Biyolojik Savaş Ajanları ve Biyoterörizm
Özet
İnsanlık tarihi boyunca devletler, toplumlar veya bireyler birbirlerine üstünlük sağlayabilmek amacıyla zamanın olanak ve teknolojilerini kullanmışlardır. 20. yy.’da kimya, mikrobiyoloji ve fizik alanındaki gelişmelere bağlı olarak kimyasal, biyolojik ve nükleer silahlar geliştirilmiştir. Günümüzde Kimyasal Biyolojik Radyasyon ve Nükleer (KBRN); kasten, kazaen veya doğal afetler sonucu ortama yayılarak insan ve çevre üzerine birçok olumsuz etkiler oluşturan kimyasal, biyolojik, radyolojik ve nükleer tehlikeli maddeleri ifade etmektedir. Bu perspektiften KBRN olayları; afet başlığı altında “Yapay Kaynaklı Afetler” yani insan eliyle gerçekleşen afetler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Biyolojik savaş, insan, hayvan ve bitkilerde hastalık ve ölümlere neden olmak için mikroorganizmaların ve/veya mikrobiyal, bitki veya hayvan kaynaklı toksinlerin kasıtlı olarak kullanılmasıdır. Biyoterörizm ise; ideolojik, dini veya siyasi inançlardan kaynaklanarak zayiat, terör, toplumsal yaşamı durdurmak veya ekonomik kayıp yaratmak amacıyla biyolojik ajanların şahıslara, gruplara veya daha geniş nüfusa karşı kullanılması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Günümüzde kitle imha silahlarına karşı tümüyle hazırlıklı olma olasılığı yoktur. Her ne kadar gelecekteki biyoterör olaylarının bireyleri veya kurumları hedef alan küçük ölçekli saldırılar olacağı öngörülse de mikrobiyoloji, genetik ve nanoteknoloji alanındaki gelişmeler, mikroorganizmaların patojenik özelliklerini ve çevre koşullarına uyumlarını artıracak ve mevcut tedavilere dirençli hale getirecek modifikasyonlara izin vererek bir saldırının sağlık ve ekonomik sonuçlarını artıracaktır. Sistemin biyolojik bir ajanın salınımına hızlı ve doğru yanıt verebilmesi için multidisipliner bir yapılanmanın oluşturulması, kurumlar arası iş birliği ile acil durum planlarının hazırlanması gereklidir.
Throughout human history, states, societies or individuals have used the possibilities and technologies of the time to gain superiority over each other. In the 20th century, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons were developed due to developments in chemistry, microbiology and physics. Today, Chemical Biological Radiation and Nuclear (CBRN) refers to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear hazardous substances that cause many negative effects on humans and the environment by spreading into the environment intentionally, accidentally or as a result of natural disasters. From this perspective, CBRN events are defined as "Artificial Disasters" under the title of disaster, that is, disasters caused by human hands. Biological warfare is the intentional use of microorganisms and/or microbial, plant or animal-derived toxins to cause disease and death in humans, animals and plants. Bioterrorism is defined as the use of biological agents against individuals, groups or the wider population for the purpose of causing casualties, terror, stopping social life or creating economic losses due to ideological, religious or political beliefs. Today, there is no possibility of being fully prepared against weapons of mass destruction. Although future bioterrorism incidents are predicted to be small-scale attacks targeting individuals or institutions, advances in microbiology, genetics and nanotechnology will increase the health and economic consequences of an attack by allowing modifications that will increase the pathogenic properties of microorganisms and their adaptation to environmental conditions and make them resistant to existing treatments. In order for the system to respond quickly and accurately to the release of a biological agent, it is necessary to establish a multidisciplinary structure and prepare emergency plans with inter-institutional cooperation.
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Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 1994; 266:1202–8.
Anon. Deliberate spreading of typhoid in Japan. Science J 1966; 2:11–2.
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Phonka M. Bacillus anthracis as a biological warfare agent: infection, diagnosis and countermeasures. Bratislava Med J 2020;121(3):175-181.
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Bossi P, Tegnell A, Baka A, van Loock F, Hendriks J, Werner A, Maidhof H, Gouvras G. Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of anthrax and bioterrorism-related anthrax. Euro Surveill 2004;9(12):1-7.
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World Health Organization. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2019;94(25):289-292.
Bossi P, Tegnell A, Baka A, Van Loock F, Hendriks J, Werner A et al. Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of plague and bioterrorism-related plague. Euro Surveill 2004;9(12):23-24.
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Referanslar
Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History. Vol 1 Chemical and Biological Weapons. Croddy EA (ed). 2005, ABC-CLIO USA.
Anderson B, Friedman H, Bendinelli M, (Eds). Microorganisms and Bioterrorism. 2006, Springer, USA.
Antosia RE, Cahill JD. Handbook of Bioterrorism and Disaster Medicine. 2006, Springer, USA.
Eryılmaz M, Tezel O, Ulusoy S. Afet: Tanımı ve sınıflaması. Pp:1-5. Köse Ş, ed. Afetler ve Enfeksiyonlar. 2021, 1. Baskı. Türkiye Klinikleri.
World Health Organization. Public health response to biological and chemical weapons-WHO guidance, 2nd edn. Geneva: WHO, 2004.
DaSilva, E. Biological warfare, bioterrorism, biodefence and toxin weapons convention. EJB 1999; 2:99-129.
Oliveira M, Mason-Buck G, Ballard D, Branicki W, Amorim A. Biowarfare, bioterrorism and biocrime: A historical overview on microbial harmful applications. Foren Sci Int 2020;314:110366.
Kılıç S. Biyolojik Silahlar ve Biyoterörizm. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2006; 63(1,2,3):1-20.
Jansen HJ, Breeveld FJ, Stijnis C, Grobusch MP. Biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrime. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20(6):488-96.
Kaufmann AF, Meltzer MI, Schmid GP. The Economic Impact of a Bioterrorist Attack: Are Prevention and Postattack Intervention Programs Justifiable? Emerg Infect Dis 1997;2:83-94.
The U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMIIRD). Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook (Blue Book). 2020, 9th Edition. Fort Detrick.
Tu A (ed): Biological Agents and Weapons. Pp. 25-48.In: Chemical and Biological Weapons and Terrorism. 2020, CRC Press Boca Raton.
Lietenberg M. Biological weapons in the twentieth century: a review and analysis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2001; 27(4): 267-320.
Flora SJS. Biological warfare agents: History and modern-day relevance. Pp:1-11. In: Flora SJS. Pachauri V. Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness. 2020. Academic Press.
Cenciarelli O, Rea S, Carestia M, D’Amico F, Malizia A, Bellecci C et al. Bioweapons and Bioterrorism: A Review of History and Biological Agents. Defence S&T Tech Bull 2013; 6(2): 111-129.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations AMedP-6(B). Part II - Biological. 1996.U.S. Department of the Army, Washington DC.
Hayoun MA, King KC. Biologic Warfare Agent Toxicity. [Updated 2021 Jan 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441942/ (Erişim tarihi: 21.04.2023)
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The test-tube synthesis of a chemical called poliovirus: The simple synthesis of a virus has far-reaching societal implications. EMBO Rep. 2006; 7(Spec No): S3–S9.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Board on Life Sciences; Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology; Committee on Strategies for Identifying and Addressing Potential Biodefense Vulnerabilities Posed by Synthetic Biology. Biodefense in the Age of Synthetic Biology. Washington (DC), National Academies Press (US), 2018.
Gleick PH. Water and terrorism. Water Policy 2006;8: 481–503.
WHO. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons. 1970, WHO, Geneva
Khan AS, Swerdlow DL, Juranek DD. Precautions against biological and chemical terrorism directed at food and water supplies. Public Health Rep 2001;116(1):3-14.
Meinhardt PL. Water and bioterrorism: preparing for the potential threat to U.S. water supplies and public health. Annu Rev Public Health 2005; 26:213-37.
Carus WS. Bioterrorism and biocrimes: the illicit use of biological agents since 1900. February 2001 revision. Washington, DC: Center for Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University, 2001. Available at: http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/cbw/carus.pdf. (Erişkin tarihi: 08.05.2023).
Barras V, Greub G. History of biological warfare and bioterrorism. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20(6):497-502.
Johnson K. A Scientific Method to the Madness of Unit 731's Human Experimentation and Biological Warfare Program. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2022;77(1):24-47.
Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E et al. Plague as a biological weapon. Medical and public health management. JAMA 2000; 283, 2281– 2290.
Inglesby TV, O’Toole T, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon. Updated recommendations for management. JAMA 2002; 287: 2236–2252.
Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, Omenaca C, Topiel MS, Galbraith M et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(6):933-44.
Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 1994; 266:1202–8.
Anon. Deliberate spreading of typhoid in Japan. Science J 1966; 2:11–2.
Roxas-Duncan VI, Smith LA. Ricin Perspective in Bioterrorism.Pp:132-158. In: Morse S (ed). Bioterrorism. 2012, InTech.
Tin D, Sabeti P, Ciottone GR. Bioterrorism: An analysis of biological agents used in terrorist events. Am J Emerg Med 2022;54:117-121.
Phonka M. Bacillus anthracis as a biological warfare agent: infection, diagnosis and countermeasures. Bratislava Med J 2020;121(3):175-181.
Cole LA. Anthrax as a Weapon of War and Terrorism. Pp: 295-308. In: Nicholas H. Bergman (Ed.). Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax. 2011, Hoboken, Wiley-Blackwell NJ.
Bossi P, Tegnell A, Baka A, van Loock F, Hendriks J, Werner A, Maidhof H, Gouvras G. Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of anthrax and bioterrorism-related anthrax. Euro Surveill 2004;9(12):1-7.
Zasada AA. Detection and Identification of Bacillus anthracis: From Conventional to Molecular Microbiology Methods. Microorganisms 2020;8(1):125.
Parida MM, Dash PB, ShuklaJyoti. Advance detection technologies for select biothreat agents. Pp:83-102. In: Flora SJS. Pachauri V. Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness. 2020. Academic Press.
Henning LN, Carpenter S, Stark GV, Serbina NV. Development of protective immunity in new zealand white rabbits challenged with Bacillus anthracis spores and treated with antibiotics and obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against protective antigen. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62(2): e01590-01517, 2018.
Manish M, Verma S, Kandari D, Kulshreshtha P, Singh S, Bhatnagar R. Anthrax prevention through vaccine and post-exposure therapy. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2020;20(12):1405-1425.
Barbieri R, Signoli M, Chevé D, Costedoat C, Tzortzis S, Aboudharam G et al. Yersinia pestis: the Natural History of Plague. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 34(1):e00044-19.
Stenseth NC, Atshabar BB, Begon M, Belmain SR, Bertherat E, Carniel E et al. Plague: past, present, and future. PLoS Med 2008; 15;5(1):e3.
World Health Organization. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2019;94(25):289-292.
Bossi P, Tegnell A, Baka A, Van Loock F, Hendriks J, Werner A et al. Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of plague and bioterrorism-related plague. Euro Surveill 2004;9(12):23-24.
Franz DR, Jahrling PB, McClain DJ, Hoover DL, Byrne WR, Pavlin JA et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. Clin Lab Med 2001;21(3):435-73.
Yang, R. Plague: Recognition, Treatment, and Prevention. J Clin Microbiol 2017;56 (1):e01519-17.
Demeure CE, Dussurget O, Fiol GM, Le Guern A-S, Savin C, Pizarro-Cerdá J. Yersinia pestis and plague: an updated view on evolution, virulence determinants, immune subversion, vaccination, and diagnostics. Genes and Immunity 2019; 20(5):357-370.
Snowden J, Simonsen KA. Tularemia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430905/ (Erişim tarihi: 21.04.2023)
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