Pediatrik Onkoloji Hastalarına Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Güncel Tanı ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları
Özet
Çocukluk çağı kanseri, farklı oluşum şekilleri, etiyoloji, tedavi ve destekleyici bakım, sağkalım ve akut toksik yan ve geç etki riski olan çok farklı hastalıklardan oluşan heterojen bir malignite grubudur. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, çocukluk çağı kanserini 15 yaşından küçük çocuk ve ergenlerde ortaya çıkan kanserler olarak tanımlamaktadır. Bu yaş grubunda kansere yakalanan çocuklar hem kanserin etkileri hem de tedavinin yan etkileri nedeniyle pek çok sorunla karşılaşmaktadır. Kanser tedavisinde kullanılan başlıca yöntemler kemoterapi, radyoterapi, hematopoietik kök hücre transplantasyonu veya bu tedavilerin birbirleriyle kombine edilerek kullanılmasıdır. Çocuk diş hekimlerinin, çocukluk çağı kanser hastalarının teşhisinde, tedavileri sırasında ve hastalığı atlattıktan sonra hastaların tedavi süreçlerinde rol almaları, hasta ve ebeveynlerini ağız hijyeni konusunda motive etmesi gerekir. Ayrıca çocuk diş hekimleri hastaların ağız bölgesinde gelişebilecek olan yeni kanserler ile ilgili de bilgilendirilir. Hastanın belirli aralıklarla takibi ve taramasının yapılması hastaların faydasınadır.
Childhood cancer is a different creation of malignancies occurring from several diseases with different formation patterns, etiology, therapy and supportive care, survival, and acute toxic side and delayed effect risks. The World Health Organization defines childhood cancer as cancers that occur in children and adolescents under the age of 15. Children who develop cancer in this young age group experience many problems due to both the effects of cancer and the side effects of treatment. The major processes used in cancer therapy are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these therapies. Pediatric dentists need to play a role in the therapy processes of pediatric cancer sufferers in the diagnosis, during their treatment, and after they have overcome the discomfort, as well as to motivate the patient and the parents about oral hygiene. In addition, pediatric dentists are informed about new cancers that may develop in the patients' mouths. It is in the best concern of the patients to have their follow-up and screening done at regular intervals.
Referanslar
Parkin, DM, Pisani P, & Ferlay, J. Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 1999;49(1): 33–64.
Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. International journal of cancer. 2019;144(8): 1941–1953.
Shochat SJ, Fremgen AM, Murphy SB, et al. Childhood cancer: patterns of protocol participation in a national survey. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2001;51(2): 119–130.
Lam CG, Howard SC, Bouffet E, et al. Science and health for all children with cancer. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2019:363(6432); 1182–1186.
Dental Management of Pediatric Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy and/or Radiation Therapy. Pediatric dentistry, 2018:40(6); 392–400.
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Dental management of the organ or stem cell transplant patient. Bethesda, Md.: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Modified July, 2016. Available from: https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2017- 09/dental-management-organ-stem-cell-transplant.pdf (Accessed September 22, 2022).
PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board. Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. 2022 Oct 21. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65881/.
Hord J, Stephen F, Gary C, et al. Standards for Pediatric Cancer Centers. Pediatrics. 2014;134 (2): 410–414.
Ritwik P. Dental Care for Patients With Childhood Cancers. Ochsner journal. 2018;18(4): 351–357.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Affairs Committee, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical Affairs. Guideline on dental management of pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and/or radiation. Pediatric Dentistry. 2013;38(6): 334-342
Elad S, Raber-Durlacher JE, Brennan MT, et al. Basic oral care for hematology–oncology patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: a position paper from the joint task force of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Supportive Care in Cancer. 2015;23: 223-236.
Pajari U, Ollila P, Lanning M. Incidence of dental caries in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is related to the therapy used. ASDC journal of dentistry for children. 1995;62(5): 349-352.
Dahllöf G, Bågesund M, Ringdén O. Impact of conditioning regimens on salivary function, caries-associated microorganisms and dental caries in children after bone marrow transplantation. A 4-year longitudinal study. Bone marrow transplantation. 1997;20(6): 479-483.
Maranhão RC, Vital CG, Tavoni TM, et al. Clinical experience with drug delivery systems as tools to decrease the toxicity of anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2017;14(10): 1217-1226.
Meeske KA, Ji L, Freyer DR, et al. Comparative toxicity by sex among children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2015;62(12): 2140-2149.
Villa A, Sonis ST. An update on pharmacotherapies in active development for the management of cancer regimen-associated oral mucositis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2020;21(5): 541-548.
de Castro JFL, Abreu EGF, Correia AVL, et al. Low-level laser in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Photomedicine and Laser surgery. 2013;31(12): 613-618.
Weissheimer C, Curra M, Gregianin LJ, et al. New photobiomodulation protocol prevents oral mucositis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients—a retrospective study. Lasers in medical science. 2017;32: 2013-2021.
Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Bryan G, et al. Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2011;(4).
Manoharan V, Fareed N, Battur H, et al. Effectiveness of mouthrinses in prevention and treatment of radiation induced mucositis: A systematic review. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 2020;16(1): S1-S10.
Ahmad P, Akhtar U, Chaudhry A, et al. Treatment and prevention of oral mucositis: A literature review. European Journal of General Dentistry. 2019;8(02): 23-28.
Lalla RV, Bowen J, Barasch A, et al. MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy Cancer. 2014;120:1453-1461.
Glenny AM, Gibson F, Auld E, et al. The development of evidence-based guidelines on mouth care for children, teenagers and young adults treated for cancer. European journal of cancer. 2010;46(8): 1399-1412.
Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, et al. A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2010;18: 985-992.
Elad S, Zadik Y, Hewson I, et al. A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea. Supportive care in cancer. 2010;18: 993-1006.
Schubert MM, Correa MEP, Peterson DE. Oral complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation. Thomas’ hematopoietic cell transplantation: stem cell transplantation, 5th ed. 2015;1; 1242-1268.
Yamashita H, Nakagawa K, Tago M, et al. Taste dysfunction in patients receiving radiotherapy. Head & neck, 2006;28(6): 508-516.
Epstein JB, Barasch A. Taste disorders in cancer patients: pathogenesis, and approach to assessment and management. Oral oncology. 2010;46(2): 77-81.
Wogelius P, Dahllöf G, Gorst‐Rasmussen A, et al. A population‐based observational study of dental caries among survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2008;50(6): 1221-1226.
Stubblefield MD, Burstein HJ, Burton AW, et al. NCCN task force report: management of neuropathy in cancer. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 2009;7(Suppl_5), S-1.
Carrillo CM, Corrêa FNP, Lopes NNF, et al. Dental anomalies in children submitted to antineoplastic therapy. Clinics. 2014;69: 433-437.
Avşar A, Elli M, Darka Ö, et al. Long-term effects of chemotherapy on caries formation, dental development, and salivary factors in childhood cancer survivors. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2007;104(6): 781-789.
Effinger KE, Migliorati CA, Hudson MM, et al. Oral and dental late effects in survivors of childhood cancer: a Children’s Oncology Group report. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2014;22: 2009-2019.
Kaste SC, Karimova EJ, Neel MD. Osteonecrosis in children after therapy for malignancy. AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 2011;196(5): 1011.
Shah KN, Racine J, Jones LC, et al. Pathophysiology and risk factors for osteonecrosis. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2015;8: 201-209.
Busenhart DM, Erb J, Rigakos G, et al. Adverse effects of chemotherapy on the teeth and surrounding tissues of children with cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oral oncology. 2018;83: 64-72.
Ponce-Torres E, Ruíz-Rodríguez MDS, Alejo-González F, et al. Oral manifestations in pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2010;34(3): 275-279.
Gandhi K, Datta G, Ahuja S, et al. Prevalence of oral complications occurring in a population of pediatric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. International journal of clinical pediatric dentistry. 2017;10(2): 166.
Thomaz EBAF, Mouchrek Jr JCE, Silva AQ, et al. Longitudinal assessment of immunological and oral clinical conditions in patients undergoing anticancer treatment for leukemia. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2013;77(7): 1088-1093.
Meaney S, Anweigi L, Ziada H, et al. The impact of hypodontia: a qualitative study on the experiences of patients. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 2012;34(5): 547-552.
Vargas-Ferreira F, Ardenghi TM. Developmental enamel defects and their impact on child oral health-related quality of life. Brazilian Oral Research. 2011;25: 531-537.
Laverdière C, Cheung NKV, Kushner BH, et al. Long‐term complications in survivors of advanced stage neuroblastoma. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2005;45(3): 324-332.
Näsman M, Forsberg CM, Dahllöf G. Long-term dental development in children after treatment for malignant disease. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1997;19(2): 151-159.
Seremidi K, Kloukos D, Polychronopoulou A, et al. Late effects of chemo and radiation treatment on dental structures of childhood cancer survivors. A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Head & Neck. 2019;41(9): 3422-3433.
Touchefeu Y, Montassier E, Nieman K, et al. Systematic review: the role of the gut microbiota in chemotherapy or radiation induced gastrointestinal mucositis–current evidence and potential clinical applications. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2014;40(5): 409-421.
Tamamyan G, Danielyan S, Lambert MP. Chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia in pediatric oncology. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology. 2016;99: 299-307.
Villeneuve S, Aftandilian C. Neutropenia and Infection Prophylaxis in Childhood Cancer. Current Oncology Reports. 2022;24(6): 671-686.
Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al. 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clinical infectious diseases. 2002;34(6): 730-751.
Naidu MUR, Ramana GV, Rani PU, et al. Chemotherapy-induced and/or radiation therapy-induced oral mucositis-complicating the treatment of cancer. Neoplasia. 2004;6(5): 423-431.
Levy-Polack MP, Sebelli P, Polack NL. Incidence of oral complications and application of a preventive protocol in children with acute leukemia. Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry. 1998;18(5): 189–193.
Guideline on Dental Management of Pediatric Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, and/or Radiation Therapy. Pediatric Dentistry. 2016;38(6): 334-342.
Farsi DJ. Children undergoing chemotherapy: is it too late for dental rehabilitation?. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2016;40(6): 503-505.
Fleming P. Dental management of the pediatric oncology patient. Current opinion in dentistry. 1991;1(5): 577-582.
Hong CH. Considerations in the pediatric population with cancer. Dental Clinics of North America. 2008;52(1): 155-181.
Hernández Fernández A, Oñate Sánchez RE, Fernández Miñano E, Iniesta López-Matencio P, Ortiz Ruiz AJ. Application of International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) systems in child cancer patients: a clinical case report. European archives of paediatric dentistry: official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 2017;18(3): 219–224.
American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Affairs C, American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical. A Guideline on dental management of pediatric patients receving chemotherapy, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and/or radiation. Pediatric Dentistry. 2008;30: 219–225
Guideline on caries-risk assessment and management for infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatric Dentistry. 2016;38(6): 142–149.
Guideline on fluoride therapy. Pediatric Dentistry. 2016;38(6): 181–184.
Llena C, Forner L, Baca P. Anticariogenicity of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate: a review of the literature. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2009;10(3): 1-9.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Affairs Committee, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical Affairs. Guideline on dental management of pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and/or radiation. Pediatric Dentistry. 2005-2006;27(7): 170–175.
Little JW, Falace DA, Miller CS, et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby. 2002; 332–416.
De Francisci G, Papasidero AE, Spinazzola G, et al. Update on complications in pediatric anesthesia. Pediatric Reports. 2013; 5(1), e2.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Dental management of pediatric patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy and/or head and neck radiation. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 2023; 549-558.
Little JW, Miller CS, Rhodus NL. Cancer and oral care of patients with cancer. Little and Falace's Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 9th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier. 2018; 506-508.
Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Aghaloo T, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons’ position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws—2022 update. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2022;80(5): 920-943.
McCaul LK. Oral and dental management for head and neck cancer patients treated by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Dental update. 2012;39(2): 135-140.
Dijkstra PU, Kalk WWI, Roodenburg JLN. Trismus in head and neck oncology: a systematic review. Oral oncology. 2004;40(9): 879-889.
Rapidis AD, Dijkstra PU, Roodenburg JLN, et al. Trismus in patients with head and neck cancer: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Clinical Otolaryngology. 2015;40(6): 516-526.
Hernandez M, Phulpin B, Mansuy L, et al. Use of new targeted cancer therapies in children: effects on dental development and risk of jaw osteonecrosis: a review. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 2017;46(5): 321-326.
French National Dental Surgery Academy. Bisphosphonates and odontology. 2014. Available from: http://www.academiedentaire.fr/attachments/0000/1139/BISPHOSPHONATES.pdf.
Rao SS, El Abiad JM, Puvanesarajah V, et al. Osteonecrosis in pediatric cancer survivors: Epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Surgical Oncology. 2019;28: 214-221.
Myers RA, Marx RE. Use of hyperbaric oxygen in postradiation head and neck surgery. NCI Monographs: a Publication of the National Cancer Institute. 1990;9: 151-157.
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR) 1975–2017. Released April 15, 2020. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. 2021.
Zahnreich S, Schmidberger H. Childhood cancer: occurrence, treatment and risk of second primary malignancies. Cancers, 2021;13(11): 2607.
Robison LL, Hudson MM. Survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: life-long risks and responsibilities. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2014;14(1): 61-70.
Referanslar
Parkin, DM, Pisani P, & Ferlay, J. Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 1999;49(1): 33–64.
Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. International journal of cancer. 2019;144(8): 1941–1953.
Shochat SJ, Fremgen AM, Murphy SB, et al. Childhood cancer: patterns of protocol participation in a national survey. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2001;51(2): 119–130.
Lam CG, Howard SC, Bouffet E, et al. Science and health for all children with cancer. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2019:363(6432); 1182–1186.
Dental Management of Pediatric Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy and/or Radiation Therapy. Pediatric dentistry, 2018:40(6); 392–400.
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Dental management of the organ or stem cell transplant patient. Bethesda, Md.: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Modified July, 2016. Available from: https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2017- 09/dental-management-organ-stem-cell-transplant.pdf (Accessed September 22, 2022).
PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board. Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. 2022 Oct 21. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65881/.
Hord J, Stephen F, Gary C, et al. Standards for Pediatric Cancer Centers. Pediatrics. 2014;134 (2): 410–414.
Ritwik P. Dental Care for Patients With Childhood Cancers. Ochsner journal. 2018;18(4): 351–357.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Affairs Committee, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical Affairs. Guideline on dental management of pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and/or radiation. Pediatric Dentistry. 2013;38(6): 334-342
Elad S, Raber-Durlacher JE, Brennan MT, et al. Basic oral care for hematology–oncology patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: a position paper from the joint task force of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Supportive Care in Cancer. 2015;23: 223-236.
Pajari U, Ollila P, Lanning M. Incidence of dental caries in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is related to the therapy used. ASDC journal of dentistry for children. 1995;62(5): 349-352.
Dahllöf G, Bågesund M, Ringdén O. Impact of conditioning regimens on salivary function, caries-associated microorganisms and dental caries in children after bone marrow transplantation. A 4-year longitudinal study. Bone marrow transplantation. 1997;20(6): 479-483.
Maranhão RC, Vital CG, Tavoni TM, et al. Clinical experience with drug delivery systems as tools to decrease the toxicity of anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2017;14(10): 1217-1226.
Meeske KA, Ji L, Freyer DR, et al. Comparative toxicity by sex among children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2015;62(12): 2140-2149.
Villa A, Sonis ST. An update on pharmacotherapies in active development for the management of cancer regimen-associated oral mucositis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2020;21(5): 541-548.
de Castro JFL, Abreu EGF, Correia AVL, et al. Low-level laser in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Photomedicine and Laser surgery. 2013;31(12): 613-618.
Weissheimer C, Curra M, Gregianin LJ, et al. New photobiomodulation protocol prevents oral mucositis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients—a retrospective study. Lasers in medical science. 2017;32: 2013-2021.
Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Bryan G, et al. Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2011;(4).
Manoharan V, Fareed N, Battur H, et al. Effectiveness of mouthrinses in prevention and treatment of radiation induced mucositis: A systematic review. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 2020;16(1): S1-S10.
Ahmad P, Akhtar U, Chaudhry A, et al. Treatment and prevention of oral mucositis: A literature review. European Journal of General Dentistry. 2019;8(02): 23-28.
Lalla RV, Bowen J, Barasch A, et al. MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy Cancer. 2014;120:1453-1461.
Glenny AM, Gibson F, Auld E, et al. The development of evidence-based guidelines on mouth care for children, teenagers and young adults treated for cancer. European journal of cancer. 2010;46(8): 1399-1412.
Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, et al. A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2010;18: 985-992.
Elad S, Zadik Y, Hewson I, et al. A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea. Supportive care in cancer. 2010;18: 993-1006.
Schubert MM, Correa MEP, Peterson DE. Oral complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation. Thomas’ hematopoietic cell transplantation: stem cell transplantation, 5th ed. 2015;1; 1242-1268.
Yamashita H, Nakagawa K, Tago M, et al. Taste dysfunction in patients receiving radiotherapy. Head & neck, 2006;28(6): 508-516.
Epstein JB, Barasch A. Taste disorders in cancer patients: pathogenesis, and approach to assessment and management. Oral oncology. 2010;46(2): 77-81.
Wogelius P, Dahllöf G, Gorst‐Rasmussen A, et al. A population‐based observational study of dental caries among survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2008;50(6): 1221-1226.
Stubblefield MD, Burstein HJ, Burton AW, et al. NCCN task force report: management of neuropathy in cancer. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 2009;7(Suppl_5), S-1.
Carrillo CM, Corrêa FNP, Lopes NNF, et al. Dental anomalies in children submitted to antineoplastic therapy. Clinics. 2014;69: 433-437.
Avşar A, Elli M, Darka Ö, et al. Long-term effects of chemotherapy on caries formation, dental development, and salivary factors in childhood cancer survivors. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2007;104(6): 781-789.
Effinger KE, Migliorati CA, Hudson MM, et al. Oral and dental late effects in survivors of childhood cancer: a Children’s Oncology Group report. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2014;22: 2009-2019.
Kaste SC, Karimova EJ, Neel MD. Osteonecrosis in children after therapy for malignancy. AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 2011;196(5): 1011.
Shah KN, Racine J, Jones LC, et al. Pathophysiology and risk factors for osteonecrosis. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2015;8: 201-209.
Busenhart DM, Erb J, Rigakos G, et al. Adverse effects of chemotherapy on the teeth and surrounding tissues of children with cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oral oncology. 2018;83: 64-72.
Ponce-Torres E, Ruíz-Rodríguez MDS, Alejo-González F, et al. Oral manifestations in pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2010;34(3): 275-279.
Gandhi K, Datta G, Ahuja S, et al. Prevalence of oral complications occurring in a population of pediatric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. International journal of clinical pediatric dentistry. 2017;10(2): 166.
Thomaz EBAF, Mouchrek Jr JCE, Silva AQ, et al. Longitudinal assessment of immunological and oral clinical conditions in patients undergoing anticancer treatment for leukemia. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2013;77(7): 1088-1093.
Meaney S, Anweigi L, Ziada H, et al. The impact of hypodontia: a qualitative study on the experiences of patients. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 2012;34(5): 547-552.
Vargas-Ferreira F, Ardenghi TM. Developmental enamel defects and their impact on child oral health-related quality of life. Brazilian Oral Research. 2011;25: 531-537.
Laverdière C, Cheung NKV, Kushner BH, et al. Long‐term complications in survivors of advanced stage neuroblastoma. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2005;45(3): 324-332.
Näsman M, Forsberg CM, Dahllöf G. Long-term dental development in children after treatment for malignant disease. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1997;19(2): 151-159.
Seremidi K, Kloukos D, Polychronopoulou A, et al. Late effects of chemo and radiation treatment on dental structures of childhood cancer survivors. A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Head & Neck. 2019;41(9): 3422-3433.
Touchefeu Y, Montassier E, Nieman K, et al. Systematic review: the role of the gut microbiota in chemotherapy or radiation induced gastrointestinal mucositis–current evidence and potential clinical applications. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2014;40(5): 409-421.
Tamamyan G, Danielyan S, Lambert MP. Chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia in pediatric oncology. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology. 2016;99: 299-307.
Villeneuve S, Aftandilian C. Neutropenia and Infection Prophylaxis in Childhood Cancer. Current Oncology Reports. 2022;24(6): 671-686.
Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al. 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clinical infectious diseases. 2002;34(6): 730-751.
Naidu MUR, Ramana GV, Rani PU, et al. Chemotherapy-induced and/or radiation therapy-induced oral mucositis-complicating the treatment of cancer. Neoplasia. 2004;6(5): 423-431.
Levy-Polack MP, Sebelli P, Polack NL. Incidence of oral complications and application of a preventive protocol in children with acute leukemia. Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry. 1998;18(5): 189–193.
Guideline on Dental Management of Pediatric Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, and/or Radiation Therapy. Pediatric Dentistry. 2016;38(6): 334-342.
Farsi DJ. Children undergoing chemotherapy: is it too late for dental rehabilitation?. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2016;40(6): 503-505.
Fleming P. Dental management of the pediatric oncology patient. Current opinion in dentistry. 1991;1(5): 577-582.
Hong CH. Considerations in the pediatric population with cancer. Dental Clinics of North America. 2008;52(1): 155-181.
Hernández Fernández A, Oñate Sánchez RE, Fernández Miñano E, Iniesta López-Matencio P, Ortiz Ruiz AJ. Application of International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) systems in child cancer patients: a clinical case report. European archives of paediatric dentistry: official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 2017;18(3): 219–224.
American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Affairs C, American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical. A Guideline on dental management of pediatric patients receving chemotherapy, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and/or radiation. Pediatric Dentistry. 2008;30: 219–225
Guideline on caries-risk assessment and management for infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatric Dentistry. 2016;38(6): 142–149.
Guideline on fluoride therapy. Pediatric Dentistry. 2016;38(6): 181–184.
Llena C, Forner L, Baca P. Anticariogenicity of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate: a review of the literature. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2009;10(3): 1-9.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Affairs Committee, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical Affairs. Guideline on dental management of pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and/or radiation. Pediatric Dentistry. 2005-2006;27(7): 170–175.
Little JW, Falace DA, Miller CS, et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby. 2002; 332–416.
De Francisci G, Papasidero AE, Spinazzola G, et al. Update on complications in pediatric anesthesia. Pediatric Reports. 2013; 5(1), e2.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Dental management of pediatric patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy and/or head and neck radiation. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 2023; 549-558.
Little JW, Miller CS, Rhodus NL. Cancer and oral care of patients with cancer. Little and Falace's Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 9th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier. 2018; 506-508.
Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Aghaloo T, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons’ position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws—2022 update. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2022;80(5): 920-943.
McCaul LK. Oral and dental management for head and neck cancer patients treated by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Dental update. 2012;39(2): 135-140.
Dijkstra PU, Kalk WWI, Roodenburg JLN. Trismus in head and neck oncology: a systematic review. Oral oncology. 2004;40(9): 879-889.
Rapidis AD, Dijkstra PU, Roodenburg JLN, et al. Trismus in patients with head and neck cancer: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Clinical Otolaryngology. 2015;40(6): 516-526.
Hernandez M, Phulpin B, Mansuy L, et al. Use of new targeted cancer therapies in children: effects on dental development and risk of jaw osteonecrosis: a review. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 2017;46(5): 321-326.
French National Dental Surgery Academy. Bisphosphonates and odontology. 2014. Available from: http://www.academiedentaire.fr/attachments/0000/1139/BISPHOSPHONATES.pdf.
Rao SS, El Abiad JM, Puvanesarajah V, et al. Osteonecrosis in pediatric cancer survivors: Epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Surgical Oncology. 2019;28: 214-221.
Myers RA, Marx RE. Use of hyperbaric oxygen in postradiation head and neck surgery. NCI Monographs: a Publication of the National Cancer Institute. 1990;9: 151-157.
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR) 1975–2017. Released April 15, 2020. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. 2021.
Zahnreich S, Schmidberger H. Childhood cancer: occurrence, treatment and risk of second primary malignancies. Cancers, 2021;13(11): 2607.
Robison LL, Hudson MM. Survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: life-long risks and responsibilities. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2014;14(1): 61-70.
