to protect against diarrheal diseases. With the implementation of the vaccine worldwide, there has been a significant decrease in diarrhea-related hospitalizations and deaths in children under 5 years of age. Acute infectious diarrhea is a very important issue as it is both a preventable and treatable cause of death in children. This review aims to provide general information about acute infectious diarrheal diseases, which continue to be a significant public health burden in children under 5 years of age, and what can be done to prevent them.
Referanslar
Vale CCd, Ferreira FLA, Rodrigues JdS et al. Cases of Infantile Diarrhea and Gastroenteritis. Asian Journal of Research in Nursing and Health. 2024;7(1):80-6.
Organization WH (2009). Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. Erişim: 25.08.2024. İnternet: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44174/9789241598415_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Nazarian L, Berman J. Practice parameter: The management of acute gastroenteritis n young children. Pediatrics. 1996;97(3):424-35.
Guerrant RL, Hughes JM, Lima NL et al. Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and etiologies. Reviews of infectious diseases. 1990;12(Supplement_1):S41-S50.
Diarrhoeal-disease (2024). Erişim: 25.08.2024. İnternet: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease
Florez ID, Nino-Serna LF, Beltrán-Arroyave CP. Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children. Current infectious disease reports. 2020;22, 1-12.
Aliabadi N, Antoni S, Mwenda JM et al. Global impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus hospitalisations among children under 5 years of age, 2008–16: findings from the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. The Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(7), e893-e903.
Operario DJ, Platts-Mills JA, Nadan S et al. Etiology of severe acute watery diarrhea in children in the global rotavirus surveillance network using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2017; 216(2), 220-227.
Kimberlin, DW. (2018). Red Book: 2018-2021 report of the committee on infectious diseases (No. Ed. 31, pp. 152-pp).
Thiagarajah JR, Donowitz M, Verkman AS. Secretory diarrhoea: mechanisms and emerging therapies. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2015;12(8), 446-457.
Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 65(12), e45-e80.
WHO&UNICEF (2023) Progress On Household Drinking Water, Sanitation And Hygiene 2000-2022 Erişim: 26.08.2024 İnternet: https://www.unicef.org/wca/media/9161/file/jmp-2023-wash-households-launch-version.pdf
Burke, R. M., Tate, J. E., Kirkwood, C. D., Steele, A. D., & Parashar, U. D. (2019). Current and new rotavirus vaccines. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 32(5), 435-444.
Dóró R, László B, Martella V et al. Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure?. Infection, genetics and evolution. 2014;28, 446-461.
Skansberg A, Sauer M, Tan M et al. Product review of the rotavirus vaccines ROTASIIL, ROTAVAC, and Rotavin-M1. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2021;17(4), 1223–1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1804245
Burnett E, Parashar UD, Tate JE. Real-world effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, 2006–19: a literature review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2020;8(9), e1195-e1202.
International Vaccine Access Center (2024). Rotavirus-vaccine introduction-current vaccine intro status. View-hub. Erişim: 28.08.2024 İnternet: https://view-hub.org/vaccine/rota
Topçu S, Başkan S. Rotavirüs Aşıları. Turkiye Klinikleri Social Pediatrics-Special Topics. 2021;2(1), 133-136.
Tapisiz A, Bedir Demirdag T, Cura Yayla BC et al. Rotavirus infections in children in Turkey: A systematic review. Reviews in medical virology. 2019;29(1), e2020.
Kilicaslan O, Engin MMN, Aslantas M et al. Investigation of awareness of rotavirus infection and vaccination in parents of infants less than one year-a questionnaire study from Turkey. Global Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2022; 4(1), 547-557.
Dilen MF, Sucu A, Tolunay O. et al. Knowledge and Awareness of Pediatricians About Rotavirus Infection and Vaccine. Journal of Pediatric Infection/Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi. 2022;16(1).
Referanslar
Vale CCd, Ferreira FLA, Rodrigues JdS et al. Cases of Infantile Diarrhea and Gastroenteritis. Asian Journal of Research in Nursing and Health. 2024;7(1):80-6.
Organization WH (2009). Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. Erişim: 25.08.2024. İnternet: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44174/9789241598415_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Nazarian L, Berman J. Practice parameter: The management of acute gastroenteritis n young children. Pediatrics. 1996;97(3):424-35.
Guerrant RL, Hughes JM, Lima NL et al. Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and etiologies. Reviews of infectious diseases. 1990;12(Supplement_1):S41-S50.
Diarrhoeal-disease (2024). Erişim: 25.08.2024. İnternet: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease
Florez ID, Nino-Serna LF, Beltrán-Arroyave CP. Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children. Current infectious disease reports. 2020;22, 1-12.
Aliabadi N, Antoni S, Mwenda JM et al. Global impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus hospitalisations among children under 5 years of age, 2008–16: findings from the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. The Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(7), e893-e903.
Operario DJ, Platts-Mills JA, Nadan S et al. Etiology of severe acute watery diarrhea in children in the global rotavirus surveillance network using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2017; 216(2), 220-227.
Kimberlin, DW. (2018). Red Book: 2018-2021 report of the committee on infectious diseases (No. Ed. 31, pp. 152-pp).
Thiagarajah JR, Donowitz M, Verkman AS. Secretory diarrhoea: mechanisms and emerging therapies. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2015;12(8), 446-457.
Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 65(12), e45-e80.
WHO&UNICEF (2023) Progress On Household Drinking Water, Sanitation And Hygiene 2000-2022 Erişim: 26.08.2024 İnternet: https://www.unicef.org/wca/media/9161/file/jmp-2023-wash-households-launch-version.pdf
Burke, R. M., Tate, J. E., Kirkwood, C. D., Steele, A. D., & Parashar, U. D. (2019). Current and new rotavirus vaccines. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 32(5), 435-444.
Dóró R, László B, Martella V et al. Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure?. Infection, genetics and evolution. 2014;28, 446-461.
Skansberg A, Sauer M, Tan M et al. Product review of the rotavirus vaccines ROTASIIL, ROTAVAC, and Rotavin-M1. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2021;17(4), 1223–1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1804245
Burnett E, Parashar UD, Tate JE. Real-world effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, 2006–19: a literature review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2020;8(9), e1195-e1202.
International Vaccine Access Center (2024). Rotavirus-vaccine introduction-current vaccine intro status. View-hub. Erişim: 28.08.2024 İnternet: https://view-hub.org/vaccine/rota
Topçu S, Başkan S. Rotavirüs Aşıları. Turkiye Klinikleri Social Pediatrics-Special Topics. 2021;2(1), 133-136.
Tapisiz A, Bedir Demirdag T, Cura Yayla BC et al. Rotavirus infections in children in Turkey: A systematic review. Reviews in medical virology. 2019;29(1), e2020.
Kilicaslan O, Engin MMN, Aslantas M et al. Investigation of awareness of rotavirus infection and vaccination in parents of infants less than one year-a questionnaire study from Turkey. Global Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2022; 4(1), 547-557.
Dilen MF, Sucu A, Tolunay O. et al. Knowledge and Awareness of Pediatricians About Rotavirus Infection and Vaccine. Journal of Pediatric Infection/Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi. 2022;16(1).
