Travma Sonrası Büyüme ve Bilinçli Farkındalık İlişkisi
Özet
Bu bölümde, Travma Sonrası Büyüme (TSB) ile bilinçli farkındalık (BF) arasındaki ilişki ele alınmaktadır. Travma, DSM-5’e göre bireyi önemli ölçüde etkileyen olumsuz olaylar sonucunda psikolojik sıkıntılar yaratan bir bozukluk olarak tanımlanır. TSB ise, bu tür zorlayıcı yaşam olaylarının bireyin bilişsel şemalarını olumlu yönde değiştirerek büyümesine yol açar.
BF, bireyin bedenini, düşünce ve duygularını tanımasına ve dış dünyayla uyum içerisinde yaşamasına yardımcı olan bir yaklaşımdır. Kanser hastaları, Miyokard Enfarktüsü geçirenler ve travmatik olaylar yaşamış bireyler üzerinde yapılan araştırmalarda BF temelli uygulamaların TSB’yi artırdığına dair sonuçlar bildirilmektedir. TSB, bireyin travma sonrasında güç bulması, psikolojik olarak bu duruma hazırlık yapması ve yeniden anlamlandırma sürecini yaşaması şeklinde üç temel aşamada incelenir. TSB’yi artıran önemli faktörler arasında sosyal destek, stresle başa çıkma stratejileri, öz şefkat, bilişsel yeniden değerlendirme ve farkındalık temelli stres azaltma programları yer alır.
BF’nin, TSB’yi arttıran önemli faktörlere etki ederek, bireyin travmatik deneyimiyle ilgili düşüncelerini ve duygularını fark etmesine ve kabul etmesine olanak sağladığı bildirilmektedir. Odaklanmış dikkat, yargısız gözlem ve şefkatle kabullenme gibi beceriler, bireyin kendini ve çevresini daha iyi anlamasına yardımcı olarak TSB sürecinin gelişimine yardımcı olmaktadır. BF uygulamaları bireyin TSB düzeyini artırma potansiyeline sahiptir ve bu bağlamda, özellikle psikiyatri hemşirelerinin bilinçli farkındalık temelli yaklaşımları klinik uygulamalara dahil etmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.
This section discusses the relationship between Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) and mindfulness (MF). According to the DSM-5, trauma is defined as a disorder caused by distressing events that significantly impact an individual. PTG, on the other hand, refers to the positive cognitive shifts and growth that arise from such challenging life events.
Mindfulness is an approach that helps individuals recognize their bodies, thoughts, and emotions, while living in harmony with the external world. Studies conducted on cancer patients, those who have experienced myocardial infarction, and individuals who have faced traumatic events have reported that mindfulness-based practices enhance PTG. PTG is examined in three stages: finding strength after trauma, preparing psychologically for the situation, and undergoing a process of re-meaning. Key factors that promote PTG include social support, coping strategies, self-compassion, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness-based stress reduction programs.
It has been reported that mindfulness influences the key factors that enhance PTG by enabling individuals to become aware of and accept their thoughts and emotions related to the traumatic experience. Skills such as focused attention, non-judgmental observation, and compassionate acceptance help individuals better understand themselves and their environment, thus contributing to the development of PTG. Mindfulness practices have the potential to enhance PTG, and in this context, it is of great importance for psychiatric nurses to incorporate mindfulness-based approaches into clinical practices.
Referanslar
Kupper, D., Regier, D. (2013). Örselenme (Travma) ve Tetikleyici Etkenle (Stresörle) İlişkili Bozukluklar. Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabı (5th ed., pp. 347-undefined).
Tedeschi, R. G., Moore, B. A. (2020). Posttraumatic growth as an integrative therapeutic philosophy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 31(2), 180–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000250
Çam, O., Engin, E. (2014). Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliğinin Temel Bir Kavramı: Farkındalık. O.Çam, E. Engin. (Ed.). Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Bakım Sanatı (S.227-233). İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi.
Pollak, S., Pedulla, T., Siegel, R. (2019). Mindfulness - Farkındalık Temelli Psikoterapi Becerileri, Bilge Uzun (Ed.), İstanbul: Apamer Psikoloji Yayınları.
Dahabre, R., Bentley G., Poikonen-Saksela, P. (2024). Can mindfulness facilitate posttraumatic growth in breast cancer patients? The mediating role of illness perceptions and positive emotions. Journal of Health Psychology, doi:10.1177/13591053231223484
Aliche C. J. (2023). The mediating role of positive reappraisal and self-compassion on the relationship between mindfulness and posttraumatic growth in patients with cancer. South African Journal of Psychology, 53(1):111-123. doi:10.1177/00812463221113445
Aliche, J. C., Ifeagwazi, C. M., Ezenwa, M. O. (2023) Relationship between mindfulness, meaning in life and post-traumatic growth among Nigerian cancer patients Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28:2, 475-485, DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2095576
Lianchao, A., Peng, X., Siqi, Z. (2023). The influence of mindfulness on posttraumatic growth of Chinese people with cancer. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 51(11):1-12.
Lianchao, A., Tingting, M. (2020). Mindfulness, rumination and post-traumatic growth in a Chinese cancer sample. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2019.1612079
Aydındoğmuş, A., Savaşan, A. (2022) Impact of the mindfulness-based psychoeducation applied to people having a myocardial infarction on mindfulness and posttraumatic growth. Perspectives in psychiatric care, 58(4):1410-1420.
Ye, H., Wang, D., Chen, X. (2023). Mediating roles of social support and posttraumatic growth in the relation between mindfulness and quality of life in disaster-exposed survivors. J Public Health (Berl), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-023-01881-w
Dussault, É., Fernet, M., Guyon, R. (2024). Mindfulness and posttraumatic growth in childhood sexual abuse and psychological maltreatment survivors. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality.
Heydari, R. R. C. H., Mahmoudfakhe, H. (2023). Comparison of Schema Therapy and Mindfulness - Based Stress Reduction on Post -Traumatic Growth and Psychological Capital in Women with Breast Cancer. Iranian Journal of Breast Disease, 16 (3) :46 -64.
Tedeschi, R. G., Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
Ezberbolat, M., Özpolat, A. G. Y. (2016). Travma sonrası büyüme: travmaya iyi yanından bakmak. Kriz Dergisi, 24(0). https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000353
Tedeschi, R., Calhoun, L. (2014). Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.
Jonnie Janoff, B. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Three Explanatory Models. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 30–34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20447198
Akcan, G. (2018). Travma sonrası büyüme: bir gözden geçirme. Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3), 61–70.
Schwartz, O. N., Lavidor, M., Shilton, S. (2024). Post-traumatic growth correlates among parents of children with chronic illnesses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102409
Wang, J., Luo, Z., Liao, X. (2024). The levels and related factors of posttraumatic growth among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 31, 241–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12975
Austin, P. D, Siddall, P. J., Lovell, M. R. (2024). Posttraumatic growth in palliative care settings: A scoping review of prevalence, characteristics and interventions. Palliative Medicine. 38(2):200-212. doi:10.1177/02692163231222773
Henson, C., Didier, H., Canavello, A. (2021). What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5,4.
Gökmen, G., Deniz, E. (2020). Travma Sonrası Büyüme’nin yordayıcıları olarak öz-anlayış ve affetme. Uluslararası Türk Kültür Coğrafyasında Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 72–93.
Inci, F., Boztepe, H. (2013). Post traumatic growth: if something not killing could be strengthned? Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5505/phd.2013.29392
Dursun, P., Söylemez, İ. (2020). Travma Sonrası Büyüme: Gözden Geçirilmiş Son Model ile Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 31.
Duman, N. (2019). Travma Sonrası Büyüme ve Gelişim. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(4), 178–184.
Atalay, Z. (2019). Mindfulness, İşeri Gülşen (Ed.). İnklap Yayınevi.
Heidari, G F., Izadi, M., Seyedbagheri, S. (2024). The Effect of Mindfulness on Posttraumatic Growth of Mothers of Premature Infants Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 31:19–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-023-09961-5
Lakshmi N. V. S., Rajkumar, E., Gopi, A. (2024). Correlates of post-traumatic growth among persons bereaved from cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One, 19(3): e0300291
Chen, J., Li, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, X., & Xu, W. (2021). Enhancement from being present: Dispositional mindfulness moderates the longitudinal relationship between perceived social support and posttraumatic growth in Chinese firefighters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.137
Wilson, J. M. (2020). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and savoring: Factors that explain the relation between perceived social support and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109568.
Haliwa, I., Wilson, J. M., Spears, S. K. (2021). Exploring facets of the mindful personality: Dispositional mindfulness and the Big Five, Personality and Individual Differences, 110469.
Altgassen, E., Geiger, M., Wilhelm, O. (2024). Do you mind a closer look? A jingle-jangle fallacy perspective on mindfulness. European Journal of Personality, 38(2), 365-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070231174575
Referanslar
Kupper, D., Regier, D. (2013). Örselenme (Travma) ve Tetikleyici Etkenle (Stresörle) İlişkili Bozukluklar. Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabı (5th ed., pp. 347-undefined).
Tedeschi, R. G., Moore, B. A. (2020). Posttraumatic growth as an integrative therapeutic philosophy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 31(2), 180–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000250
Çam, O., Engin, E. (2014). Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliğinin Temel Bir Kavramı: Farkındalık. O.Çam, E. Engin. (Ed.). Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Bakım Sanatı (S.227-233). İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi.
Pollak, S., Pedulla, T., Siegel, R. (2019). Mindfulness - Farkındalık Temelli Psikoterapi Becerileri, Bilge Uzun (Ed.), İstanbul: Apamer Psikoloji Yayınları.
Dahabre, R., Bentley G., Poikonen-Saksela, P. (2024). Can mindfulness facilitate posttraumatic growth in breast cancer patients? The mediating role of illness perceptions and positive emotions. Journal of Health Psychology, doi:10.1177/13591053231223484
Aliche C. J. (2023). The mediating role of positive reappraisal and self-compassion on the relationship between mindfulness and posttraumatic growth in patients with cancer. South African Journal of Psychology, 53(1):111-123. doi:10.1177/00812463221113445
Aliche, J. C., Ifeagwazi, C. M., Ezenwa, M. O. (2023) Relationship between mindfulness, meaning in life and post-traumatic growth among Nigerian cancer patients Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28:2, 475-485, DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2095576
Lianchao, A., Peng, X., Siqi, Z. (2023). The influence of mindfulness on posttraumatic growth of Chinese people with cancer. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 51(11):1-12.
Lianchao, A., Tingting, M. (2020). Mindfulness, rumination and post-traumatic growth in a Chinese cancer sample. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2019.1612079
Aydındoğmuş, A., Savaşan, A. (2022) Impact of the mindfulness-based psychoeducation applied to people having a myocardial infarction on mindfulness and posttraumatic growth. Perspectives in psychiatric care, 58(4):1410-1420.
Ye, H., Wang, D., Chen, X. (2023). Mediating roles of social support and posttraumatic growth in the relation between mindfulness and quality of life in disaster-exposed survivors. J Public Health (Berl), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-023-01881-w
Dussault, É., Fernet, M., Guyon, R. (2024). Mindfulness and posttraumatic growth in childhood sexual abuse and psychological maltreatment survivors. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality.
Heydari, R. R. C. H., Mahmoudfakhe, H. (2023). Comparison of Schema Therapy and Mindfulness - Based Stress Reduction on Post -Traumatic Growth and Psychological Capital in Women with Breast Cancer. Iranian Journal of Breast Disease, 16 (3) :46 -64.
Tedeschi, R. G., Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
Ezberbolat, M., Özpolat, A. G. Y. (2016). Travma sonrası büyüme: travmaya iyi yanından bakmak. Kriz Dergisi, 24(0). https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000353
Tedeschi, R., Calhoun, L. (2014). Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.
Jonnie Janoff, B. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Three Explanatory Models. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 30–34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20447198
Akcan, G. (2018). Travma sonrası büyüme: bir gözden geçirme. Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3), 61–70.
Schwartz, O. N., Lavidor, M., Shilton, S. (2024). Post-traumatic growth correlates among parents of children with chronic illnesses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102409
Wang, J., Luo, Z., Liao, X. (2024). The levels and related factors of posttraumatic growth among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 31, 241–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12975
Austin, P. D, Siddall, P. J., Lovell, M. R. (2024). Posttraumatic growth in palliative care settings: A scoping review of prevalence, characteristics and interventions. Palliative Medicine. 38(2):200-212. doi:10.1177/02692163231222773
Henson, C., Didier, H., Canavello, A. (2021). What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5,4.
Gökmen, G., Deniz, E. (2020). Travma Sonrası Büyüme’nin yordayıcıları olarak öz-anlayış ve affetme. Uluslararası Türk Kültür Coğrafyasında Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 72–93.
Inci, F., Boztepe, H. (2013). Post traumatic growth: if something not killing could be strengthned? Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5505/phd.2013.29392
Dursun, P., Söylemez, İ. (2020). Travma Sonrası Büyüme: Gözden Geçirilmiş Son Model ile Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 31.
Duman, N. (2019). Travma Sonrası Büyüme ve Gelişim. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(4), 178–184.
Atalay, Z. (2019). Mindfulness, İşeri Gülşen (Ed.). İnklap Yayınevi.
Heidari, G F., Izadi, M., Seyedbagheri, S. (2024). The Effect of Mindfulness on Posttraumatic Growth of Mothers of Premature Infants Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 31:19–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-023-09961-5
Lakshmi N. V. S., Rajkumar, E., Gopi, A. (2024). Correlates of post-traumatic growth among persons bereaved from cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One, 19(3): e0300291
Chen, J., Li, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, X., & Xu, W. (2021). Enhancement from being present: Dispositional mindfulness moderates the longitudinal relationship between perceived social support and posttraumatic growth in Chinese firefighters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.137
Wilson, J. M. (2020). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and savoring: Factors that explain the relation between perceived social support and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109568.
Haliwa, I., Wilson, J. M., Spears, S. K. (2021). Exploring facets of the mindful personality: Dispositional mindfulness and the Big Five, Personality and Individual Differences, 110469.
Altgassen, E., Geiger, M., Wilhelm, O. (2024). Do you mind a closer look? A jingle-jangle fallacy perspective on mindfulness. European Journal of Personality, 38(2), 365-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070231174575