20. Yüzyılda Bilimsel Dönüşümün Temel Taşları: Görelilik Kuramı ve Kuantum Mekaniği
Özet
Yirminci yüzyıl, bilim alanında önemli değişimlerin ve dönüşümlerin yaşandığı bir dönemdir. Bu yüzyılda moleküler biyoloji, kuantum fiziği, genetik mühendisliği ve biyoteknoloji gibi alanların temelleri atılmış, bilimsel keşifler ve yenilikler hızla gelişmiştir. Bu ilerlemeler, insanlık tarihini köklü bir biçimde etkilemiş ve toplumsal yaşam üzerindeki etkileri derinleşmiştir. Yirminci yüzyıl, icatlar ve teknolojik gelişmeler açısından önemli bir dönem olarak kabul edilmektedir; bilim insanları mevcut teknolojiyi daha etkin kullanarak kapsamlı sonuçlar elde etmişlerdir. Ancak, bilimsel ilerlemenin hızla devam etmesi ve mevcut araştırmaların büyük çoğunluğunun tarihsel bir bağlamda incelenememesi, tüm gelişmelerin ele alınmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada fizik bilimi üzerinde durulmakta; özellikle Albert Einstein’ın özel ve genel görelilik kuramı ile günümüzdeki etkileri devam eden kuantum mekaniği ele alınmaktadır. Bu odaklanma, yirminci yüzyılda bilimin dönüşümünü anlamak açısından daha uygun bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır.
Referanslar
Bacciagaluppi, G., & Valentini, A. (2009). Quantum theory at the crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay conference. Cambridge University Press.
Banet, L. (1966). Evolution of the Balmer series. American Journal of Physics, 34(6), 496-503. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1971853
Barbour, J. (2001). The end of time: The next revolution in physics. Oxford University Press.
Bardon, A. (2024). A brief history of the philosophy of time. Oxford University Press.
Bernstein, J. (2006). Secrets of the Old One: Einstein, 1905. Springer Science & Business Media.
Bohr, N. (1913). I. On the constitution of atoms and molecules. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 26(151), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786441308635557
Bohr, N. (1934). Atomic theory and the description of nature. CUP Archive.
Burke, J. G. (Ed.). (2022). The uses of science in the age of Newton (Vol. 8). University of California Press.
Cahill, R. T. (2005). The speed of light and the Einstein legacy: 1905-2005. arXiv preprint physics/0501051.
Capelle, W. (2011). Sokrates’ten önce felsefe (3rd ed.; O. Özügül, Trans.). İstanbul: Pencere Yayınları.
Cline, B. L. (1987). Men who made a new physics: Physicists and the quantum theory. University of Chicago Press.
De Broglie, L. (1929). The wave nature of the electron. Nobel Lecture, 12, 244-256.
Einstein, A. (1905a). Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt.
Einstein, A. (1905b). Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen. Annalen der Physik, 4.
Einstein, A. (1905c). Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper. Annalen der Physik, 17(10), 891-921. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19053231314
Einstein, A. (1905d). Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig? Annalen der Physik, 323, 639-641. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19053231314
Einstein, A. (1952). The principle of relativity. Dover.
Faye, J. (2019). Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., Sands, M., & Hafner, E. M. (1965). The Feynman lectures on physics; vol. I. American Journal of Physics, 33(9), 750-752. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1972678
French, A. P., & Kennedy, P. J. (1985). Niels Bohr: A centenary volume. Cambridge MA & London: Harvard University Press.
Ginoux, J. M. (2024). From luminiferous ether to the Earth’s motion. In Poincaré, Einstein and the discovery of special relativity: An end to the controversy (pp. 9-13). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Gordon, F. (2016). Albert Einstein. ABDO.
Gottfried, K. (2018). Quantum Mechanics: Fundamentals. CRC Press.
Gribbin, J. (2003). Science: A History (1543-2001). Penguin Press.
Griffiths, D. J. (2012). Revolutions in twentieth-century physics. Cambridge University Press.
Guillemin, V. (2003). The story of quantum mechanics. Courier Corporation.
Hartle, J. B. (2021). Gravity: An introduction to Einstein's general relativity. Cambridge University Press.
Heilbron, J. L. (1981). Rutherford–Bohr atom. American Journal of Physics, 49(3), 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.12243
Heisenberg, W. (1958). Physics and philosophy. New York: Prometheus Books.
Hill, J. M., & Cox, B. J. (2012). Einstein's special relativity beyond the speed of light. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 468(2148), 4174-4192. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0336
Hoffman, B. (1947). The strange story of the quantum. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Jaeger, G. (2014). What in the (quantum) world is macroscopic? American Journal of Physics, 82(9), 896-905. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.4891218
Jefimenko, O. D. (1998). On the experimental proofs of relativistic length contraction and time dilation. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 53(12), 977-982. https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-1998-12-301
Kunstatter, G., & Das, S. (2022). Introduction to the quantum. In A first course on symmetry, special relativity and quantum mechanics: The foundations of physics (pp. 163-196). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Landsberg, P. T. (2014). Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Courier Corporation.
Lieneman, D. (1986). The Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The Science Teacher, 53(4), 49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24140084
Michelson, A. A., & Morley, E. W. (1887). On the relative motion of the Earth and the luminiferous ether. American Journal of Science, 3(203), 333-345. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-34.203.333
Newton, I. (1999). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (B. Cohen & A. Whitman, Trans.). University of California Press.
Pais, A. (1991). Niels Bohr's times: In physics, philosophy, and polity. Oxford University Press.
Rae, A. I. (2004). Quantum physics: Illusion or reality? Cambridge University Press.
Rechenberg, H. (1982). The historical development of quantum theory (Vol. 1). Springer Science & Business Media.
Ronan, C. A. (2003). Bilim tarihi: Dünya kültürlerinde bilimin tarihi ve gelişmesi (3rd ed.; E. İhsanoğlu & F. Günergun, Trans.). TÜBİTAK Yayınları.
Rutherford, E. (2014). The structure of the atom. In The collected papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson (pp. 445-455). Routledge.
Sarı, M. A. (2010). Francis Bacon ve Galileo’nun bilim ve yöntem tasarımları. Felsefe Dünyası, 52, 208-229.
Sarı, M. A. (2011). Birincil ve ikincil nitelikler üzerine Descartes, Locke ve Berkeley. Yeditepe’de Felsefe, 57, 150-189.
Singh, R. (2008). Max Planck and the genesis of the energy quanta in historical context. Current Science, 95(6), 788–792. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24102616
Stachel, J. (2002). Einstein from ‘B’ to ‘Z’. Birkhäuser.
Sweet, W. (1993). Uncertainty: The life and science of Werner Heisenberg. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 49(7), 50-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1993.11459925
Whittaker, E. (1955). Albert Einstein, 1879–1955. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1, 37–67. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005
Yardımcı, A. B. (2020). Düşünce deneylerinin tarihsel kökeni, kavramın ilk kullanımı ve Ernst Mach’ın düşünce deneyi. In E. Doğan (Ed.), Current and historical debates in social sciences (pp. 51-68). London.
Yıldırım, C. (2016). Bilim tarihi (21st ed.). Remzi Kitabevi.
Referanslar
Bacciagaluppi, G., & Valentini, A. (2009). Quantum theory at the crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay conference. Cambridge University Press.
Banet, L. (1966). Evolution of the Balmer series. American Journal of Physics, 34(6), 496-503. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1971853
Barbour, J. (2001). The end of time: The next revolution in physics. Oxford University Press.
Bardon, A. (2024). A brief history of the philosophy of time. Oxford University Press.
Bernstein, J. (2006). Secrets of the Old One: Einstein, 1905. Springer Science & Business Media.
Bohr, N. (1913). I. On the constitution of atoms and molecules. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 26(151), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786441308635557
Bohr, N. (1934). Atomic theory and the description of nature. CUP Archive.
Burke, J. G. (Ed.). (2022). The uses of science in the age of Newton (Vol. 8). University of California Press.
Cahill, R. T. (2005). The speed of light and the Einstein legacy: 1905-2005. arXiv preprint physics/0501051.
Capelle, W. (2011). Sokrates’ten önce felsefe (3rd ed.; O. Özügül, Trans.). İstanbul: Pencere Yayınları.
Cline, B. L. (1987). Men who made a new physics: Physicists and the quantum theory. University of Chicago Press.
De Broglie, L. (1929). The wave nature of the electron. Nobel Lecture, 12, 244-256.
Einstein, A. (1905a). Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt.
Einstein, A. (1905b). Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen. Annalen der Physik, 4.
Einstein, A. (1905c). Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper. Annalen der Physik, 17(10), 891-921. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19053231314
Einstein, A. (1905d). Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig? Annalen der Physik, 323, 639-641. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19053231314
Einstein, A. (1952). The principle of relativity. Dover.
Faye, J. (2019). Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., Sands, M., & Hafner, E. M. (1965). The Feynman lectures on physics; vol. I. American Journal of Physics, 33(9), 750-752. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1972678
French, A. P., & Kennedy, P. J. (1985). Niels Bohr: A centenary volume. Cambridge MA & London: Harvard University Press.
Ginoux, J. M. (2024). From luminiferous ether to the Earth’s motion. In Poincaré, Einstein and the discovery of special relativity: An end to the controversy (pp. 9-13). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Gordon, F. (2016). Albert Einstein. ABDO.
Gottfried, K. (2018). Quantum Mechanics: Fundamentals. CRC Press.
Gribbin, J. (2003). Science: A History (1543-2001). Penguin Press.
Griffiths, D. J. (2012). Revolutions in twentieth-century physics. Cambridge University Press.
Guillemin, V. (2003). The story of quantum mechanics. Courier Corporation.
Hartle, J. B. (2021). Gravity: An introduction to Einstein's general relativity. Cambridge University Press.
Heilbron, J. L. (1981). Rutherford–Bohr atom. American Journal of Physics, 49(3), 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.12243
Heisenberg, W. (1958). Physics and philosophy. New York: Prometheus Books.
Hill, J. M., & Cox, B. J. (2012). Einstein's special relativity beyond the speed of light. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 468(2148), 4174-4192. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0336
Hoffman, B. (1947). The strange story of the quantum. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Jaeger, G. (2014). What in the (quantum) world is macroscopic? American Journal of Physics, 82(9), 896-905. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.4891218
Jefimenko, O. D. (1998). On the experimental proofs of relativistic length contraction and time dilation. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 53(12), 977-982. https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-1998-12-301
Kunstatter, G., & Das, S. (2022). Introduction to the quantum. In A first course on symmetry, special relativity and quantum mechanics: The foundations of physics (pp. 163-196). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Landsberg, P. T. (2014). Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Courier Corporation.
Lieneman, D. (1986). The Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The Science Teacher, 53(4), 49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24140084
Michelson, A. A., & Morley, E. W. (1887). On the relative motion of the Earth and the luminiferous ether. American Journal of Science, 3(203), 333-345. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-34.203.333
Newton, I. (1999). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (B. Cohen & A. Whitman, Trans.). University of California Press.
Pais, A. (1991). Niels Bohr's times: In physics, philosophy, and polity. Oxford University Press.
Rae, A. I. (2004). Quantum physics: Illusion or reality? Cambridge University Press.
Rechenberg, H. (1982). The historical development of quantum theory (Vol. 1). Springer Science & Business Media.
Ronan, C. A. (2003). Bilim tarihi: Dünya kültürlerinde bilimin tarihi ve gelişmesi (3rd ed.; E. İhsanoğlu & F. Günergun, Trans.). TÜBİTAK Yayınları.
Rutherford, E. (2014). The structure of the atom. In The collected papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson (pp. 445-455). Routledge.
Sarı, M. A. (2010). Francis Bacon ve Galileo’nun bilim ve yöntem tasarımları. Felsefe Dünyası, 52, 208-229.
Sarı, M. A. (2011). Birincil ve ikincil nitelikler üzerine Descartes, Locke ve Berkeley. Yeditepe’de Felsefe, 57, 150-189.
Singh, R. (2008). Max Planck and the genesis of the energy quanta in historical context. Current Science, 95(6), 788–792. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24102616
Stachel, J. (2002). Einstein from ‘B’ to ‘Z’. Birkhäuser.
Sweet, W. (1993). Uncertainty: The life and science of Werner Heisenberg. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 49(7), 50-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1993.11459925
Whittaker, E. (1955). Albert Einstein, 1879–1955. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1, 37–67. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005
Yardımcı, A. B. (2020). Düşünce deneylerinin tarihsel kökeni, kavramın ilk kullanımı ve Ernst Mach’ın düşünce deneyi. In E. Doğan (Ed.), Current and historical debates in social sciences (pp. 51-68). London.
Yıldırım, C. (2016). Bilim tarihi (21st ed.). Remzi Kitabevi.
