Mobil ve Sahra Laboratuvarlarının Kurulması ve Sürdürülebilirliği
Özet
Afetlerde hastanelerin doğrudan hasar görerek işlevselliğini yitirmesi ya da artan sağlık bakım talebine karşı yeterli yanıt oluşturamaması nedeniyle sahra hastaneleri gibi geçici sağlık birimlerin kurulması en uygun çözümler arasında yer almaktadır. Sahra hastanesi; hastaların daha donanımlı bir hastaneye taşınmadan önce, yerinde, acil tıbbi müdahale görebilecekleri, güvenli bölgelere kurulan geçici askerî hastane ya da mobil sağlık birimidir. Sahra hastanesi tıbbi laboratuvarı ve mobil laboratuvarlara gereksinim, afet/olağan dışı durum türüne (doğa kaynaklı olaylar sonucu ortaya çıkan veya insan eliyle ortaya çıkan ve karmaşık insani aciller) ve açığa çıkan olayın evrelerine göre şekillenir.
Mobil laboratuvar, kurulu sağlık hizmeti ve laboratuvar erişimi olmayan durumlarda, laboratuvar test yeteneklerini uzak veya yetersiz hizmet alan bölgelere ulaşmasını sağlayan kendi kendine yetebilen, özel donanımlı portatif ya da mobilize kullanım alanıdır. Hızlı bir şekilde kurulabilen mobil laboratuvarlar, devletlerin ulusal halk sağlığı sistemlerini ve müdahale kapasitesini güçlendirmek amacıyla salgınlar, göçmen ve mülteci krizleri, doğal afetler gibi durumlarda tanı kapasitesini artıran sağlık acil durum işgücünün önemli bir parçasıdır. Gelişmiş bir altyapıya ve mobil teknoloji yeteneklerine sahip mobil laboratuvarlar uluslararası sınırları kolayca aşan hastalıklara, kısıtlı olanaklarda dahi hızlı bir şekilde tanının konulması, epidemiyolojik olarak salgınlardaki izin sürülmesi ve etkenin parmak izinin çıkartılmasını sağlar.
Deploying temporary healthcare units such as field hospitals is among the most suitable solutions due to hospitals being directly damaged and losing functionality in disasters or being unable to meet the increased demand for healthcare services. A field hospital is a temporary military hospital or mobile healthcare unit that is established in safe areas where patients can receive on-site emergency medical treatment before being transferred to a more equipped hospital. The requirement for field hospital laboratories and mobile laboratories is shaped by the type of disaster/unusual situation (events caused by natural disasters or human-made crises as well as complex humanitarian emergencies) and the incident stages.
A mobile laboratory is a self-sufficient, specially equipped portable or mobilized unit that enables laboratory testing capabilities to reach remote or underserved areas in situations where there is no access to established healthcare services and laboratories. Mobile laboratories which can be quickly set up are a significant facilities of health emergency workforce that strengthens nations' public health systems response capacities by enhancing diagnostic capabilities in case of outbreaks, migration and refugee crises, and natural disasters. Mobile laboratories with advanced infrastructure and mobile technology capabilities enhance rapid disease diagnosis that easily cross international borders, enable tracking in epidemic outbreaks, and allow causative agent identification even in limited resource environment.
Referanslar
NATO. Deployable Laboratory Applications of Nano- and Bio-Technology. AC/323(HFM-177) TP/552. STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-HFM-177.STO/NATO 2014.
WHO-PAHO Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Field Hospitals in the Aftermath of Sudden-Impact Disasters. Avaliable from: http://www.disaster-info.net/hospital_disaster/assets/FieldHospitalsFolleto.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2023)
Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Field Hospitals in the Aftermath of Sudden-Impact Disaster. Prehosp Disaster Med 2003;18(4):278-290.
Guidance for rapid response mobile laboratory (RRML) classification. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2021. Avaliable from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/339845 (Erişim tarihi: 04.05.2023).
Greenough PG. Infectious Diseases and Disasters.In: Horgan DE, Burstein JL (Eds). Disaster Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002.
Antosia RE. Epidemiology of Disasters. Pp:7-10. In: Antosia RE, Cahill JD. Handbook of Bioterrorism and Disaster Medicine. 2006, Springer, USA.
Marr I, Francis JR, Stephens DP, Marshall K, Read DR, Rob RW et al. Development of a Mobile Laboratory for Sudden Onset Disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021;15(2):170-180.
Public Health Preparedness Capabilities: National Standards for Local and State Planning. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
Racine T, Kobinger GP. Challenges and perspectives on the use of mobile laboratories during outbreaks and their use for vaccine evaluation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019;15(10):2264-2268.
Inglis TJ. The lab without walls: a deployable approach to tropical infectious diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013;88(4):614-8.
Reusken C, Niedrig M, Pas S, Anda P, Baize S, Charrel R, Di Caro A, Drosten C, Fernandez-Garcia MD, Franco L, et al. Identification of essential outstanding questions for an adequate European laboratory response to Ebolavirus Zaire West Africa 2014. J Clin Virol 2015;62:124–34.
Wölfel R, Stoecker K, Fleischmann E, Gramsamer B, Wagner M, Molkenthin P et al. Mobile diagnostics in outbreak response, not only for Ebola: a blueprint for a modular and robust field laboratory. Euro Surveill 2015;20(44).
Paweska JT, van Vuren PJ, Meier GH, le Roux C, Conteh OS, Kemp A et al. South African Ebola diagnostic response in Sierra Leone: A modular high biosafety field laboratory. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11(6):e0005665.
Zhang Y, Gong Y, Wang C, Liu W, Wang Z, Xia Z, Bu Z. Rapid deployment of a mobile biosafety level-3 laboratory in Sierra Leone during the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11(5):e0005622.
Nsio J, Kapetshi J, Makiala S, Raymond F, Tshapenda G, Boucher N, Corbeil J, Okitandjate A, Mbuyi G, Kiyele M, et al. Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in northern Democratic Republic of Congo. J Infect Dis 2017.
Quick J, Loman NJ, Duraffour S, Simpson JT, Severi E, Cowley L et al. Real-time portable genome sequencing for Ebola surveillance. Nature 2016;530:228–32.
Pini A, Zomahoun D, Duraffour S, Derrough T, Charles M, Quick J et al. Field investigation with real-time virus genetic characterization support of a cluster of Ebola virus disease cases in Dubréka, Guinea, April to June 2015. Euro Surveill 2018;23(12):17–00140.
Witt-Kushner J, Astles JR, Ridderhof JC, Martin RA, Wilcke B Jr, Downes FP et al. Core functions and capabilities of state public health laboratories: a report of the Association of Public Health Laboratories. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002;51 (RR-14):1–8.
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Rao YS. Mobile Virology Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (MVRDL: BSL-3) for COVID-19 Screening, Virus Culturing and Vaccine Development. Trans Indian Nat Acad Engineer 2020;5:315–319.
Rao V, Bordelon E. Mobile High-Containment Biological Laboratories Deployment: Opportunities and Challenges in Expeditionary Deployments to Outbreak Response. Appl Biosaf 2019;24(1):20-29.
Inglis TJJ, Merritt AJ, Levy A, Vietheer P, Bradbury R, et al. Deployable Laboratory Response to Influenza Pandemic; PCR Assay Field Trials and Comparison with Reference Methods. PLoS One 2011;6(10): e25526.
Laboratory biosafety manual, third edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241546506).
WHO European guidance on standards for infectious diseases laboratories. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2012 (https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable diseases/influenza/publications/2012/whoeuropean-guidance-on-standards-for-infectious-disease-laboratories) (Erişim tarihi: 10.02.2016).
Mobile Laboratory Capacity for the Rapid Assessment of CBRN Threats Located within and outside the EU. Avaliable from: http://www.cbrnlab.eu/miracle/ (Erişim tarihi: 23.05.2023).
Weidmann M, Faye O, Faye O, Abd El Wahed A, Patel P, Batejat C, Manugerra JC, Adjami A, Niedrig M, Hufert FT, et al. Development of mobile laboratory for viral hemorrhagic fever detection in Africa. J Infect Dis 2018;218(10):1622–30.
Inglis JJT, Merritt A, Jayasinghe I, Montgomerya J, Thevanesam V. Logistic aspects of a deployable molecular microbiology laboratory. J Military Vet Health 2008:17(1):6-10.
https://www.germfree.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/mobile-lab.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 23.05.2023)
https://www.germfree.com/facilities/mobile-laboratory-biocontainment/ (Erişim tarihi: 23.05.2023)
https://www.labrepco.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/bioGO-24%E2%80%99-BSL-2-Mobile-Biocontainment-Laboratory-Specifications-v1.0.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 23.05.2023)
Dieng I, Diarra M, Diagne MM, Faye M, Ndione MHD, Ba Y et al. Field Deployment of a Mobile Biosafety Laboratory Reveals the Co-Circulation of Dengue Viruses Serotype 1 and Serotype 2 in Louga City, Senegal, 2017. J Trop Med 2021:8817987.
https://www.labrepco.com. (Accessed date: 20.05.2023)
ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories – Requirements for quality and competence. In: ISO [website]. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2012 (https://www.iso.org/standard/56115.html). (Erişim tarihi: 23.06.2014).
ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. In: ISO [website]. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2017 (https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html).
Laboratory quality management system: handbook. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 (https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/lqms/en/). (Erişim tarihi: 26.10.2015).
Augusta University Standard Operating Procedure Mobile Laboratory. Avaliable from: https://www.augusta.edu/alliedhealth/uhp/cls/documents/2022-2023-cls-laboratory-sop-manual-mobile-lab-6-6-2022-final.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 03.06.2023)
Clinical laboratory application to operate a mobile laboratory. Avaliable from: https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/Documents/Laboratories/Mobile%20Laboratory%20Application%2012-2021.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 03.06.2023)
Pabbaraju K, Wong AA, Douesnard M, Ma Raymond, Gill K, Dieu P et al. A Public Health Laboratory Response to the Pandemic. J Clin Microbiol 2020;58(8):e01110-20.
Maheux AF, Bissonnettea L, Huppéa V, Boissinota M, Bergerona MG, Dewailly E. The requirements and challenges of a mobile laboratory for onsite water microbiology assessment. Water Practice & Technology 2016;11 (1):198-209.
Petrova EV, Avadhanula V, Michel S, Gincoo KE, Piedra PA, Anandasabapathy S. Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics. J Vis Exp 2019;(146).
https://www.labrepco.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/bioGO-BSL-3-Laboratory-Buildings-Specifications-v1.0.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 20.05.2023)
King B, Jatoi I. The mobile army surgical hospital (MASH): A military and surgical legacy. J Natl Med Assoc 2005;97(5):648-656.
Bacchus P, Nissen K, Berg J, Bråve A, Gyll J, Larsson C et al. Civil-Military Collaboration to Facilitate Rapid Deployment of a Mobile Laboratory in Early Response to COVID-19: A High-Readiness. Exercise Health Secur 2021;19(5):488-497.
Grolla A, Jones SM, Fernando LF, Strong JE, Ströher U, Möller P et al. The use of a mobile laboratory unit in support of patient management and epidemiological surveillance during the 2005 Marburg outbreak in Angol. PLoS Neg Trop Dis 2011;5(5):e1183.
Washington W, Hutter JN, Hulseberg CE, DeBoer JT, Lee J, Carder MC. Deployment of the first Area Medical Laboratory to South Korea in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Med J (Ft Sam Houst Tex) 2021;(PB 8-21-01/02/03):156-161.
Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Field Hospitals in the Aftermath of Sudden-Impact Disaster. Prehosp Disaster Med 2003;18(4):278-290.
ICRC. Hospitals For War-Wounded. (Hayward-Karlsson J, Jeffery S, Kerr A, Schmidt H, eds.).; 2005. Avaliable from: https://www. icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0714.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 02.06 2023)
Norton I, von Schreeb J, Aitken P, Herard P, Lajolo C. Classification and Minimum Standards for Foreign Medical Teams in Sudden Onset Disasters. WHO 2013:103.
MSF. Public Health in Precarious Situations. 2nd ed. (Van Den Noortgate J, Mees P, eds.). 2010. Avaliable from: http://ref- books.msf.org/msf_docs/en/public_health/public_he- alth_en.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 02.06 2023)
Alahdab F, Omar M, Alsakka S, Atassi B, Al-Moujahed A. Syrians’ alternative to a health care system: “field hospitals.” Avicenna J Med 2014;4(3):51.
Manoochehry S, Hoseinzadeh E, Taha P, Rasouli HR, Hoseinzadeh S. Field hospital in disasters: A systematic review. Trauma Mon 2019;24(2).
Blackwell T, Bosse M. Use of an Innovative Design Mobi le Hospital in the Medical Response to Hurricane Katrina. Ann Emerg Med 2007;49(5):580-588.
Worlton T, Uber I, Bronaugh S, et al. USNS COM- FORT (T-AH 20) Surgical Services Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City. Ann Surg 2020;272(4):e269-e271.
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Kamu Hastaneleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Sahra Ek Hizmet Birimleri Genelgesi. Avaliable from: https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/45508/0/sahra-ek-hizmet-birimleri-isleyis-dagitim-yazisipdf.pdf
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Referanslar
NATO. Deployable Laboratory Applications of Nano- and Bio-Technology. AC/323(HFM-177) TP/552. STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-HFM-177.STO/NATO 2014.
WHO-PAHO Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Field Hospitals in the Aftermath of Sudden-Impact Disasters. Avaliable from: http://www.disaster-info.net/hospital_disaster/assets/FieldHospitalsFolleto.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2023)
Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Field Hospitals in the Aftermath of Sudden-Impact Disaster. Prehosp Disaster Med 2003;18(4):278-290.
Guidance for rapid response mobile laboratory (RRML) classification. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2021. Avaliable from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/339845 (Erişim tarihi: 04.05.2023).
Greenough PG. Infectious Diseases and Disasters.In: Horgan DE, Burstein JL (Eds). Disaster Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002.
Antosia RE. Epidemiology of Disasters. Pp:7-10. In: Antosia RE, Cahill JD. Handbook of Bioterrorism and Disaster Medicine. 2006, Springer, USA.
Marr I, Francis JR, Stephens DP, Marshall K, Read DR, Rob RW et al. Development of a Mobile Laboratory for Sudden Onset Disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021;15(2):170-180.
Public Health Preparedness Capabilities: National Standards for Local and State Planning. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
Racine T, Kobinger GP. Challenges and perspectives on the use of mobile laboratories during outbreaks and their use for vaccine evaluation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019;15(10):2264-2268.
Inglis TJ. The lab without walls: a deployable approach to tropical infectious diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013;88(4):614-8.
Reusken C, Niedrig M, Pas S, Anda P, Baize S, Charrel R, Di Caro A, Drosten C, Fernandez-Garcia MD, Franco L, et al. Identification of essential outstanding questions for an adequate European laboratory response to Ebolavirus Zaire West Africa 2014. J Clin Virol 2015;62:124–34.
Wölfel R, Stoecker K, Fleischmann E, Gramsamer B, Wagner M, Molkenthin P et al. Mobile diagnostics in outbreak response, not only for Ebola: a blueprint for a modular and robust field laboratory. Euro Surveill 2015;20(44).
Paweska JT, van Vuren PJ, Meier GH, le Roux C, Conteh OS, Kemp A et al. South African Ebola diagnostic response in Sierra Leone: A modular high biosafety field laboratory. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11(6):e0005665.
Zhang Y, Gong Y, Wang C, Liu W, Wang Z, Xia Z, Bu Z. Rapid deployment of a mobile biosafety level-3 laboratory in Sierra Leone during the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11(5):e0005622.
Nsio J, Kapetshi J, Makiala S, Raymond F, Tshapenda G, Boucher N, Corbeil J, Okitandjate A, Mbuyi G, Kiyele M, et al. Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in northern Democratic Republic of Congo. J Infect Dis 2017.
Quick J, Loman NJ, Duraffour S, Simpson JT, Severi E, Cowley L et al. Real-time portable genome sequencing for Ebola surveillance. Nature 2016;530:228–32.
Pini A, Zomahoun D, Duraffour S, Derrough T, Charles M, Quick J et al. Field investigation with real-time virus genetic characterization support of a cluster of Ebola virus disease cases in Dubréka, Guinea, April to June 2015. Euro Surveill 2018;23(12):17–00140.
Witt-Kushner J, Astles JR, Ridderhof JC, Martin RA, Wilcke B Jr, Downes FP et al. Core functions and capabilities of state public health laboratories: a report of the Association of Public Health Laboratories. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002;51 (RR-14):1–8.
Policy. In: WHO/Europe [website]. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2021 Avaliable from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/emergencies/disaster- preparedness-and-response/policy. (Erişim tarihi: 29.05.2023).
Rao YS. Mobile Virology Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (MVRDL: BSL-3) for COVID-19 Screening, Virus Culturing and Vaccine Development. Trans Indian Nat Acad Engineer 2020;5:315–319.
Rao V, Bordelon E. Mobile High-Containment Biological Laboratories Deployment: Opportunities and Challenges in Expeditionary Deployments to Outbreak Response. Appl Biosaf 2019;24(1):20-29.
Inglis TJJ, Merritt AJ, Levy A, Vietheer P, Bradbury R, et al. Deployable Laboratory Response to Influenza Pandemic; PCR Assay Field Trials and Comparison with Reference Methods. PLoS One 2011;6(10): e25526.
Laboratory biosafety manual, third edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241546506).
WHO European guidance on standards for infectious diseases laboratories. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2012 (https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable diseases/influenza/publications/2012/whoeuropean-guidance-on-standards-for-infectious-disease-laboratories) (Erişim tarihi: 10.02.2016).
Mobile Laboratory Capacity for the Rapid Assessment of CBRN Threats Located within and outside the EU. Avaliable from: http://www.cbrnlab.eu/miracle/ (Erişim tarihi: 23.05.2023).
Weidmann M, Faye O, Faye O, Abd El Wahed A, Patel P, Batejat C, Manugerra JC, Adjami A, Niedrig M, Hufert FT, et al. Development of mobile laboratory for viral hemorrhagic fever detection in Africa. J Infect Dis 2018;218(10):1622–30.
Inglis JJT, Merritt A, Jayasinghe I, Montgomerya J, Thevanesam V. Logistic aspects of a deployable molecular microbiology laboratory. J Military Vet Health 2008:17(1):6-10.
https://www.germfree.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/mobile-lab.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 23.05.2023)
https://www.germfree.com/facilities/mobile-laboratory-biocontainment/ (Erişim tarihi: 23.05.2023)
https://www.labrepco.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/bioGO-24%E2%80%99-BSL-2-Mobile-Biocontainment-Laboratory-Specifications-v1.0.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 23.05.2023)
Dieng I, Diarra M, Diagne MM, Faye M, Ndione MHD, Ba Y et al. Field Deployment of a Mobile Biosafety Laboratory Reveals the Co-Circulation of Dengue Viruses Serotype 1 and Serotype 2 in Louga City, Senegal, 2017. J Trop Med 2021:8817987.
https://www.labrepco.com. (Accessed date: 20.05.2023)
ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories – Requirements for quality and competence. In: ISO [website]. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2012 (https://www.iso.org/standard/56115.html). (Erişim tarihi: 23.06.2014).
ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. In: ISO [website]. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2017 (https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html).
Laboratory quality management system: handbook. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 (https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/lqms/en/). (Erişim tarihi: 26.10.2015).
Augusta University Standard Operating Procedure Mobile Laboratory. Avaliable from: https://www.augusta.edu/alliedhealth/uhp/cls/documents/2022-2023-cls-laboratory-sop-manual-mobile-lab-6-6-2022-final.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 03.06.2023)
Clinical laboratory application to operate a mobile laboratory. Avaliable from: https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/Documents/Laboratories/Mobile%20Laboratory%20Application%2012-2021.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 03.06.2023)
Pabbaraju K, Wong AA, Douesnard M, Ma Raymond, Gill K, Dieu P et al. A Public Health Laboratory Response to the Pandemic. J Clin Microbiol 2020;58(8):e01110-20.
Maheux AF, Bissonnettea L, Huppéa V, Boissinota M, Bergerona MG, Dewailly E. The requirements and challenges of a mobile laboratory for onsite water microbiology assessment. Water Practice & Technology 2016;11 (1):198-209.
Petrova EV, Avadhanula V, Michel S, Gincoo KE, Piedra PA, Anandasabapathy S. Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics. J Vis Exp 2019;(146).
https://www.labrepco.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/bioGO-BSL-3-Laboratory-Buildings-Specifications-v1.0.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 20.05.2023)
King B, Jatoi I. The mobile army surgical hospital (MASH): A military and surgical legacy. J Natl Med Assoc 2005;97(5):648-656.
Bacchus P, Nissen K, Berg J, Bråve A, Gyll J, Larsson C et al. Civil-Military Collaboration to Facilitate Rapid Deployment of a Mobile Laboratory in Early Response to COVID-19: A High-Readiness. Exercise Health Secur 2021;19(5):488-497.
Grolla A, Jones SM, Fernando LF, Strong JE, Ströher U, Möller P et al. The use of a mobile laboratory unit in support of patient management and epidemiological surveillance during the 2005 Marburg outbreak in Angol. PLoS Neg Trop Dis 2011;5(5):e1183.
Washington W, Hutter JN, Hulseberg CE, DeBoer JT, Lee J, Carder MC. Deployment of the first Area Medical Laboratory to South Korea in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Med J (Ft Sam Houst Tex) 2021;(PB 8-21-01/02/03):156-161.
Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Field Hospitals in the Aftermath of Sudden-Impact Disaster. Prehosp Disaster Med 2003;18(4):278-290.
ICRC. Hospitals For War-Wounded. (Hayward-Karlsson J, Jeffery S, Kerr A, Schmidt H, eds.).; 2005. Avaliable from: https://www. icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0714.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 02.06 2023)
Norton I, von Schreeb J, Aitken P, Herard P, Lajolo C. Classification and Minimum Standards for Foreign Medical Teams in Sudden Onset Disasters. WHO 2013:103.
MSF. Public Health in Precarious Situations. 2nd ed. (Van Den Noortgate J, Mees P, eds.). 2010. Avaliable from: http://ref- books.msf.org/msf_docs/en/public_health/public_he- alth_en.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 02.06 2023)
Alahdab F, Omar M, Alsakka S, Atassi B, Al-Moujahed A. Syrians’ alternative to a health care system: “field hospitals.” Avicenna J Med 2014;4(3):51.
Manoochehry S, Hoseinzadeh E, Taha P, Rasouli HR, Hoseinzadeh S. Field hospital in disasters: A systematic review. Trauma Mon 2019;24(2).
Blackwell T, Bosse M. Use of an Innovative Design Mobi le Hospital in the Medical Response to Hurricane Katrina. Ann Emerg Med 2007;49(5):580-588.
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