Biyolojide Evrimsel Değişimin İzinde: Buffon’dan Darwin’e Evrim Kuramı ve Bilimsel Devrim
Özet
Fizik disiplininde astronomiye yönelik sorular, Johannes Kepler ve Isaac Newton gibi önemli düşünürlerin devrimci katkılarına yol açmıştır. Kepler’in çalışmaları, gezegensel hareket yasalarını ortaya koyarken; Newton’un Pincipia’sı Aristoteles fiziğinin terk edilmesine ve yeni bir fizik anlayışının gelişmesine neden olmuştur. Biyoloji disiplinindeki devrim ise 1800’lerin sonlarına doğru Charles Darwin’in evrim teorisi ile belirginleşmiştir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, Darwin’in düşüncelerine etki eden Fransız Transformistler—Georges-Louis Leclerc, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ve George Cuvier—gözden geçirilmekte; bu bilim insanlarının argümanlarının Darwin’in evrim kuramını nasıl şekillendirdiği ve biyoloji alanında nasıl bir devrim yarattığı incelenmektedir.
Referanslar
Ahad, M. A. (2011). Evolution without Lamarck’s Theory and its Use in the Darwinian Theories of Evolution. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 2(Sep, 3), 353-358.
Archibald, J. D. (2018). Charles Darwin: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works. Rowman & Littlefield.
Argot, C. (2008). Changing Views in Paleontology: the Story of a Giant (Megatherium, Xenarthra). In Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay (pp. 37-50). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Barlow, N. (1935). Charles Darwin and the Galapagos Islands. Nature, 136(3436), 391–391. https://doi.org/10.1038/136391a0
Barr, J. (1985). Why the World Was Created in 4004 B.C.: Archbishop Ussher and Biblical Chronology. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 67(2), 575-608. https://jstor.org/stable/community.28212244
Beddall, B. G. (1968). Wallace, Darwin, and the theory of natural selection. Journal of the History of Biology, 1(2), 261–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00351923
Bouchard, F. (2011). Darwinism without populations: a more inclusive understanding of the “Survival of the Fittest.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 42(1), 106-114.
Bowler, P. J. (1976). Malthus, Darwin, and the Concept of Struggle. Journal of the History of Ideas, 37(4), 631. https://doi.org/10.2307/2709028
Bowler, P. J. (1989). Evolution: The History of an Idea. University of California Press.
Buffon, G. L. (1797). Buffon's Natural History (Vol. 4). London: Printed for the Proprietor.
Burkhardt, R. W. (2011). Lamarck, Cuvier, and Darwin on Animal Behavior and Acquired Characters. In S. B. Gissis & E. Jablonka (Eds.), Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology.
Burkhardt, R. W. (2013). Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters. Genetics, 194(4), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.113.151852
Coleman, W. (1964). Georges Cuvier, Zoologist: A Study in the History of Evolution Theory. Harvard University Press.
Comte de Buffon, G. L. L. (1791). Natural History, General and Particular (Vol. 4). A. Strahan.
Comte de Buffon, G. L. L. (1830). The Natural History of Quadrupeds (Vol. 2). Thomas Nelson and Peter Brown.
Cunningham, F. F. (1977). Lyell and Uniformitarianism. Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien, 21(2), 164-174.
Curtis, C., Millar, C. D., & Lambert, D. M. (2018). The Sacred Ibis debate: The first test of evolution. PLOS Biology, 16(9), e2005558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005558
Cuvier, G. (1997). Memoir on the species of Elephants, both living and fossil [1796]. In M. J. S. Rudwick (Ed.), Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes (pp. 18–24). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Cuvier, G. (2007). Discourse on the Revolutionary Upheavals on the Surface of the Globe and on the Changes Which They Have Produced in the Animal Kingdom (1825). Evolution and Creationism, 17-21.
Cuvier, G. (2018). Essay on the Theory of the Earth, 1813. Routledge.
Darwin, C. (1839). Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the Years 1826 and 1836, Describing Their Examination of the Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle's Circumnavigation of the Globe. Journal and Remarks. 1832-1836. Henry Colburn.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray.
David Van Reybrouck. (2012). From Primitives to Primates. Sidestone Press.
Desmond, A., & Moore, J. (1991). Darwin. Michael Joseph, Penguin Group.
Dugatkin, L. A. (2009). Mr. Jefferson and the Giant Moose: Natural History in Early America. University of Chicago Press.
Dugatkin, L. A. (2019). Buffon, Jefferson and the theory of New World degeneracy. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 12(1), 15.
Browne, E. J. (1995). Charles Darwin: Voyaging. Alfred A. Knopf.
Egerton, F. N. (2007). A History of the Ecological Sciences, part 24: Buffon and Environmental Influences on Animals. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 88(2), 146-159.
Faria, F. (2013). Georges Cuvier et le Premier Paradigme de la Paléontologie. Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève, 32(2), 297-302.
Gould, S. J. (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Harvard University Press.
Hall, B. K. (1999). Evolutionary Developmental Biology (2nd ed.). Springer.
Hodge, M. J. S. (1971). Lamarck's science of living bodies. The British Journal for the History of Science, 5(4), 323-352.
Honeywill, R. (2008). Lamarck's Evolution: Two Centuries of Genius and Jealousy. Allen & Unwin.
Humphreys, J. (1996). Lamarck and the General Theory of Evolution. Journal of Biological Education, 30(4), 295-303.
Jurmain, R., Kilgore, L., Trevathan, W., & Ciochon, R. L. (2017). Introduction to Physical Anthropology (15th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Lamarck, J. B. (1801). Système des Animaux Sans Vertébrès. Detreville.
Lamarck, J. B. (1802). Discours d’Ouverture, Prononcé le 27 floréal An 10, au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. Recherches sur l’organisation des corps vivants. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 483-517.
Lamarck, J. B. (1809). Philosophie Zoologique, ou Exposition des Considérations Relatives à l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux (Vol. 2). Dentu.
Lamarck, J. B. (1844). Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Sans Vertèbres: Histoire des Mollusques (Vol. 10). JB Baillière.
Lamarck, J. B. (1914). Zoological Philosophy (H. S. R. Elliott, Trans.). Macmillan and Company.
Larson, E. J. (2006). Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory (Vol. 17). Modern Library.
Lefèvre, W. (2003). Inheritance of Acquired Characters in Lamarck’s and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s Zoology. A Cultural History of Heredity II: 18th and 19th Centuries, 93.
Lovejoy, A. (1960). The Great Chain of Being: The Study of the History of an Idea. Harper Row Publishers.
Lyell, C. (1830). Principles of Geology. John Murray.
Malthus, T. R. (1830). A Summary View of the Principle of Population. John Murray.
Malthus, T. R. (1986). An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798). The Works of Thomas Robert Malthus, London, Pickering & Chatto Publishers, 1, 1-139.
Mayr, E. (1972). Lamarck Revisited. Journal of the History of Biology, 5(1), 55–94. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4330569
Mayr, E. (1991). One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought (Vol. 2). Harvard University Press.
Mix, L. J. (2018). The Same and Different: Early Theories of Evolution. In Life Concepts from Aristotle to Darwin. Palgrave Macmillan.
O’Connor, R. (1999). Mammoths and Maggots: Byron and the Geology of Cuvier. Romanticism, 5(1), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.3366/rom.1999.5.1.26
Packard, A. S. (1901). Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution: His Life and Work. Longmans, Green, and Company.
Roberts, J. (2024). Every Living Thing: The Great and Deadly Race to Know All Life. Random House.
Roche, L. (2015). Picturing the Creation of the World: The Cosmogenic Illustrations of Buffon’s Natural History of the Earth (1749–1785). Journal of Illustration, 2(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1386/jill.2.1.75_1
Roe, S. A. (2001). Radical nature in the Encyclopédie. In Science, History and Social Activism: A Tribute to Everett Mendelsohn (pp. 37-59). Springer Netherlands.
Rudwick, M. J. (2008). Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes: New Translations and Interpretations of the Primary Texts. University of Chicago Press.
Rudwick, M. J. (2019). Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution. University of Chicago Press.
Schraer, W. D., & Stoltze, H. J. (1999). Biology: The Study of Life. Prentice Hall.
Scott, E. C. (2009). Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group.
Theunissen, B. (1986). The Relevance of Cuvier's lois Zoologiques for his Paleontological Work. Annals of Science, 43(6), 543-556.
Tirard, S. (2018). An Early History from Buffon to Oparin. Handbook of Astrobiology. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.
Turney, C. S. M., & Brown, H. (2007). Catastrophic early Holocene sea level rise, human migration and the Neolithic transition in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(17-18), 2036–2041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.07.003
Von Hofsten, N. (1936). From Cuvier to Darwin. Isis, 24(2), 361-366.
Wohl, R. (1960). Buffon and His Project for a New Science. Isis, 51(2), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1086/348874
Referanslar
Ahad, M. A. (2011). Evolution without Lamarck’s Theory and its Use in the Darwinian Theories of Evolution. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 2(Sep, 3), 353-358.
Archibald, J. D. (2018). Charles Darwin: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works. Rowman & Littlefield.
Argot, C. (2008). Changing Views in Paleontology: the Story of a Giant (Megatherium, Xenarthra). In Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay (pp. 37-50). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Barlow, N. (1935). Charles Darwin and the Galapagos Islands. Nature, 136(3436), 391–391. https://doi.org/10.1038/136391a0
Barr, J. (1985). Why the World Was Created in 4004 B.C.: Archbishop Ussher and Biblical Chronology. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 67(2), 575-608. https://jstor.org/stable/community.28212244
Beddall, B. G. (1968). Wallace, Darwin, and the theory of natural selection. Journal of the History of Biology, 1(2), 261–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00351923
Bouchard, F. (2011). Darwinism without populations: a more inclusive understanding of the “Survival of the Fittest.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 42(1), 106-114.
Bowler, P. J. (1976). Malthus, Darwin, and the Concept of Struggle. Journal of the History of Ideas, 37(4), 631. https://doi.org/10.2307/2709028
Bowler, P. J. (1989). Evolution: The History of an Idea. University of California Press.
Buffon, G. L. (1797). Buffon's Natural History (Vol. 4). London: Printed for the Proprietor.
Burkhardt, R. W. (2011). Lamarck, Cuvier, and Darwin on Animal Behavior and Acquired Characters. In S. B. Gissis & E. Jablonka (Eds.), Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology.
Burkhardt, R. W. (2013). Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters. Genetics, 194(4), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.113.151852
Coleman, W. (1964). Georges Cuvier, Zoologist: A Study in the History of Evolution Theory. Harvard University Press.
Comte de Buffon, G. L. L. (1791). Natural History, General and Particular (Vol. 4). A. Strahan.
Comte de Buffon, G. L. L. (1830). The Natural History of Quadrupeds (Vol. 2). Thomas Nelson and Peter Brown.
Cunningham, F. F. (1977). Lyell and Uniformitarianism. Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien, 21(2), 164-174.
Curtis, C., Millar, C. D., & Lambert, D. M. (2018). The Sacred Ibis debate: The first test of evolution. PLOS Biology, 16(9), e2005558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005558
Cuvier, G. (1997). Memoir on the species of Elephants, both living and fossil [1796]. In M. J. S. Rudwick (Ed.), Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes (pp. 18–24). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Cuvier, G. (2007). Discourse on the Revolutionary Upheavals on the Surface of the Globe and on the Changes Which They Have Produced in the Animal Kingdom (1825). Evolution and Creationism, 17-21.
Cuvier, G. (2018). Essay on the Theory of the Earth, 1813. Routledge.
Darwin, C. (1839). Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the Years 1826 and 1836, Describing Their Examination of the Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle's Circumnavigation of the Globe. Journal and Remarks. 1832-1836. Henry Colburn.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray.
David Van Reybrouck. (2012). From Primitives to Primates. Sidestone Press.
Desmond, A., & Moore, J. (1991). Darwin. Michael Joseph, Penguin Group.
Dugatkin, L. A. (2009). Mr. Jefferson and the Giant Moose: Natural History in Early America. University of Chicago Press.
Dugatkin, L. A. (2019). Buffon, Jefferson and the theory of New World degeneracy. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 12(1), 15.
Browne, E. J. (1995). Charles Darwin: Voyaging. Alfred A. Knopf.
Egerton, F. N. (2007). A History of the Ecological Sciences, part 24: Buffon and Environmental Influences on Animals. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 88(2), 146-159.
Faria, F. (2013). Georges Cuvier et le Premier Paradigme de la Paléontologie. Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève, 32(2), 297-302.
Gould, S. J. (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Harvard University Press.
Hall, B. K. (1999). Evolutionary Developmental Biology (2nd ed.). Springer.
Hodge, M. J. S. (1971). Lamarck's science of living bodies. The British Journal for the History of Science, 5(4), 323-352.
Honeywill, R. (2008). Lamarck's Evolution: Two Centuries of Genius and Jealousy. Allen & Unwin.
Humphreys, J. (1996). Lamarck and the General Theory of Evolution. Journal of Biological Education, 30(4), 295-303.
Jurmain, R., Kilgore, L., Trevathan, W., & Ciochon, R. L. (2017). Introduction to Physical Anthropology (15th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Lamarck, J. B. (1801). Système des Animaux Sans Vertébrès. Detreville.
Lamarck, J. B. (1802). Discours d’Ouverture, Prononcé le 27 floréal An 10, au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. Recherches sur l’organisation des corps vivants. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 483-517.
Lamarck, J. B. (1809). Philosophie Zoologique, ou Exposition des Considérations Relatives à l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux (Vol. 2). Dentu.
Lamarck, J. B. (1844). Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Sans Vertèbres: Histoire des Mollusques (Vol. 10). JB Baillière.
Lamarck, J. B. (1914). Zoological Philosophy (H. S. R. Elliott, Trans.). Macmillan and Company.
Larson, E. J. (2006). Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory (Vol. 17). Modern Library.
Lefèvre, W. (2003). Inheritance of Acquired Characters in Lamarck’s and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s Zoology. A Cultural History of Heredity II: 18th and 19th Centuries, 93.
Lovejoy, A. (1960). The Great Chain of Being: The Study of the History of an Idea. Harper Row Publishers.
Lyell, C. (1830). Principles of Geology. John Murray.
Malthus, T. R. (1830). A Summary View of the Principle of Population. John Murray.
Malthus, T. R. (1986). An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798). The Works of Thomas Robert Malthus, London, Pickering & Chatto Publishers, 1, 1-139.
Mayr, E. (1972). Lamarck Revisited. Journal of the History of Biology, 5(1), 55–94. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4330569
Mayr, E. (1991). One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought (Vol. 2). Harvard University Press.
Mix, L. J. (2018). The Same and Different: Early Theories of Evolution. In Life Concepts from Aristotle to Darwin. Palgrave Macmillan.
O’Connor, R. (1999). Mammoths and Maggots: Byron and the Geology of Cuvier. Romanticism, 5(1), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.3366/rom.1999.5.1.26
Packard, A. S. (1901). Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution: His Life and Work. Longmans, Green, and Company.
Roberts, J. (2024). Every Living Thing: The Great and Deadly Race to Know All Life. Random House.
Roche, L. (2015). Picturing the Creation of the World: The Cosmogenic Illustrations of Buffon’s Natural History of the Earth (1749–1785). Journal of Illustration, 2(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1386/jill.2.1.75_1
Roe, S. A. (2001). Radical nature in the Encyclopédie. In Science, History and Social Activism: A Tribute to Everett Mendelsohn (pp. 37-59). Springer Netherlands.
Rudwick, M. J. (2008). Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes: New Translations and Interpretations of the Primary Texts. University of Chicago Press.
Rudwick, M. J. (2019). Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution. University of Chicago Press.
Schraer, W. D., & Stoltze, H. J. (1999). Biology: The Study of Life. Prentice Hall.
Scott, E. C. (2009). Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group.
Theunissen, B. (1986). The Relevance of Cuvier's lois Zoologiques for his Paleontological Work. Annals of Science, 43(6), 543-556.
Tirard, S. (2018). An Early History from Buffon to Oparin. Handbook of Astrobiology. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.
Turney, C. S. M., & Brown, H. (2007). Catastrophic early Holocene sea level rise, human migration and the Neolithic transition in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(17-18), 2036–2041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.07.003
Von Hofsten, N. (1936). From Cuvier to Darwin. Isis, 24(2), 361-366.
Wohl, R. (1960). Buffon and His Project for a New Science. Isis, 51(2), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1086/348874
