Emzirme Zorlukları ve Hemşirelik Bakımı
Özet
Emzirme, hem anne hem de bebek sağlığı için önemli faydalar sağlayan bir süreçtir. Ancak, fiziksel ve psikolojik zorluklar nedeniyle emzirmenin sürdürülebilirliği her zaman kolay olmamaktadır. En sık karşılaşılan emzirme zorlukları arasında meme ucu problemleri, dolgun meme (engorjman), mastit ve bebeğin memeyi reddetmesi yer almaktadır. Ayrıca, annelerin yetersiz süt üretimi endişesi ve sosyal destek eksikliği gibi faktörler de emzirme sürecini olumsuz etkileyebilir. Çalışan annelerin karşılaştığı zorluklar ve yetersiz işyeri politikaları, emzirme oranlarını azaltan önemli unsurlardır. Hemşireler ve sağlık profesyonelleri, annelere emzirme konusunda yeterli bilgi ve destek sunarak, bu sürecin daha başarılı geçmesine katkı sağlayabilir. Etkili sağlık eğitimi, sosyal destek ve emzirmeyi teşvik eden politikalar, bu zorlukların üstesinden gelmede kritik rol oynamaktadır.
Breastfeeding provides significant health benefits for both mothers and infants. However, sustaining breastfeeding can be challenging due to various physical and psychological difficulties. Common breastfeeding challenges include nipple problems, breast engorgement, mastitis, and infant breast refusal. Additionally, concerns about insufficient milk supply and lack of social support negatively impact the breastfeeding process. Working mothers face particular difficulties, as inadequate workplace policies contribute to lower breastfeeding rates. Nurses and healthcare professionals support mothers by providing accurate information and assistance during breastfeeding. Comprehensive health education, social support, and policies promoting breastfeeding are essential in overcoming these challenges and ensuring successful breastfeeding outcomes.
Referanslar
Ares Segura S. The challenges of breastfeeding in a complex world. An Pediatr (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2022 Apr [cited 2024 Sep 4];96(4):283–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35440421/
Pérez-Escamilla R, Tomori C, Hernández-Cordero S, Baker P, Barros AJD, Bégin F, et al. Breastfeeding: crucially important, but increasingly challenged in a market-driven world. The Lancet [Internet]. 2023 Feb 11 [cited 2024 Sep 4];401(10375):472–85. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140673622019328/fulltext
Victora C, Bahl R, Barros A, França G, Lancet SHT, 2016 U. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Sep 4];387(10017):475490. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)01024-7/fulltext?preview=true&preview=true
Horta B, Rollins N, Dias M, Garcez V, Pérez-Escamilla R. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of breastfeeding and later overweight or obesity expands on previous study for World Health Organization. Wiley Online LibraryBL Horta, N Rollins, MS Dias, V Garcez, R Pérez‐EscamillaActa Paediatrica, 2023•Wiley Online Library [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Sep 4];112(1):34–41. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/apa.16460
Louis-Jacques A, Gynecology ASO and, 2020 U. Enabling breastfeeding to support lifelong health for mother and child. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 4];47(3):363–81. Available from: https://www.obgyn.theclinics.com/article/S0889-8545(20)30028-0/abstract
UNICEF. New York/Cenevre/Washıngton DC Report 2017 [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Sep 11]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/turkiye/en/press-releases/7000-newborns-die-every-day-despite-steady-decrease-under-five-mortality-new-report
Dönmez A, Yeyğel Ç, Öğretim Üyesi D, Tınaztepe Üniversitesi İ, Bilimleri Fakültesi Ebelik Anabilim Dalı S, Türkiye İ. Kadın ve Çocuk Sağlığında Anne Sütü ve Emzirmenin Önemi. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):54–8.
TNSA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı ve TÜBİTAK [Internet]. Ankara; 2019 [cited 2024 Sep 11]. Available from: https://hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tr/2018_turkiye_nufus_ve_saglik_arastirmasi-55
Mahurin-Smith J. Challenges Wıth Breastfeedıng: Paın, Nıpple Trauma, And Perceıved Insuffıcıent Mılk Supply. MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing [Internet]. 2023 May 1 [cited 2024 Sep 11];48(3):161–7. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/mcnjournal/fulltext/2023/05000/challenges_with_breastfeeding__pain,_nipple.7.aspx
Barnes C, Hauck Y, Mabbott K, Officer K, Ashton L, Bradfield Z. Influencers of women’s choice and experience of exclusive formula feeding in hospital. Midwifery [Internet]. 2021 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Sep 11];103(103093). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34311337/
Newby RM, Davies PSW. Why do women stop breast-feeding? Results from a contemporary prospective study in a cohort of Australian women. Eur J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Sep 11];70(12):1428–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27623979/
Ares Segura S. The challenges of breastfeeding in a complex world. Anales de Pediatría (English Edition). 2022 Apr 1;96(4):283–5.
Simpson KR. Breastfeeding challenges. MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1 [cited 2024 Sep 11];44(2):65. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/mcnjournal/fulltext/2019/03000/breastfeeding_challenges.1.aspx
Şahin H, Yılmaz M, Aykut M, Balcı E, Sağıroğlu M, Öztürk A, et al. Kayseri’de iki toplum sağlığı merkezine başvuran annelerde emzirme sorunları ve risk etmenleri. Turk Pediatri Ars [Internet]. 2013 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Sep 12];48(2):145–51. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpedar/issue/13168/158972
Baker P, Santos T, Neves PA, Machado P, Smith J, Piwoz E, et al. First‐food systems transformations and the ultra‐processing of infant and young child diets: The determinants, dynamics and consequences of the global rise in. Matern Child Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1 [cited 2024 Sep 12];17(2). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mcn.13097
Çerçer Z, Nazik E. Emzirme Sorunları ve Hemşirenin Rolleri. Sakarya Üniversitesi Holistik Sağlık Dergisi [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Sep 14];6(2):353–65. Available from: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-4467
Gianni ML, Bettinelli ME, Manfra P, Sorrentino G, Bezze E, Plevani L, et al. Breastfeeding Difficulties and Risk for Early Breastfeeding Cessation. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2024 Sep 14];11(10). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6835226/
Feenstra MM, Jørgine Kirkeby M, Thygesen M, Danbjørg DB, Kronborg H. Early breastfeeding problems: A mixed method study of mothers’ experiences. Sexual & reproductive healthcare [Internet]. 2018 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Sep 14];16:167–74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29804762/
Lucas R, McGrath JM. Clinical Assessment and Management of Breastfeeding Pain. Topics in Pain Management. 2016 Oct;32(3):1–11.
Lucas R, Bernier K, Perry M, Evans H, Ramesh D, Young E, et al. Promoting self-management of breast and nipple pain in breastfeeding women: Protocol of a pilot randomized controlled trial. Res Nurs Health [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Sep 14];42(3):176–88. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30835887/
Nabulsi M, Ghanem R, Smaili H, Khalil A. The inverted syringe technique for management of inverted nipples in breastfeeding women: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Int Breastfeed J [Internet]. 2022 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Sep 14];17(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35123525/
Çaka SY, Topal S, Altınkaynak S. Anne Sütü ile Beslenmede Karşılaşılan Sorunlar. Turkiye Klinikleri Pediatric Nursing - Special Topics [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Sep 14];3(2):120–8. Available from: https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-anne-sutu-ile-beslenmede-karsilasilan-sorunlar-79427.html
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu Çocuk ve Ergen, Dairesi. Emzirme Danişmanliği El Ki̇tabi [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://istanbulism.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/7712/0/emzirmedanismanligielkitabipdf.pdf
Boran P. Emzirme Sorunlarına Kanıta Dayalı Yaklaşım. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi Sosyal Pediatri Özel Sayısı. 2020;35–40.
World Health Organization. Mastitis - Causes and Management. World Health Organization. 2000;1–44.
Serhatlıoğlu SG, Yılmaz E. Nedir Bu Tandem Emzirme? İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi [Internet]. 2020 Dec 29 [cited 2024 Sep 14];(12):433–42. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/igusabder/issue/58664/658725
Cangöl E, Şahin NH. Emzirmeyi Etkileyen Faktörler ve Emzi̇rme Danışmanlığı. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni [Internet]. 2014 Aug 6 [cited 2024 Sep 14];45(3):100–5. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/zktipb/issue/22040/236674
Annagür BB, Annagür A. Doğum Sonrası Ruhsal Durumun Emzirme ile İlişkisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Sep 14];4(3):279–92. Available from: www.cappsy.org
McLearn KT, Minkovitz CS, Strobino DM, Marks E, Hou W. Maternal depressive symptoms at 2 to 4 months post partum and early parenting practices. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2024 Sep 14];160(3):279–84. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16520447/
Dunn S, Davies B, McCleary L, Edwards N, Gaboury I. The relationship between vulnerability factors and breastfeeding outcome. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2024 Sep 14];35(1):87–97. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16466356/
Mensah KA, Acheampong E, Anokye FO, Okyere P, Appiah-Brempong E, Adjei RO. Factors influencing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers in a peri-urban district of Ghana. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2017 Sep 7 [cited 2024 Sep 14];10(1):1–7. Available from: https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-017-2774-7
Mackean G, Spragins W. The Challenges of Breastfeeding in a Complex World A Critical [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/ps-1029951-pregnancy-2012-breastfeeding-lit-review.pdf
Vilar-Compte M, Hernández-Cordero S, Ancira-Moreno M, Burrola-Méndez S, Ferre-Eguiluz I, Omaña I, et al. Breastfeeding at the workplace: a systematic review of interventions to improve workplace environments to facilitate breastfeeding among working women. Int J Equity Health. 2021 Dec 1;20(1).
Litwan K, Tran V, Nyhan K, Pérez-Escamilla R. How do breastfeeding workplace interventions work?: a realist review. Int J Equity Health. 2021 Dec 1;20(1).
R Pérez-Escamilla, Martinez J, Segura-Pérez S. Impact of the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative on breastfeeding and child health outcomes: a systematic review. Matern Child Nutr. 2016;12(3):412–7.
Tang X, Patterson P, MacKenzie-Shalders K, Herwerden LA van, Bishop J, Rathbone E, et al. Workplace programmes for supporting breast-feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(6):1501–13.
Güngör Çalişkan S, Altinkaynak S. Emziriyorum Bebeğim Doymuyor: Yetersiz Süt Algısı. Sakarya Üniversitesi Holistik Sağlık Dergisi [Internet]. 2019 Nov 21 [cited 2024 Sep 14];2(2):1–9. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sauhsd/issue/50266/581433
Işık C, Küğcümen G. Laktasyon dönemindeki annelerin yetersiz süt algısının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi-Journal of Samsun Health Sciences [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Sep 14];6(3):491–506. Available from: https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.913584:491-506.https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.913584
Referanslar
Ares Segura S. The challenges of breastfeeding in a complex world. An Pediatr (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2022 Apr [cited 2024 Sep 4];96(4):283–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35440421/
Pérez-Escamilla R, Tomori C, Hernández-Cordero S, Baker P, Barros AJD, Bégin F, et al. Breastfeeding: crucially important, but increasingly challenged in a market-driven world. The Lancet [Internet]. 2023 Feb 11 [cited 2024 Sep 4];401(10375):472–85. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140673622019328/fulltext
Victora C, Bahl R, Barros A, França G, Lancet SHT, 2016 U. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Sep 4];387(10017):475490. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)01024-7/fulltext?preview=true&preview=true
Horta B, Rollins N, Dias M, Garcez V, Pérez-Escamilla R. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of breastfeeding and later overweight or obesity expands on previous study for World Health Organization. Wiley Online LibraryBL Horta, N Rollins, MS Dias, V Garcez, R Pérez‐EscamillaActa Paediatrica, 2023•Wiley Online Library [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Sep 4];112(1):34–41. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/apa.16460
Louis-Jacques A, Gynecology ASO and, 2020 U. Enabling breastfeeding to support lifelong health for mother and child. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 4];47(3):363–81. Available from: https://www.obgyn.theclinics.com/article/S0889-8545(20)30028-0/abstract
UNICEF. New York/Cenevre/Washıngton DC Report 2017 [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Sep 11]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/turkiye/en/press-releases/7000-newborns-die-every-day-despite-steady-decrease-under-five-mortality-new-report
Dönmez A, Yeyğel Ç, Öğretim Üyesi D, Tınaztepe Üniversitesi İ, Bilimleri Fakültesi Ebelik Anabilim Dalı S, Türkiye İ. Kadın ve Çocuk Sağlığında Anne Sütü ve Emzirmenin Önemi. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):54–8.
TNSA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı ve TÜBİTAK [Internet]. Ankara; 2019 [cited 2024 Sep 11]. Available from: https://hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tr/2018_turkiye_nufus_ve_saglik_arastirmasi-55
Mahurin-Smith J. Challenges Wıth Breastfeedıng: Paın, Nıpple Trauma, And Perceıved Insuffıcıent Mılk Supply. MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing [Internet]. 2023 May 1 [cited 2024 Sep 11];48(3):161–7. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/mcnjournal/fulltext/2023/05000/challenges_with_breastfeeding__pain,_nipple.7.aspx
Barnes C, Hauck Y, Mabbott K, Officer K, Ashton L, Bradfield Z. Influencers of women’s choice and experience of exclusive formula feeding in hospital. Midwifery [Internet]. 2021 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Sep 11];103(103093). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34311337/
Newby RM, Davies PSW. Why do women stop breast-feeding? Results from a contemporary prospective study in a cohort of Australian women. Eur J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Sep 11];70(12):1428–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27623979/
Ares Segura S. The challenges of breastfeeding in a complex world. Anales de Pediatría (English Edition). 2022 Apr 1;96(4):283–5.
Simpson KR. Breastfeeding challenges. MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1 [cited 2024 Sep 11];44(2):65. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/mcnjournal/fulltext/2019/03000/breastfeeding_challenges.1.aspx
Şahin H, Yılmaz M, Aykut M, Balcı E, Sağıroğlu M, Öztürk A, et al. Kayseri’de iki toplum sağlığı merkezine başvuran annelerde emzirme sorunları ve risk etmenleri. Turk Pediatri Ars [Internet]. 2013 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Sep 12];48(2):145–51. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpedar/issue/13168/158972
Baker P, Santos T, Neves PA, Machado P, Smith J, Piwoz E, et al. First‐food systems transformations and the ultra‐processing of infant and young child diets: The determinants, dynamics and consequences of the global rise in. Matern Child Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1 [cited 2024 Sep 12];17(2). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mcn.13097
Çerçer Z, Nazik E. Emzirme Sorunları ve Hemşirenin Rolleri. Sakarya Üniversitesi Holistik Sağlık Dergisi [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Sep 14];6(2):353–65. Available from: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-4467
Gianni ML, Bettinelli ME, Manfra P, Sorrentino G, Bezze E, Plevani L, et al. Breastfeeding Difficulties and Risk for Early Breastfeeding Cessation. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2024 Sep 14];11(10). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6835226/
Feenstra MM, Jørgine Kirkeby M, Thygesen M, Danbjørg DB, Kronborg H. Early breastfeeding problems: A mixed method study of mothers’ experiences. Sexual & reproductive healthcare [Internet]. 2018 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Sep 14];16:167–74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29804762/
Lucas R, McGrath JM. Clinical Assessment and Management of Breastfeeding Pain. Topics in Pain Management. 2016 Oct;32(3):1–11.
Lucas R, Bernier K, Perry M, Evans H, Ramesh D, Young E, et al. Promoting self-management of breast and nipple pain in breastfeeding women: Protocol of a pilot randomized controlled trial. Res Nurs Health [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Sep 14];42(3):176–88. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30835887/
Nabulsi M, Ghanem R, Smaili H, Khalil A. The inverted syringe technique for management of inverted nipples in breastfeeding women: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Int Breastfeed J [Internet]. 2022 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Sep 14];17(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35123525/
Çaka SY, Topal S, Altınkaynak S. Anne Sütü ile Beslenmede Karşılaşılan Sorunlar. Turkiye Klinikleri Pediatric Nursing - Special Topics [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Sep 14];3(2):120–8. Available from: https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-anne-sutu-ile-beslenmede-karsilasilan-sorunlar-79427.html
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu Çocuk ve Ergen, Dairesi. Emzirme Danişmanliği El Ki̇tabi [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://istanbulism.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/7712/0/emzirmedanismanligielkitabipdf.pdf
Boran P. Emzirme Sorunlarına Kanıta Dayalı Yaklaşım. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi Sosyal Pediatri Özel Sayısı. 2020;35–40.
World Health Organization. Mastitis - Causes and Management. World Health Organization. 2000;1–44.
Serhatlıoğlu SG, Yılmaz E. Nedir Bu Tandem Emzirme? İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi [Internet]. 2020 Dec 29 [cited 2024 Sep 14];(12):433–42. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/igusabder/issue/58664/658725
Cangöl E, Şahin NH. Emzirmeyi Etkileyen Faktörler ve Emzi̇rme Danışmanlığı. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni [Internet]. 2014 Aug 6 [cited 2024 Sep 14];45(3):100–5. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/zktipb/issue/22040/236674
Annagür BB, Annagür A. Doğum Sonrası Ruhsal Durumun Emzirme ile İlişkisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Sep 14];4(3):279–92. Available from: www.cappsy.org
McLearn KT, Minkovitz CS, Strobino DM, Marks E, Hou W. Maternal depressive symptoms at 2 to 4 months post partum and early parenting practices. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2024 Sep 14];160(3):279–84. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16520447/
Dunn S, Davies B, McCleary L, Edwards N, Gaboury I. The relationship between vulnerability factors and breastfeeding outcome. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2024 Sep 14];35(1):87–97. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16466356/
Mensah KA, Acheampong E, Anokye FO, Okyere P, Appiah-Brempong E, Adjei RO. Factors influencing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers in a peri-urban district of Ghana. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2017 Sep 7 [cited 2024 Sep 14];10(1):1–7. Available from: https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-017-2774-7
Mackean G, Spragins W. The Challenges of Breastfeeding in a Complex World A Critical [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/ps-1029951-pregnancy-2012-breastfeeding-lit-review.pdf
Vilar-Compte M, Hernández-Cordero S, Ancira-Moreno M, Burrola-Méndez S, Ferre-Eguiluz I, Omaña I, et al. Breastfeeding at the workplace: a systematic review of interventions to improve workplace environments to facilitate breastfeeding among working women. Int J Equity Health. 2021 Dec 1;20(1).
Litwan K, Tran V, Nyhan K, Pérez-Escamilla R. How do breastfeeding workplace interventions work?: a realist review. Int J Equity Health. 2021 Dec 1;20(1).
R Pérez-Escamilla, Martinez J, Segura-Pérez S. Impact of the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative on breastfeeding and child health outcomes: a systematic review. Matern Child Nutr. 2016;12(3):412–7.
Tang X, Patterson P, MacKenzie-Shalders K, Herwerden LA van, Bishop J, Rathbone E, et al. Workplace programmes for supporting breast-feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(6):1501–13.
Güngör Çalişkan S, Altinkaynak S. Emziriyorum Bebeğim Doymuyor: Yetersiz Süt Algısı. Sakarya Üniversitesi Holistik Sağlık Dergisi [Internet]. 2019 Nov 21 [cited 2024 Sep 14];2(2):1–9. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sauhsd/issue/50266/581433
Işık C, Küğcümen G. Laktasyon dönemindeki annelerin yetersiz süt algısının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi-Journal of Samsun Health Sciences [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Sep 14];6(3):491–506. Available from: https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.913584:491-506.https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.913584
