Osteoporoz ve Egzersiz
Özet
Teknolojik yenilikler günlük hayat için elzem birçok kolaylıklar getirmektedir. Bu yenilikler ve sağlamış olduğu kolaylıklara paralel olarak artan hareketsiz yaşam tarzı kaslar üzerinde kuvvet kaybına ve kemik kütlesinde azalmaya neden olabilmektedir. Hareketsiz bir yaşam tarzına ek olarak yaşlanmaya eşlik eden ve bireylerin yaşam kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkileyen hastalıklardan biri de osteoporoz hastalığıdır. Cinsiyet ayırt etmeksizin her bireyde görülmekle beraber özellikle menopoz sonrası kadınlarda görülme oranı erkeklere kıyasla daha fazladır. Son yıllarda, en yaygın küresel sağlık sorunlarından biri konumuna gelen osteoporoz hastalığın önlenmesi için farmakolojik ve farmakolojik olmayan farklı tedavi yöntemleri mevcuttur. Farmakolojik tedavinin ilaca bağımlılığı tetiklemesi ve bazı yan etkileri uzmanları alternatif tedavi yöntemlerine yönlendirmiştir. Egzersizin kardiovasküler sağlık, kilo kaybı, diyabet gibi birçok yönden insan sağlığı ve yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkileri bilinmekle beraber, yapılan çalışmalar egzersizin osteoporozun etkilerini minimize edebileceği, azalan kemik mineral yoğunluğunun neden olduğu düşme ve kırık riskini azaltabileceği düşüncesini de öne sürülmüştür. Sonuç olarak evrensel bir sağlık sorunu olan osteoporoz hastalığından korunmak için çocukluktan itibaren hayatın vazgeçilmez bir parçası olarak egzersiz programlarına (özellikle ek ağırlık ile yapılan kuvvet antrenmanlarına) katılım sağlamak her yaş ve cinsiyetten birey için önem arz etmektedir.
Technological innovations bring numerous essential conveniences to daily life. However, the increasingly sedentary lifestyle that parallels these innovations and conveniences may lead to loss of muscle strength and decreased bone mass. In addition to a sedentary lifestyle, osteoporosis is one of the diseases that accompany aging and negatively affect individuals' quality of life. While osteoporosis can affect individuals regardless of gender, its prevalence is notably higher in postmenopausal women compared to men. In recent years, osteoporosis has become one of the most widespread global health issues, and various treatment methods, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, exist for its prevention. The potential for drug dependence and certain side effects associated with pharmacological treatments has led experts to explore alternative therapeutic approaches. While the benefits of exercise on cardiovascular health, weight loss, diabetes management, and overall human health and quality of life are well-established, studies have also suggested that exercise may minimize the effects of osteoporosis and reduce the risk of falls and fractures caused by decreased bone mineral density. In conclusion, to prevent osteoporosis, a universal health concern, it is crucial for individuals of all ages and genders to incorporate exercise programs (particularly strength training with additional weights) into their lives as an indispensable component, beginning from childhood.
Referanslar
Su, Y., Chen, Z., Xie, W. Swimming as treatment for osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BioMed research international, 2020.
Yuan, Y., Chen, X., Zhang, L., et al. The roles of exercise in bone remodeling and in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 2016; 122(2), 122-130.
Kunutsor, S. K., Leyland, S., Skelton, D. A., et al. Adverse events and safety issues associated with physical activity and exercise for adults with osteoporosis and osteopenia: A systematic review of observational studies and an updated review of interventional studies. Journal of frailty, sarcopenia and falls, 2018; 3(4), 155.
Yan, Y., Tan, B., Fu, F., et al. Exercise vs Conventional Treatment for Treatment of Primary Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Orthopaedic Surgery, 2021;13(5), 1474-1487. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.13036
Pagnotti, G. M., Styner, M., Uzer, G., et al. Combating osteoporosis and obesity with exercise: Leveraging cell mechanosensitivity. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2019; 15(6), 339-355.
Nikander, R., Sievänen, H., Heinonen, A., et al. Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis for optimising bone strength throughout life. BMC Medicine, 2010; 8(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-47
Gutin, B., & Kasper, M. J. Can vigorous exercise play a role in osteoporosis prevention? A review. Osteoporosis International, 1992; 2, 55-69.
T. Rubin, C., Rubin, J., Judex, S. Exercise and the prevention of osteoporosis. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism, 2013; 396-402.
Zhao, R., Bu, W., Chen, X. The efficacy and safety of exercise for prevention of fall-related injuries in older people with different health conditions, and differing intervention protocols: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Geriatrics, 2019; 19(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1359-9
Li, H., Jiang, H., Wang, J., et al. Effects of Mind-Body Exercises for Osteoporosis in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, 2023; 14, 21514593231195236. https://doi.org/10.1177/21514593231195237
Chen, H., Zhang, R., Yan, K., et al. Comparing the effectiveness of type of the traditional Chinese exercises, frequency, intensity, time in osteoporosis: A protocol for systematic evaluation and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ open, 2022; 12(11), e063878.
Sinaki, M., Pfeifer, M., Preisinger, E., et al. The Role of Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Current Osteoporosis Reports,2010; 8(3), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-010-0019-y
Sun, W., Zhang, X.-A.,Wang, Z. The role and regulation mechanism of Chinese traditional fitness exercises on the bone and cartilage tissue in patients with osteoporosis: A narrative review. Frontiers in Physiology, 2010; 14, 1071005. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1071005
Wilson, D. J. Osteoporosis and sport. European journal of radiology, 2019; 110, 169-174.
Huang, Q., Lu, X., He, T., Du, J., & Zhang, et al.. Psychological effects of traditional Chinese mind-body exercises for low back pain: A protocol for meta-analysis. Medicine, 2021; 100(22), e25605.
Zhang, T., Zhao, T., Zhang, Y., et al. Avenanthramide supplementation reduces eccentric exercise-induced inflammation in young men and women. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2020; 17(1), 41.
Moreira, L. D. F., Oliveira, M. L. de, Lirani-Galvão, et al. Physical exercise and osteoporosis: Effects of different types of exercises on bone and physical function of postmenopausal women. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia, 2024; 58, 514-522.
Sinaki, M. Postmenopausal spinal osteoporosis: Physical therapy and rehabilitation principles. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1982; 57(11), 699-703. https://europepmc.org/article/med/6182426
De Kam, D., Smulders, E., Weerdesteyn, V., & Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M., et al. Exercise interventions to reduce fall-related fractures and their risk factors in individuals with low bone density: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporosis International, 2009; 20(12), 2111-2125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-0938-6
Meléndez-Ortega, A. Osteoporosis, falls and exercise. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 2007; 4(2), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-007-0027-9
Marques, E. A., Wanderley, F., Machado, L., et al. Effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on physical function, bone mineral density, OPG and RANKL in older women. Experimental gerontology, 2011; 46(7), 524-532.
Kemmler, W., Stengel, S. V. Exercise and Osteoporosis-Related Fractures: Perspectives and Recommendations of the Sports and Exercise Scientist. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2011. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2011.02.1872
Gennari, L. Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: Focus on lasofoxifene. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2010; 19. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S6083
Gardinier, J. D., Mohamed, F., Kohn, D. H. PTH signaling during exercise contributes to bone adaptation. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2015; 30(6), 1053-1063.
Tong, X., Chen, X., Zhang, S., et al. The Effect of Exercise on the Prevention of Osteoporosis and Bone Angiogenesis. BioMed Research International, 2019, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8171897
Todd, J. A., Robinson, R. J. Osteoporosis and exercise. Postgraduate medical journal, 2003; 79(932), 320-323.
Lane, N. E., Bloch, D. A., Jones, H. H., et al. Long-distance running, bone density, and osteoarthritis. Jama, 1986; 255(9), 1147-1151
Dalén, N., Olsson, K. E. Bone Mineral Content and Physical Activity. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 1974; 45(1-4), 170-174. https://doi.org/10.3109/17453677408989136
Colletti, L. A., Edwards, J., Gordon, L. The effects of muscle-building exercise on bone mineral density of the radius, spine, and hip in young men. Calcified tissue international, 1989; 45, 12-14.
Whalen, R. T., Carter, D. R., Steele, C. R. Influence of physical activity on the regulation of bone density. Journal of biomechanics, 1988; 21(10), 825-837
Friedlander, A. L., Genant, H. K., Sadowsky, S., et al. A two-year program of aerobics and weight training enhances bone mineral density of young women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 1995; 10(4), 574-585
Snow-Harter, C., Bouxsein, M. L., Lewis, B. T., et al. R. Effects of resistance and endurance exercise on bone mineral status of young women: A randomized exercise intervention trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 1992; 7(7), 761-769.
Bassey, E. J., Ramsdale, S. J. Increase in femoral bone density in young women following high-impact exercise. Osteoporosis international, 1994; 4, 72-75.
Houtkooper, L. B., Stanford, V. A., Metcalfe, L. L., et al. Preventing osteoporosis the bone estrogen strength training way. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 2007; 11(1), 21-27.
Hakestad, K. A., Torstveit, M. K., Nordsletten, L., et al. Effect of exercises with weight vests and a patient education programme for women with osteopenia and a healed wrist fracture: a randomized, controlled trial of the OsteoACTIVE programme. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2015; 16, 1-9.
Watson, S. L., Weeks, B. K., Weis, L. J., et al. High-intensity resistance and impact training improves bone mineral density and physical function in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis: The LIFTMOR randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,2018; 33(2), 211-220.
Rafiq, S., Zia, S., Ijaz, M. J., et al. Role of weight-bearing exercises in the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2018; 28(2), 122-125.
Nelson, M. E., Fiatarone, M. A., Morganti, C. M., et al. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures: A randomized controlled trial. Jama, 1994; 272(24), 1909-1914.
Menkes, A., Mazel, S., Redmond, R. A., et al. Strength training increases regional bone mineral density and bone remodeling in middle-aged and older men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1993; 74(5), 2478-2484. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.5.2478
Ulusal Osteoporoz Vakfı. Kemik sağlığınız için egzersiz yapın. NOF https://cdn.nof.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Exercise-for-Your-Bone-Health.pdf (2013)
Montgomery, G., Abt, G., Dobson, C., et al. The mechanical loading and muscle activation of four common exercises used in osteoporosis prevention for early postmenopausal women. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 2019; 44, 124-131.
Xu, J., Lombardi, G., Jiao, W., et al. Effects of Exercise on Bone Status in Female Subjects, from Young Girls to Postmenopausal Women: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Sports Medicine, 2016; 46(8), 1165-1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0494-0
Nguyen, V. H. Osteoporosis prevention and osteoporosis exercise in community-based public health programs. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia, 2017; 3(1), 18-31.
Sınakı, M., Wahner, H. W., Offord, K. P., et al. Efficacy of nonloading exercises in prevention of vertebral bone loss in postmenopausal women: A controlled trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1989; 64(7), 762769.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619612617480
Hans, D., Genton, L., Drezner, et al. Monitored impact loading of the hip: İnitial testing of a home-use device. Calcified tissue international, 2002; 71(2).
Vainionpää, A., Korpelainen, R., Vihriälä, E., et al. Intensity of exercise is associated with bone density change in premenopausal women. Osteoporosis International, 2006; 17, 455-463.
Young, C. M., Weeks, B. K., Beck, B. R. Simple, novel physical activity maintains proximal femur bone mineral density, and improves muscle strength and balance in sedentary, postmenopausal Caucasian women. Osteoporosis international, 2007; 18, 1379-1387.
Zhao, R., Bu, W., Chen, X. The efficacy and safety of exercise for prevention of fall-related injuries in older people with different health conditions, and differing intervention protocols: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Geriatrics, 2019; 19(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1359-9
Kendrick, D., Kumar, A., Carpenter, H., et al. Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014; (11).
Sherrington, C., Tiedemann, A., Fairhall, N., et al. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: An updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations. New South Wales public health bulletin, 2011; 22(4), 78-83.
Barry, D. W., Kohrt, W. M. Exercise and the preservation of bone health. Journal of cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 2008; 28(3), 153-162.
Specker, B., Thiex, N. W., Sudhagoni, R. G. Does exercise influence pediatric bone? A systematic review. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 2015; 473(11), 3658-3672.
Nikander, R., Sievänen, H., Heinonen, A., et al. Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis for optimising bone strength throughout life. BMC Medicine, 2010; 8(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-47
McKay, H. A., MacLean, L., Petit, M., et al. “Bounce at the Bell”: A novel program of short bouts of exercise improves proximal femur bone mass in early pubertal children. British journal of sports medicine, 2005; 39(8), 521-526.
Hind, K., Burrows, M. Weight-bearing exercise and bone mineral accrual in children and adolescents: A review of controlled trials. Bone, 2007; 40(1), 14-27.
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Ryan, A. S., Elahi, D. Loss of Bone Mineral Density in Women Athletes During Aging. Calcified Tissue International, 1998; 63(4), 287-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002239900528
Hawkins, S. A., Wiswell, R. A., Jaque, S. V., et al. The inability of hormone replacement therapy or chronic running to maintain bone mass in master athletes. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 1999; 54(9), M451-M455.
Gozansky, W. S., Van Pelt, R. E., Jankowski, C. M., et al. Protection of bone mass by estrogens and raloxifene during exercise-induced weight loss. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2005; 90(1), 52-59.
Shapses, S. A., Von Thun, N. L., Heymsfield, S. B., et al. Bone turnover and density in obese premenopausal women during moderate weight loss and calcium supplementation. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2001; 16(7), 1329-1336.
Liu-Ambrose, T. Y., Khan, K. M., Eng, J. J., et al. Both resistance and agility training increase cortical bone density in 75-to 85-year-old women with low bone mass: A 6-month randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 2004; 7(4), 390-398.
Villareal, D. T., Steger-May, K., Schechtman, K. B., et al. Effects of exercise training on bone mineral density in frail older women and men: A randomised controlled trial. Age & Ageing, 2004; 33(3).
Chang, X., Xu, S., Zhang, H. Regulation of bone health through physical exercise: Mechanisms and types. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2022; 13, 1029475.
Bass, S. L., Naughton, G., Saxon, L., et al. Exercise and calcium combined results in a greater osteogenic effect than either factor alone: a blinded randomized placebo‐controlled trial in boys. Journal of bone and Mineral Research, 2007; 22(3), 458-464.
Iuliano‐Burns, S., Saxon, L., Naughton, G., et al.. Regional specificity of exercise and calcium during skeletal growth in girls: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2003; 18(1), 156-162.
Specker, B., Binkley, T. Randomized trial of physical activity and calcium supplementation on bone mineral content in 3‐to 5‐year‐old children. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2003; 18(5), 885-892.
Referanslar
Su, Y., Chen, Z., Xie, W. Swimming as treatment for osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BioMed research international, 2020.
Yuan, Y., Chen, X., Zhang, L., et al. The roles of exercise in bone remodeling and in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 2016; 122(2), 122-130.
Kunutsor, S. K., Leyland, S., Skelton, D. A., et al. Adverse events and safety issues associated with physical activity and exercise for adults with osteoporosis and osteopenia: A systematic review of observational studies and an updated review of interventional studies. Journal of frailty, sarcopenia and falls, 2018; 3(4), 155.
Yan, Y., Tan, B., Fu, F., et al. Exercise vs Conventional Treatment for Treatment of Primary Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Orthopaedic Surgery, 2021;13(5), 1474-1487. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.13036
Pagnotti, G. M., Styner, M., Uzer, G., et al. Combating osteoporosis and obesity with exercise: Leveraging cell mechanosensitivity. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2019; 15(6), 339-355.
Nikander, R., Sievänen, H., Heinonen, A., et al. Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis for optimising bone strength throughout life. BMC Medicine, 2010; 8(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-47
Gutin, B., & Kasper, M. J. Can vigorous exercise play a role in osteoporosis prevention? A review. Osteoporosis International, 1992; 2, 55-69.
T. Rubin, C., Rubin, J., Judex, S. Exercise and the prevention of osteoporosis. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism, 2013; 396-402.
Zhao, R., Bu, W., Chen, X. The efficacy and safety of exercise for prevention of fall-related injuries in older people with different health conditions, and differing intervention protocols: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Geriatrics, 2019; 19(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1359-9
Li, H., Jiang, H., Wang, J., et al. Effects of Mind-Body Exercises for Osteoporosis in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, 2023; 14, 21514593231195236. https://doi.org/10.1177/21514593231195237
Chen, H., Zhang, R., Yan, K., et al. Comparing the effectiveness of type of the traditional Chinese exercises, frequency, intensity, time in osteoporosis: A protocol for systematic evaluation and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ open, 2022; 12(11), e063878.
Sinaki, M., Pfeifer, M., Preisinger, E., et al. The Role of Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Current Osteoporosis Reports,2010; 8(3), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-010-0019-y
Sun, W., Zhang, X.-A.,Wang, Z. The role and regulation mechanism of Chinese traditional fitness exercises on the bone and cartilage tissue in patients with osteoporosis: A narrative review. Frontiers in Physiology, 2010; 14, 1071005. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1071005
Wilson, D. J. Osteoporosis and sport. European journal of radiology, 2019; 110, 169-174.
Huang, Q., Lu, X., He, T., Du, J., & Zhang, et al.. Psychological effects of traditional Chinese mind-body exercises for low back pain: A protocol for meta-analysis. Medicine, 2021; 100(22), e25605.
Zhang, T., Zhao, T., Zhang, Y., et al. Avenanthramide supplementation reduces eccentric exercise-induced inflammation in young men and women. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2020; 17(1), 41.
Moreira, L. D. F., Oliveira, M. L. de, Lirani-Galvão, et al. Physical exercise and osteoporosis: Effects of different types of exercises on bone and physical function of postmenopausal women. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia, 2024; 58, 514-522.
Sinaki, M. Postmenopausal spinal osteoporosis: Physical therapy and rehabilitation principles. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1982; 57(11), 699-703. https://europepmc.org/article/med/6182426
De Kam, D., Smulders, E., Weerdesteyn, V., & Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M., et al. Exercise interventions to reduce fall-related fractures and their risk factors in individuals with low bone density: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporosis International, 2009; 20(12), 2111-2125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-0938-6
Meléndez-Ortega, A. Osteoporosis, falls and exercise. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 2007; 4(2), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-007-0027-9
Marques, E. A., Wanderley, F., Machado, L., et al. Effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on physical function, bone mineral density, OPG and RANKL in older women. Experimental gerontology, 2011; 46(7), 524-532.
Kemmler, W., Stengel, S. V. Exercise and Osteoporosis-Related Fractures: Perspectives and Recommendations of the Sports and Exercise Scientist. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2011. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2011.02.1872
Gennari, L. Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: Focus on lasofoxifene. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2010; 19. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S6083
Gardinier, J. D., Mohamed, F., Kohn, D. H. PTH signaling during exercise contributes to bone adaptation. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2015; 30(6), 1053-1063.
Tong, X., Chen, X., Zhang, S., et al. The Effect of Exercise on the Prevention of Osteoporosis and Bone Angiogenesis. BioMed Research International, 2019, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8171897
Todd, J. A., Robinson, R. J. Osteoporosis and exercise. Postgraduate medical journal, 2003; 79(932), 320-323.
Lane, N. E., Bloch, D. A., Jones, H. H., et al. Long-distance running, bone density, and osteoarthritis. Jama, 1986; 255(9), 1147-1151
Dalén, N., Olsson, K. E. Bone Mineral Content and Physical Activity. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 1974; 45(1-4), 170-174. https://doi.org/10.3109/17453677408989136
Colletti, L. A., Edwards, J., Gordon, L. The effects of muscle-building exercise on bone mineral density of the radius, spine, and hip in young men. Calcified tissue international, 1989; 45, 12-14.
Whalen, R. T., Carter, D. R., Steele, C. R. Influence of physical activity on the regulation of bone density. Journal of biomechanics, 1988; 21(10), 825-837
Friedlander, A. L., Genant, H. K., Sadowsky, S., et al. A two-year program of aerobics and weight training enhances bone mineral density of young women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 1995; 10(4), 574-585
Snow-Harter, C., Bouxsein, M. L., Lewis, B. T., et al. R. Effects of resistance and endurance exercise on bone mineral status of young women: A randomized exercise intervention trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 1992; 7(7), 761-769.
Bassey, E. J., Ramsdale, S. J. Increase in femoral bone density in young women following high-impact exercise. Osteoporosis international, 1994; 4, 72-75.
Houtkooper, L. B., Stanford, V. A., Metcalfe, L. L., et al. Preventing osteoporosis the bone estrogen strength training way. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 2007; 11(1), 21-27.
Hakestad, K. A., Torstveit, M. K., Nordsletten, L., et al. Effect of exercises with weight vests and a patient education programme for women with osteopenia and a healed wrist fracture: a randomized, controlled trial of the OsteoACTIVE programme. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2015; 16, 1-9.
Watson, S. L., Weeks, B. K., Weis, L. J., et al. High-intensity resistance and impact training improves bone mineral density and physical function in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis: The LIFTMOR randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,2018; 33(2), 211-220.
Rafiq, S., Zia, S., Ijaz, M. J., et al. Role of weight-bearing exercises in the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2018; 28(2), 122-125.
Nelson, M. E., Fiatarone, M. A., Morganti, C. M., et al. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures: A randomized controlled trial. Jama, 1994; 272(24), 1909-1914.
Menkes, A., Mazel, S., Redmond, R. A., et al. Strength training increases regional bone mineral density and bone remodeling in middle-aged and older men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1993; 74(5), 2478-2484. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.5.2478
Ulusal Osteoporoz Vakfı. Kemik sağlığınız için egzersiz yapın. NOF https://cdn.nof.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Exercise-for-Your-Bone-Health.pdf (2013)
Montgomery, G., Abt, G., Dobson, C., et al. The mechanical loading and muscle activation of four common exercises used in osteoporosis prevention for early postmenopausal women. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 2019; 44, 124-131.
Xu, J., Lombardi, G., Jiao, W., et al. Effects of Exercise on Bone Status in Female Subjects, from Young Girls to Postmenopausal Women: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Sports Medicine, 2016; 46(8), 1165-1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0494-0
Nguyen, V. H. Osteoporosis prevention and osteoporosis exercise in community-based public health programs. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia, 2017; 3(1), 18-31.
Sınakı, M., Wahner, H. W., Offord, K. P., et al. Efficacy of nonloading exercises in prevention of vertebral bone loss in postmenopausal women: A controlled trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1989; 64(7), 762769.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619612617480
Hans, D., Genton, L., Drezner, et al. Monitored impact loading of the hip: İnitial testing of a home-use device. Calcified tissue international, 2002; 71(2).
Vainionpää, A., Korpelainen, R., Vihriälä, E., et al. Intensity of exercise is associated with bone density change in premenopausal women. Osteoporosis International, 2006; 17, 455-463.
Young, C. M., Weeks, B. K., Beck, B. R. Simple, novel physical activity maintains proximal femur bone mineral density, and improves muscle strength and balance in sedentary, postmenopausal Caucasian women. Osteoporosis international, 2007; 18, 1379-1387.
Zhao, R., Bu, W., Chen, X. The efficacy and safety of exercise for prevention of fall-related injuries in older people with different health conditions, and differing intervention protocols: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Geriatrics, 2019; 19(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1359-9
Kendrick, D., Kumar, A., Carpenter, H., et al. Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014; (11).
Sherrington, C., Tiedemann, A., Fairhall, N., et al. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: An updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations. New South Wales public health bulletin, 2011; 22(4), 78-83.
Barry, D. W., Kohrt, W. M. Exercise and the preservation of bone health. Journal of cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 2008; 28(3), 153-162.
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