Postüral Kontrol ve Yorgunluk
Özet
İnsan vücudu dengeye yönelik tehdidi algılama ve düşmeyi önlemek için yerçekimi kuvvetine karşı koymak üzere kas aktivitesini kullanma yeteneğine “postüral kontrol” denir. Postüral kontrolün sağlanmasında değişik stratejiler bulunmaktadır. Bu stratejileri ‘reaktif’ veya ‘prediktif’ ya da her ikisinin kombinasyonu şeklinde gerçekleşebilmektedir. Postüral kontrol görsel, vestibuler ve somato- sensoriyal girdiler tarafından sağlanan duyusal bilginin etkili şekilde santral sisteme yönlendirilmesini içermektedir. Fiziksel yorgunluk, kas liflerinden gelen duyusal afferentlerin azalmasıyla sonuçlanan tekrarlayan bölgesel yorgunluk veya çok eklemli hareket görevleri içeren genel yorgunluk nedeniyle kas kuvvetinde egzersize bağlı düşüşler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Genel yorgunluk oluşturan egzersizlerin çoğu uzayda tüm vücudun yer değiştirmesine neden olurken (koşma ve yürüme gibi) bölgesel yorgunluk (örneğin diz ekstansiyonları) tüm vücudun yer değiştirmesi yerine sadece segmental hareketlerden kaynaklanmaktadır. Fiziksel yorgunluğun, vücuttaki duyusal proprioseptif ve eksteroseptif bilgileri veya bu bilgilerin bütünleşmesini etkileyerek kas sisteminin verimliliğini azaltarak kas yorgunluğu oluşturduğu belirtilmektedir. Zihinsel yorgunluk ise uzun süreli zihinsel faaliyetler sırasında veya sonrasında ortaya çıkan psikofizyolojik bir durum olarak açıklanmaktadır. Zihinsel yorgunluk sonrası postüral kontrolde bozulmaların, periferal ve merkezi sistemlerdeki değişikliklerin yanı sıra propriosepsiyondaki bozulmalardan kaynaklandığını öne sürülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, yorgunluğun postüral kontrol üzerindeki etkisi, yorgunluğun çok boyutlu ve karmaşık doğası nedeniyle tek bir süreçle açıklanamayacak kadar geniş bir yelpazede ortaya çıkmaktadır.
The ability of the human body to perceive threats to balance and use muscle activity to counteract the force of gravity to prevent falls is called “postural control”. There are different strategies to maintain postural control. These strategies can be reactive or "predictive or a combination of both. Postural control involves the effective orientation of sensory information provided by visual, vestibular and somatosensory inputs to the central system. Physical fatigue is defined as exercise-induced decreases in muscle strength due to repetitive regional fatigue resulting in decreased sensory afferents from muscle fibers or general fatigue involving multi-joint movement tasks. Most exercises that produce general fatigue involve displacement of the whole body in space (e.g. running and walking), whereas localized fatigue (e.g. knee extensions) results from segmental movements only, rather than displacement of the whole body. Physical fatigue is said to reduce the efficiency of the muscular system by affecting sensory proprioceptive and exteroceptive information in the body or the integration of this information, resulting in muscle fatigue. Mental fatigue is described as a psychophysiological state that occurs during or after prolonged mental activities. It is suggested that impairments in postural control after mental fatigue are caused by changes in peripheral and central systems as well as impairments in proprioception. In conclusion, the impact of fatigue on postural control is too extensive to be explained by a single process due to the multidimensional and complex nature of fatigue.
Referanslar
Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams J, Gayton D.Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminarydevelopment of an instrument. Physiother Can 1989;41: 304–11.10
Björklund, M., Crenshaw, A. G., Djupsjöbacka, M., & Johansson, H. (2000). Position sense acuity is diminished following repetitive low-intensity work to fatigue in a simulated occupational setting. European journal of applied physiology, 81, 361-367.
Davidson, B. S., Madigan, M. L., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2004). Effects of lumbar extensor fatigue and fatigue rate on postural sway. European journal of applied physiology, 93, 183-189.
Derave, W., Tombeux, N., Cottyn, J., Pannier, J. L., & De Clercq, D. (2002). Treadmill exercise negatively affects visual contribution to static postural stability. International journal of sports medicine, 23(01), 44-49.
Deschamps, T., Magnard, J., and Cornu, C. (2013). Postüral control as a function of time-of-day: influence of a prior strenuous running exercise or demanding sustained-attention task. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 10:26. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-10-26
Donker, S. F., Roerdink, M., Greven, A. J., and Beek, P. J. (2007). Regularity of center-of-pressure trajectories depends on the amount of attention invested in Postüral control. Exp. Brain. Res. 181, 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s00221-007-0905-4
Forestier, N., Teasdale, N., & Nougier, V. (2002). Alteration of the position sense at the ankle induced by muscular fatigue in humans. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 34(1), 117-122.
Gandevia, S. C., Allen, G. M., Butler, J. E., & Taylor, J. L. (1996). Supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue: evidence for suboptimal output from the motor cortex. The Journal of physiology, 490(2), 529-536.
Gauchard, G. C., Gangloff, P., Vouriot, A., Mallie, J. P., & Perrin, P. P. (2002). Effects of exercise-induced fatigue with and without hydration on static postural control in adult human subjects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112(10), 1191-1206.
Ghamkhar, L., & Kahlaee, A. H. (2019)a. Pain and pain-related disability associated with proprioceptive impairment in chronic low back pain patients: A systematic review. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 42(3), 210-217.
Ghamkhar, L., & Kahlaee, A. H. (2019)b. The effect of trunk muscle fatigue on postural control of upright stance: A systematic review. Gait & posture, 72, 167-174.
Hachard, B., Noé, F., Ceyte, H., Trajin, B., & Paillard, T. (2020). Balance control is impaired by mental fatigue due to the fulfilment of a continuous cognitive task or by the watching of a documentary. Experimental Brain Research, 238(4), 861-868.
Hachard, B., Noé, F., Ceyte, H., Trajin, B., and Paillard, T. (2020). Balance control is impaired by mental fatigue due to the fulfilment of a continuous cognitive task or by the watching of a documentary. Exp. Brain Res. 238, 861–868. doi: 10.1007/s00221-020-05758-2
Haumont T, Gauchard GC, Lascombes P, Perrin PP. Postüral instability in early-stage idiopathic scoliosis in adolescent girls. Spine. 2011;36(13):E847-E54.
Holtzer, R., Shuman, M., Mahoney, J. R., Lipton, R., & Verghese, J. (2011). Cognitive fatigue defined in the context of attention networks. Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition, 18(1), 108–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2010.517826
Horak FB, Henry SM, Shumway-Cook A. Postüralperturbations: new insights for the treatment ofbalance disorders. Phys Ther 1997; 77: 517–33.
Horak FB. Clinical measurement of Postüral controlin adults. Phys Ther 1987; 67: 1881–85
Hughes, M. A., Duncan, P. W., Rose, D. K., Chandler, J. M., & Studenski, S. A. (1996). The relationship of postural sway to sensorimotor function, functional performance, and disability in the elderly. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 77(6), 567-572.
King MB, Judge JO, Wolfson L. Functional base ofsupport decreases with age. J Gerontol 1994; 49:M258–63
Lajoie, Y., Teasdale, N., Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (1993). Attentional demands for static and dynamic equilibrium. Experimental brain research, 97, 139-144.
Leone, C., Feys, P., Moumdjian, L., D'Amico, E., Zappia, M., & Patti, F. (2017). Cognitive-motor dual-task interference: A systematic review of neural correlates. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 75, 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.010
Lepers, R., Bigard, A. X., Diard, J. P., Gouteyron, J. F., & Guezennec, C. Y. (1997). Posture control after prolonged exercise. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 76, 55-61.
Lew, F. L., & Qu, X. (2014). Effects of mental fatigue on biomechanics of slips. Ergonomics, 57(12), 1927-1932.
Lew, F. L., and Qu, X. (2014). Effects of mental fatigue on biomechanics of slips. Ergonomics 57, 1927–1932. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2014.937771
Maki BE, McIlroy WE. The role of limb movementsin maintaining upright stance: the ‘change-in-support’ strategy. Phys Ther 1997; 77: 488–507
Marcora, S.M., Staiano, W., Manning, V., 2009. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 106 (3), 857–864. https://doi.org/10.1152/ japplphysiol.91324.2008.
Massion, J. (1994). Postüral control system. Current opinion in neurobiology, 4(6), 877-887.
Morin, J. B., Samozino, P., Edouard, P., & Tomazin, K. (2011). Effect of fatigue on force production and force application technique during repeated sprints. Journal of biomechanics, 44(15), 2719-2723.
Morris, A. J., and Christie, A. D. (2020). The effect of a mentally fatiguing task on Postüral balance control in young and older women. Exp. Gerontol. 132:110840. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110840
Nagy, E., Toth, K., Janositz, G., Kovacs, G., Feher-Kiss, A., Angyan, L., & Horvath, G. (2004). Postural control in athletes participating in an ironman triathlon. European journal of applied physiology, 92, 407-413.
Nardone, A., Tarantola, J., Galante, M., & Schieppati, M. (1998). Time course of stabilometric changes after a strenuous treadmill exercise. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 79(8), 920-924.
Nardone, A., Tarantola, J., Giordano, A., & Schieppati, M. (1997). Fatigue effects on body balance. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control, 105(4), 309-320.
Nashner LM. Adaptation of human movement toaltered environments. Trends Neurosci 1982; 5:358–61.
Palluel, E., Nougier, V., & Olivier, I. (2010). Postural control and attentional demand during adolescence. Brain Research, 1358, 151-159.
Palmieri RM, Ingersoll CD, Stone MB, Krause BA. Center-of-pressure parameters used in the assessment of Postüral control. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2002;11(1):51-66. 76.
Penedo, T., Polastri, P. F., Rodrigues, S. T., Santinelli, F. B., Costa, E. D. C., Imaizumi, L. F. I., ... & Barbieri, F. A. (2021). Motor strategy during postural control is not muscle fatigue joint-dependent, but muscle fatigue increases postural asymmetry. PLoS One, 16(2), e0247395.
Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins; 2001.
Pollock AS, Durward BR, Rowe PJ, et al. What is balance? Clin Rehabil 2000;14:402–6.
Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Motor control: theory and practical applications.
Tanaka, M., & Watanabe, Y. (2012). Supraspinal regulation of physical fatigue. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 727-734.
Taube, W., Schubert, M., Gruber, M., Beck, S., Faist, M., & Gollhofer, A. (2006). Direct corticospinal pathways contribute to neuromuscular control of perturbed stance. Journal of applied physiology, 101(2), 420-429.
Taylor, J. L., Todd, G., & Gandevia, S. C. (2006). Evidence for a supraspinal contribution to human muscle fatigue. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 33(4), 400-405.
Tsutsumi, K., Tanaka, M., Shigihara, Y., & Watanabe, Y. (2011). Central regulation of physical fatigue via mirror visual feedback. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(3), 171-175.
Van Cutsem, J., Marcora, S., De Pauw, K., Bailey, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2017). The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance: a systematic review. Sports medicine, 47, 1569-1588.
Van Der Linden, D., & Eling, P. (2006). Mental fatigue disturbs local processing more than global processing. Psychological research, 70, 395-402.
Verschueren, J. O., Tassignon, B., Proost, M., Teugels, A., Roelands, B., Verhagen, E., & Meeusen, R. (2020). Does mental fatigue negatively affect outcomes of functional performance tests?. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 52(9), 2002-2010.
Verschueren, J. O., Tassignon, B., Proost, M., Teugels, A., van Cutsem, J., Roelands, B., et al. (2020). Does Mental Fatigue Negatively Affect Outcomes of Functional Performance Tests? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 52, 2002–2010. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002323
Vuillerme, N., & Boisgontier, M. (2008). Muscle fatigue degrades force sense at the ankle joint. Gait & posture, 28(3), 521-524.
Wascher, E., Rasch, B., Sänger, J., Hoffmann, S., Schneider, D., Rinkenauer, G., ... & Gutberlet, I. (2014). Frontal theta activity reflects distinct aspects of mental fatigue. Biological psychology, 96, 57-65.
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2008). The role of executive function and attention in gait. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 23(3), 329–472. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21720
Referanslar
Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams J, Gayton D.Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminarydevelopment of an instrument. Physiother Can 1989;41: 304–11.10
Björklund, M., Crenshaw, A. G., Djupsjöbacka, M., & Johansson, H. (2000). Position sense acuity is diminished following repetitive low-intensity work to fatigue in a simulated occupational setting. European journal of applied physiology, 81, 361-367.
Davidson, B. S., Madigan, M. L., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2004). Effects of lumbar extensor fatigue and fatigue rate on postural sway. European journal of applied physiology, 93, 183-189.
Derave, W., Tombeux, N., Cottyn, J., Pannier, J. L., & De Clercq, D. (2002). Treadmill exercise negatively affects visual contribution to static postural stability. International journal of sports medicine, 23(01), 44-49.
Deschamps, T., Magnard, J., and Cornu, C. (2013). Postüral control as a function of time-of-day: influence of a prior strenuous running exercise or demanding sustained-attention task. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 10:26. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-10-26
Donker, S. F., Roerdink, M., Greven, A. J., and Beek, P. J. (2007). Regularity of center-of-pressure trajectories depends on the amount of attention invested in Postüral control. Exp. Brain. Res. 181, 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s00221-007-0905-4
Forestier, N., Teasdale, N., & Nougier, V. (2002). Alteration of the position sense at the ankle induced by muscular fatigue in humans. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 34(1), 117-122.
Gandevia, S. C., Allen, G. M., Butler, J. E., & Taylor, J. L. (1996). Supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue: evidence for suboptimal output from the motor cortex. The Journal of physiology, 490(2), 529-536.
Gauchard, G. C., Gangloff, P., Vouriot, A., Mallie, J. P., & Perrin, P. P. (2002). Effects of exercise-induced fatigue with and without hydration on static postural control in adult human subjects. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112(10), 1191-1206.
Ghamkhar, L., & Kahlaee, A. H. (2019)a. Pain and pain-related disability associated with proprioceptive impairment in chronic low back pain patients: A systematic review. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 42(3), 210-217.
Ghamkhar, L., & Kahlaee, A. H. (2019)b. The effect of trunk muscle fatigue on postural control of upright stance: A systematic review. Gait & posture, 72, 167-174.
Hachard, B., Noé, F., Ceyte, H., Trajin, B., & Paillard, T. (2020). Balance control is impaired by mental fatigue due to the fulfilment of a continuous cognitive task or by the watching of a documentary. Experimental Brain Research, 238(4), 861-868.
Hachard, B., Noé, F., Ceyte, H., Trajin, B., and Paillard, T. (2020). Balance control is impaired by mental fatigue due to the fulfilment of a continuous cognitive task or by the watching of a documentary. Exp. Brain Res. 238, 861–868. doi: 10.1007/s00221-020-05758-2
Haumont T, Gauchard GC, Lascombes P, Perrin PP. Postüral instability in early-stage idiopathic scoliosis in adolescent girls. Spine. 2011;36(13):E847-E54.
Holtzer, R., Shuman, M., Mahoney, J. R., Lipton, R., & Verghese, J. (2011). Cognitive fatigue defined in the context of attention networks. Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition, 18(1), 108–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2010.517826
Horak FB, Henry SM, Shumway-Cook A. Postüralperturbations: new insights for the treatment ofbalance disorders. Phys Ther 1997; 77: 517–33.
Horak FB. Clinical measurement of Postüral controlin adults. Phys Ther 1987; 67: 1881–85
Hughes, M. A., Duncan, P. W., Rose, D. K., Chandler, J. M., & Studenski, S. A. (1996). The relationship of postural sway to sensorimotor function, functional performance, and disability in the elderly. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 77(6), 567-572.
King MB, Judge JO, Wolfson L. Functional base ofsupport decreases with age. J Gerontol 1994; 49:M258–63
Lajoie, Y., Teasdale, N., Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (1993). Attentional demands for static and dynamic equilibrium. Experimental brain research, 97, 139-144.
Leone, C., Feys, P., Moumdjian, L., D'Amico, E., Zappia, M., & Patti, F. (2017). Cognitive-motor dual-task interference: A systematic review of neural correlates. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 75, 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.010
Lepers, R., Bigard, A. X., Diard, J. P., Gouteyron, J. F., & Guezennec, C. Y. (1997). Posture control after prolonged exercise. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 76, 55-61.
Lew, F. L., & Qu, X. (2014). Effects of mental fatigue on biomechanics of slips. Ergonomics, 57(12), 1927-1932.
Lew, F. L., and Qu, X. (2014). Effects of mental fatigue on biomechanics of slips. Ergonomics 57, 1927–1932. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2014.937771
Maki BE, McIlroy WE. The role of limb movementsin maintaining upright stance: the ‘change-in-support’ strategy. Phys Ther 1997; 77: 488–507
Marcora, S.M., Staiano, W., Manning, V., 2009. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 106 (3), 857–864. https://doi.org/10.1152/ japplphysiol.91324.2008.
Massion, J. (1994). Postüral control system. Current opinion in neurobiology, 4(6), 877-887.
Morin, J. B., Samozino, P., Edouard, P., & Tomazin, K. (2011). Effect of fatigue on force production and force application technique during repeated sprints. Journal of biomechanics, 44(15), 2719-2723.
Morris, A. J., and Christie, A. D. (2020). The effect of a mentally fatiguing task on Postüral balance control in young and older women. Exp. Gerontol. 132:110840. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110840
Nagy, E., Toth, K., Janositz, G., Kovacs, G., Feher-Kiss, A., Angyan, L., & Horvath, G. (2004). Postural control in athletes participating in an ironman triathlon. European journal of applied physiology, 92, 407-413.
Nardone, A., Tarantola, J., Galante, M., & Schieppati, M. (1998). Time course of stabilometric changes after a strenuous treadmill exercise. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 79(8), 920-924.
Nardone, A., Tarantola, J., Giordano, A., & Schieppati, M. (1997). Fatigue effects on body balance. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control, 105(4), 309-320.
Nashner LM. Adaptation of human movement toaltered environments. Trends Neurosci 1982; 5:358–61.
Palluel, E., Nougier, V., & Olivier, I. (2010). Postural control and attentional demand during adolescence. Brain Research, 1358, 151-159.
Palmieri RM, Ingersoll CD, Stone MB, Krause BA. Center-of-pressure parameters used in the assessment of Postüral control. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2002;11(1):51-66. 76.
Penedo, T., Polastri, P. F., Rodrigues, S. T., Santinelli, F. B., Costa, E. D. C., Imaizumi, L. F. I., ... & Barbieri, F. A. (2021). Motor strategy during postural control is not muscle fatigue joint-dependent, but muscle fatigue increases postural asymmetry. PLoS One, 16(2), e0247395.
Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins; 2001.
Pollock AS, Durward BR, Rowe PJ, et al. What is balance? Clin Rehabil 2000;14:402–6.
Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Motor control: theory and practical applications.
Tanaka, M., & Watanabe, Y. (2012). Supraspinal regulation of physical fatigue. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 727-734.
Taube, W., Schubert, M., Gruber, M., Beck, S., Faist, M., & Gollhofer, A. (2006). Direct corticospinal pathways contribute to neuromuscular control of perturbed stance. Journal of applied physiology, 101(2), 420-429.
Taylor, J. L., Todd, G., & Gandevia, S. C. (2006). Evidence for a supraspinal contribution to human muscle fatigue. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 33(4), 400-405.
Tsutsumi, K., Tanaka, M., Shigihara, Y., & Watanabe, Y. (2011). Central regulation of physical fatigue via mirror visual feedback. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(3), 171-175.
Van Cutsem, J., Marcora, S., De Pauw, K., Bailey, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2017). The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance: a systematic review. Sports medicine, 47, 1569-1588.
Van Der Linden, D., & Eling, P. (2006). Mental fatigue disturbs local processing more than global processing. Psychological research, 70, 395-402.
Verschueren, J. O., Tassignon, B., Proost, M., Teugels, A., Roelands, B., Verhagen, E., & Meeusen, R. (2020). Does mental fatigue negatively affect outcomes of functional performance tests?. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 52(9), 2002-2010.
Verschueren, J. O., Tassignon, B., Proost, M., Teugels, A., van Cutsem, J., Roelands, B., et al. (2020). Does Mental Fatigue Negatively Affect Outcomes of Functional Performance Tests? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 52, 2002–2010. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002323
Vuillerme, N., & Boisgontier, M. (2008). Muscle fatigue degrades force sense at the ankle joint. Gait & posture, 28(3), 521-524.
Wascher, E., Rasch, B., Sänger, J., Hoffmann, S., Schneider, D., Rinkenauer, G., ... & Gutberlet, I. (2014). Frontal theta activity reflects distinct aspects of mental fatigue. Biological psychology, 96, 57-65.
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2008). The role of executive function and attention in gait. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 23(3), 329–472. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21720
