Endodonti ve Sistemik Hastalıklarla İlişkisi
Özet
Günümüzde diş hekimlerinin karşılaştığı zorluklardan biri, karmaşık tıbbi rahatsızlıklara sahip hasta sayısındaki artıştır. Dental tedaviler öncesinde doğru bir medikal değerlendirme yapılması gereklidir. Son 50 yıl içerisinde artan ortalama yaşam süresi, doğal diş yapısını koruyacak tedavilerin gerekliliğini daha da arttırmıştır. Diş hekimliği kliniklerine başvuran hastaların yaklaşık %50'si medikal hikayesinde sistemik hastalıklardan en az bir tanesini bildirmektedir. Hastanın kullandığı ilaçlar, yaş, hamilelik ve alerji gibi durumları netleştirilmelidir. Kronik sistemik hastalıkları olan bireyler, sıklıkla ağız sağlığı sorunları ve hastalıklarıyla ilişkilendirilir. Uzun süreli ilaç kullanan bireylerde, sistemik hastalıklar ve ilaçların yan etkileri sebebiyle dental tedaviler daha karmaşık hale gelir. Bazı hastalıklar ağız boşluğundaki yumuşak ve sert dokulardaki belirtilerle ortaya çıkar. Diş hekimi uygun bir ağız sağlığı stratejisi benimsemelidir. Hem yetişkinlerde hem de pediatrik hastalarda kötü ağız sağlığı, genel olarak daha kötü sağlık sonuçlarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Diş hekimlerinin ayrıntılı öykü alması ve fiziksel muayene yapması, altta yatan etyolojinin belirlenmesine yardımcı olabilir ve tıbbi uzmanların daha erken müdahale etmesine olanak sağlayabilir. Bu kitap bölümünün amacı, tıbbi açıdan problemleri olan hastalarda güvenli şekilde endodontik tedavilerin yapılmasını sağlamaktır. Ayrıca klinik kararlar verilirken, hangi durumlarda tıbbi uzmanlarla istişare edilmesi gerektiğini belirlemek ve klinisyenlerin bu konuda doğru bir yaklaşım oluşturmasını sağlamaktır.
One of the challenges facing dentists today is the increasing number of patients with complex medical conditions. A correct medical evaluation is necessary before dental treatments. Increasing life expectancy over the last 50 years has further increased the necessity of treatments that preserve natural tooth structure. Approximately 50% of patients applying to dental clinics report at least one systemic disease in their medical history. The patient's conditions such as medications used, age, pregnancy, and allergies should be clarified. Individuals with chronic systemic diseases are frequently associated with oral health problems and diseases. In individuals who use medications for a long time, dental treatments become more complex due to systemic diseases and side effects of medications. Some diseases occur with symptoms in the soft and hard tissues in the oral cavity. The dentist should adopt an appropriate oral health strategy. In adults and pediatric patients, poor oral health has been associated with poorer health outcomes. Dentists taking a detailed history and performing a physical examination can help determine the underlying etiology and allow medical professionals to intervene earlier. The purpose of this book section is to ensure safe endodontic treatments in patients with medical problems. It also aims to determine in which cases medical experts should be consulted when making clinical decisions and to ensure that clinicians create the right approach to this issue.
Referanslar
Jiménez-Sánchez MC, Cabanillas-Balsera D, Areal-Quecuty V, et al. Cardiovascular diseases and apical periodontitis: association not always implies causality. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 2020;25(5):e652.
Byon M-J, Kim S-Y, Kim J-S, et al. Association of periodontitis with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: A nationwide population-based retrospective matched cohort study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(19):7261.
Kane SF. The effects of oral health on systemic health. Gen Dent. 2017;65(6):30-4.
Miller CS, Westgate PM. Implications of medical screenings of patients arriving for dental treatment: The results of a comprehensive laboratory screening. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2014;145(10):1027-35.
Glessner C, Desai B, Looney S, et al. The associations between dental disease and systemic health. Odontology. 2024;112(1):264-71.
Goodchild JH, Glick M. A different approach to medical risk assessment. Endodontic Topics. 2003;4(1):1-8.
De Jong K, Abraham‐Inpijn L, Vinckier F, et al. The validity of a medical risk‐related history for dental patients in Belgium. International dental journal. 1997;47(1):16-20.
Smeets EC, de Jong KJ, Abraham-Inpijn L. Detecting the medically compromised patient in dentistry by means of the medical risk-related history: A survey of 29,424 dental patients in the Netherlands. Preventive medicine. 1998;27(4):530-5.
Lapointe H, Armstrong J, Larocque B. A clinical decision making framework for the medically compromised patient: ischemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1997;63(7):510-2, 5.
Porcaro AB, Rizzetto R, Cerrato C, et al. Severe systemic disease of the American Society of Anesthesiologists'(ASA) physical status system classification associated with delayed length of hospital stay in 1329 consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy for clinical prostate cancer. Minerva Urology and Nephrology. 2022.
Minassian C, D'Aiuto F, Hingorani AD, et al. Invasive dental treatment and risk for vascular events: a self-controlled case series. Annals of internal medicine. 2010;153(8):499-506.
Little JW. The impact on dentistry of recent advances in the management of hypertension. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2000;90(5):591-9.
Glick M. The new blood pressure guidelines: a digest. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2004;135(5):585-6.
Seminario-Amez M, González-Navarro B, Ayuso-Montero R, et al. Use of local anesthetics with a vasoconstrictor agent during dental treatment in hypertensive and coronary disease patients. A systematic review. Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice. 2021;21(2):101569.
Herman WW, Konzelman Jr JL, Prisant LM. New national guidelines on hypertension: a summary for dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2004;135(5):576-84.
Reader A, Nusstein J, Walton R. Local anesthesia. Endodontics, principles and practice 5th ed St Louis: Elsevier Saunders. 2015:142-61.
Little JW, Falace DA. Dental management of the medically compromised patient: Mosby Elsevier Health Science; 1993.
Santos-Paul MAd, Neves ILI, et al. Local anesthesia with epinephrine is safe and effective for oral surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary disease: a prospective randomized study. Clinics. 2015;70:185-9.
Conrado VC, Andrade Jd, de Angelis GA, et al. Cardiovascular effects of local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor during dental extraction in coronary patients. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia. 2007;88:507-13.
Bader JD, Bonito AJ, Shugars DA. A systematic review of cardiovascular effects of epinephrine on hypertensive dental patients. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2002;93(6):647-53.
Yagiela J, Malamed S. Injectable and topical local anesthetics. ADA/PDR Guide to Dental Therapeutics, 5th Edition, Ciancio SG (ed) Am Dent Assoc and Physician’s Desk Reference, Inc, Chicago, IL. 2009:21-3.
Replogle K, Reader A, Nist R, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intraosseous injections of 2 percent lidocaine with 1: 100,000 epinephrine and 3 percent mepivacaine. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1999;130(5):649-57.
Becker DE. Cardiovascular drugs: implications for dental practice part 1—cardiotonics, diuretics, and vasodilators. Anesthesia Progress. 2007;54(4):178-86.
Jowett N, Cabot L. Patients with cardiac disease: considerations for the dental practitioner. British dental journal. 2000;189(6):297-302.
Sen S, Logue L, Logue M, et al. Dental Caries, Race and Incident Ischemic Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and Death. Stroke. 2024;55(1):40-9.
Feck AS, Goodchild J. The use of anxiolytic medications to supplement local anesthesia in the anxious patient. Compendium. 2005;26(3):183-90.
Lessard E, Glick M, Ahmed S, et al. The patient with a heart murmur: evaluation, assessment and dental considerations. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2005;136(3):347-56.
Morris NA, Matiello M, Lyons JL, et al. Neurologic complications in infective endocarditis: identification, management, and impact on cardiac surgery. The Neurohospitalist. 2014;4(4):213-22.
Seymour R, Lowry R, Whitworth J, et al. Infective endocarditis, dentistry and antibiotic prophylaxis; time for a rethink? British dental journal. 2000;189(11):610-6.
Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: the task force for the management of infective endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). European heart journal. 2015;36(44):3075-128.
Pries-Heje MM, Bundgaard H, Iversen KK, et al. Infective Endocarditis Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Review of the Evidence and Guidelines. Current Cardiology Reports. 2023:1-9.
Dayer MJ, Jones S, Prendergast B, et al. Incidence of infective endocarditis in England, 2000–13: a secular trend, interrupted time-series analysis. The Lancet. 2015;385(9974):1219-28.
Scully C, Wolff A. Oral surgery in patients on anticoagulant therapy. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2002;94(1):57-64.
Cannon P, Dharmar V. Minor oral surgical procedures in patients on oral anticoagulants—a controlled study. Australian dental journal. 2003;48(2):115-8.
Jafri SM. Periprocedural thromboprophylaxis in patients receiving chronic anticoagulation therapy. American heart journal. 2004;147(1):3-15.
Russo G, Dal Corso L, Biasiolo A, et al. Simple and safe method to prepare patients with prosthetic heart valves for surgical dental procedures. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2000;6(2):90-3.
Wahl MJ. Dental surgery in anticoagulated patients. Archives of internal medicine. 1998;158(15):1610-6.
Jeske AH, Suchko GD. Lack of a scientific basis for routine discontinuation of oral anticoagulation therapy before dental treatment. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2003;134(11):1492-7.
Ardekian L, Gaspar R, Peled M, et al. Does low-dose aspirin therapy complicate oral surgical procedures? The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2000;131(3):331-5.
JOHNSON BR, FAYAD MI, WITHERSPOON DE. Periradicular surgery. Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp. 2011:720-76.
Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Wijarnpreecha K, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology. 2015;54(4):736-42.
Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, et al. Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet (London, England). 2013;382(9894):769-79.
Gómez-Moreno G, Cutando-Soriano A, et al. Hereditary blood coagulation disorders: management and dental treatment. Journal of dental research. 2005;84(11):978-85.
Brewer A, Roebuck E, Donachie M, et al. The dental management of adult patients with haemophilia and other congenital bleeding disorders. Haemophilia. 2003;9(6):673-7.
Roedig JJ, Shah J, Elayi CS, et al. Interference of cardiac pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator activity during electronic dental device use. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2010;141(5):521-6.
Grossi SG. Treatment of periodontal disease and control of diabetes: an assessment of the evidence and need for future research. Annals of periodontology. 2001;6(1):138-45.
McKenna SJ. Dental management of patients with diabetes. Dental Clinics. 2006;50(4):591-606.
Clarke R. The hyperglycaemic response to different types of surgery and anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1970;42(1):45-53.
Rudranaik S, Nayak M, Babshet M. Periapical healing outcome following single visit endodontic treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry. 2016;8(5):e498.
Miller RL, Grayson MH, Strothman K. Advances in asthma: New understandings of asthma’s natural history, risk factors, underlying mechanisms, and clinical management. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2021;148(6):1430-41.
Minaldi E, Cahill K. Recent updates in understanding NSAID hypersensitivity. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 2023;23(3):181-8.
Adhikari B, Kahende J, Malarcher A, et al. Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses. Oncology Times. 2009;31(2):40-2.
Madkour MM. Primary tuberculosis in adults. Tuberculosis: Springer; 2004. p. 265-72.
Maartens G. Advances in adult pulmonary tuberculosis. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. 2002;8(3):173-7.
Brodie MJ, French JA. Management of epilepsy in adolescents and adults. The Lancet. 2000;356(9226):323-9.
de Morais Gallarreta FW, Bernardotti FPL, De Freitas AC, et al. Characteristics of individuals with hydrocephalus and their dental care needs. Special Care in Dentistry. 2010;30(2):72-6.
Baddour LM, Bettmann MA, Bolger AF, et al. Nonvalvular cardiovascular device–related infections. Circulation. 2003;108(16):2015-31.
Kerr AR. Update on renal disease for the dental practitioner. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2001;92(1):9-16.
Proctor R, Kumar N, Stein A, et al. Oral and dental aspects of chronic renal failure. Journal of dental research. 2005;84(3):199-208.
Naylor GD, Hall EH, Terezhalmy GT. The patient with chronic renal failure who is undergoing dialysis or renal transplantation: another consideration for antimicrobial prophylaxis. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology. 1988;65(1):116-21.
Epstein JB, Thariat J, Bensadoun RJ, et al. Oral complications of cancer and cancer therapy: from cancer treatment to survivorship. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2012;62(6):400-22.
Donaldson M, Goodchild JH. Pregnancy, breast-feeding and drugs used in dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2012;143(8):858-71.
Silver R, Peltier M, Branch D. The immunology of pregnancy. Maternal-fetal medicine: principles and practice Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders. 2004:89-109.
Suchina JA, Levine D, Flaitz CM, et al. Retrospective clinical and radiologic evaluation of nonsurgical endodontic treatment in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006;7(1):1-8.
Quesnell BT, Alves M, Hawkinson Jr RW, et al. The effect of human immunodeficiency virus on endodontic treatment outcome. Journal of endodontics. 2005;31(9):633-6.
Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016;101(2):364-89.
Norred CL. Complementary and alternative medicine use by surgical patients. AORN journal. 2002;76(6):1013-21.
Chang LK, Whitaker DC. The impact of herbal medicines on dermatologic surgery. Dermatologic surgery. 2001;27(8):759-63.
El-Qutob D, Morales C, Peláez A. Allergic reaction caused by articaine. Allergologia et immunopathologia. 2005;33(2):115-6.
Brown RS, Paluvoi S, Choksi S, et al. Evaluating a dental patient for local anesthesia allergy. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ: 1995). 2002;23(2):125-8, 31.
Berkun Y, Ben-Zvi A, Levy Y, et al. Evaluation of adverse reactions to local anesthetics: experience with 236 patients. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2003;91(4):342-5.
Baluga J, Casamayou R, Carozzi E, et al. Allergy to local anaesthetics in dentistry. Myth or reality? Allergologia et immunopathologia. 2002;30(1):14-9.
Referanslar
Jiménez-Sánchez MC, Cabanillas-Balsera D, Areal-Quecuty V, et al. Cardiovascular diseases and apical periodontitis: association not always implies causality. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 2020;25(5):e652.
Byon M-J, Kim S-Y, Kim J-S, et al. Association of periodontitis with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: A nationwide population-based retrospective matched cohort study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(19):7261.
Kane SF. The effects of oral health on systemic health. Gen Dent. 2017;65(6):30-4.
Miller CS, Westgate PM. Implications of medical screenings of patients arriving for dental treatment: The results of a comprehensive laboratory screening. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2014;145(10):1027-35.
Glessner C, Desai B, Looney S, et al. The associations between dental disease and systemic health. Odontology. 2024;112(1):264-71.
Goodchild JH, Glick M. A different approach to medical risk assessment. Endodontic Topics. 2003;4(1):1-8.
De Jong K, Abraham‐Inpijn L, Vinckier F, et al. The validity of a medical risk‐related history for dental patients in Belgium. International dental journal. 1997;47(1):16-20.
Smeets EC, de Jong KJ, Abraham-Inpijn L. Detecting the medically compromised patient in dentistry by means of the medical risk-related history: A survey of 29,424 dental patients in the Netherlands. Preventive medicine. 1998;27(4):530-5.
Lapointe H, Armstrong J, Larocque B. A clinical decision making framework for the medically compromised patient: ischemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1997;63(7):510-2, 5.
Porcaro AB, Rizzetto R, Cerrato C, et al. Severe systemic disease of the American Society of Anesthesiologists'(ASA) physical status system classification associated with delayed length of hospital stay in 1329 consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy for clinical prostate cancer. Minerva Urology and Nephrology. 2022.
Minassian C, D'Aiuto F, Hingorani AD, et al. Invasive dental treatment and risk for vascular events: a self-controlled case series. Annals of internal medicine. 2010;153(8):499-506.
Little JW. The impact on dentistry of recent advances in the management of hypertension. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2000;90(5):591-9.
Glick M. The new blood pressure guidelines: a digest. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2004;135(5):585-6.
Seminario-Amez M, González-Navarro B, Ayuso-Montero R, et al. Use of local anesthetics with a vasoconstrictor agent during dental treatment in hypertensive and coronary disease patients. A systematic review. Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice. 2021;21(2):101569.
Herman WW, Konzelman Jr JL, Prisant LM. New national guidelines on hypertension: a summary for dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2004;135(5):576-84.
Reader A, Nusstein J, Walton R. Local anesthesia. Endodontics, principles and practice 5th ed St Louis: Elsevier Saunders. 2015:142-61.
Little JW, Falace DA. Dental management of the medically compromised patient: Mosby Elsevier Health Science; 1993.
Santos-Paul MAd, Neves ILI, et al. Local anesthesia with epinephrine is safe and effective for oral surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary disease: a prospective randomized study. Clinics. 2015;70:185-9.
Conrado VC, Andrade Jd, de Angelis GA, et al. Cardiovascular effects of local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor during dental extraction in coronary patients. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia. 2007;88:507-13.
Bader JD, Bonito AJ, Shugars DA. A systematic review of cardiovascular effects of epinephrine on hypertensive dental patients. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2002;93(6):647-53.
Yagiela J, Malamed S. Injectable and topical local anesthetics. ADA/PDR Guide to Dental Therapeutics, 5th Edition, Ciancio SG (ed) Am Dent Assoc and Physician’s Desk Reference, Inc, Chicago, IL. 2009:21-3.
Replogle K, Reader A, Nist R, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intraosseous injections of 2 percent lidocaine with 1: 100,000 epinephrine and 3 percent mepivacaine. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1999;130(5):649-57.
Becker DE. Cardiovascular drugs: implications for dental practice part 1—cardiotonics, diuretics, and vasodilators. Anesthesia Progress. 2007;54(4):178-86.
Jowett N, Cabot L. Patients with cardiac disease: considerations for the dental practitioner. British dental journal. 2000;189(6):297-302.
Sen S, Logue L, Logue M, et al. Dental Caries, Race and Incident Ischemic Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and Death. Stroke. 2024;55(1):40-9.
Feck AS, Goodchild J. The use of anxiolytic medications to supplement local anesthesia in the anxious patient. Compendium. 2005;26(3):183-90.
Lessard E, Glick M, Ahmed S, et al. The patient with a heart murmur: evaluation, assessment and dental considerations. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2005;136(3):347-56.
Morris NA, Matiello M, Lyons JL, et al. Neurologic complications in infective endocarditis: identification, management, and impact on cardiac surgery. The Neurohospitalist. 2014;4(4):213-22.
Seymour R, Lowry R, Whitworth J, et al. Infective endocarditis, dentistry and antibiotic prophylaxis; time for a rethink? British dental journal. 2000;189(11):610-6.
Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: the task force for the management of infective endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). European heart journal. 2015;36(44):3075-128.
Pries-Heje MM, Bundgaard H, Iversen KK, et al. Infective Endocarditis Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Review of the Evidence and Guidelines. Current Cardiology Reports. 2023:1-9.
Dayer MJ, Jones S, Prendergast B, et al. Incidence of infective endocarditis in England, 2000–13: a secular trend, interrupted time-series analysis. The Lancet. 2015;385(9974):1219-28.
Scully C, Wolff A. Oral surgery in patients on anticoagulant therapy. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2002;94(1):57-64.
Cannon P, Dharmar V. Minor oral surgical procedures in patients on oral anticoagulants—a controlled study. Australian dental journal. 2003;48(2):115-8.
Jafri SM. Periprocedural thromboprophylaxis in patients receiving chronic anticoagulation therapy. American heart journal. 2004;147(1):3-15.
Russo G, Dal Corso L, Biasiolo A, et al. Simple and safe method to prepare patients with prosthetic heart valves for surgical dental procedures. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2000;6(2):90-3.
Wahl MJ. Dental surgery in anticoagulated patients. Archives of internal medicine. 1998;158(15):1610-6.
Jeske AH, Suchko GD. Lack of a scientific basis for routine discontinuation of oral anticoagulation therapy before dental treatment. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2003;134(11):1492-7.
Ardekian L, Gaspar R, Peled M, et al. Does low-dose aspirin therapy complicate oral surgical procedures? The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2000;131(3):331-5.
JOHNSON BR, FAYAD MI, WITHERSPOON DE. Periradicular surgery. Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp. 2011:720-76.
Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Wijarnpreecha K, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology. 2015;54(4):736-42.
Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, et al. Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet (London, England). 2013;382(9894):769-79.
Gómez-Moreno G, Cutando-Soriano A, et al. Hereditary blood coagulation disorders: management and dental treatment. Journal of dental research. 2005;84(11):978-85.
Brewer A, Roebuck E, Donachie M, et al. The dental management of adult patients with haemophilia and other congenital bleeding disorders. Haemophilia. 2003;9(6):673-7.
Roedig JJ, Shah J, Elayi CS, et al. Interference of cardiac pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator activity during electronic dental device use. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2010;141(5):521-6.
Grossi SG. Treatment of periodontal disease and control of diabetes: an assessment of the evidence and need for future research. Annals of periodontology. 2001;6(1):138-45.
McKenna SJ. Dental management of patients with diabetes. Dental Clinics. 2006;50(4):591-606.
Clarke R. The hyperglycaemic response to different types of surgery and anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1970;42(1):45-53.
Rudranaik S, Nayak M, Babshet M. Periapical healing outcome following single visit endodontic treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry. 2016;8(5):e498.
Miller RL, Grayson MH, Strothman K. Advances in asthma: New understandings of asthma’s natural history, risk factors, underlying mechanisms, and clinical management. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2021;148(6):1430-41.
Minaldi E, Cahill K. Recent updates in understanding NSAID hypersensitivity. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 2023;23(3):181-8.
Adhikari B, Kahende J, Malarcher A, et al. Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses. Oncology Times. 2009;31(2):40-2.
Madkour MM. Primary tuberculosis in adults. Tuberculosis: Springer; 2004. p. 265-72.
Maartens G. Advances in adult pulmonary tuberculosis. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. 2002;8(3):173-7.
Brodie MJ, French JA. Management of epilepsy in adolescents and adults. The Lancet. 2000;356(9226):323-9.
de Morais Gallarreta FW, Bernardotti FPL, De Freitas AC, et al. Characteristics of individuals with hydrocephalus and their dental care needs. Special Care in Dentistry. 2010;30(2):72-6.
Baddour LM, Bettmann MA, Bolger AF, et al. Nonvalvular cardiovascular device–related infections. Circulation. 2003;108(16):2015-31.
Kerr AR. Update on renal disease for the dental practitioner. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2001;92(1):9-16.
Proctor R, Kumar N, Stein A, et al. Oral and dental aspects of chronic renal failure. Journal of dental research. 2005;84(3):199-208.
Naylor GD, Hall EH, Terezhalmy GT. The patient with chronic renal failure who is undergoing dialysis or renal transplantation: another consideration for antimicrobial prophylaxis. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology. 1988;65(1):116-21.
Epstein JB, Thariat J, Bensadoun RJ, et al. Oral complications of cancer and cancer therapy: from cancer treatment to survivorship. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2012;62(6):400-22.
Donaldson M, Goodchild JH. Pregnancy, breast-feeding and drugs used in dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2012;143(8):858-71.
Silver R, Peltier M, Branch D. The immunology of pregnancy. Maternal-fetal medicine: principles and practice Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders. 2004:89-109.
Suchina JA, Levine D, Flaitz CM, et al. Retrospective clinical and radiologic evaluation of nonsurgical endodontic treatment in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006;7(1):1-8.
Quesnell BT, Alves M, Hawkinson Jr RW, et al. The effect of human immunodeficiency virus on endodontic treatment outcome. Journal of endodontics. 2005;31(9):633-6.
Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016;101(2):364-89.
Norred CL. Complementary and alternative medicine use by surgical patients. AORN journal. 2002;76(6):1013-21.
Chang LK, Whitaker DC. The impact of herbal medicines on dermatologic surgery. Dermatologic surgery. 2001;27(8):759-63.
El-Qutob D, Morales C, Peláez A. Allergic reaction caused by articaine. Allergologia et immunopathologia. 2005;33(2):115-6.
Brown RS, Paluvoi S, Choksi S, et al. Evaluating a dental patient for local anesthesia allergy. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ: 1995). 2002;23(2):125-8, 31.
Berkun Y, Ben-Zvi A, Levy Y, et al. Evaluation of adverse reactions to local anesthetics: experience with 236 patients. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2003;91(4):342-5.
Baluga J, Casamayou R, Carozzi E, et al. Allergy to local anaesthetics in dentistry. Myth or reality? Allergologia et immunopathologia. 2002;30(1):14-9.
