Genel Tanım, Afet Türleri ve Evreleri

Kamil Koçak; Hatice Şimşek Keskin

doi:10.37609/akya.3281

Yazarlar

Kamil Koçak

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1942-8192

Hatice Şimşek Keskin

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7209-485X

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37609/akya.3281.c11600

Özet

Afet, doğal ya da insan kaynaklı tehlikelerin neden olduğu normal yaşamın işleyişini kesintiye uğratan, etkilenen toplumun kendi imkanları ile başa çıkma kapasitesini aşan olaylardır. Tehlikeli olayların afete dönüşmesi ya da afetin şiddeti maruz kalma koşulları, savunmasızlık ve kapasite eksikliğinden etkilenmektedir. Günümüzde yoksulluk, savaş ya da terör olayları, göç, hızlı ve plansız kentleşme ve iklim değişikliği gibi etmenlere bağlı olarak afetlerin sıklığı ve şiddeti artmaktadır. Afetlerin sonucunda toplumdaki bireyler fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal olarak etkilenmekte, kaynaklar, halk sağlığı hizmetleri ve tıbbi bakım yetersiz kalmaktadır. Afetlerin neden olduğu birincil sorunlar yaralanma ve can kayıpları, çevre koşullarının bozulması ve ekonomik kayıplardır. İkincil sorunlar ise bulaşıcı hastalıklar, psikososyal sorunlar ve üreme sağlığı sorunlarıdır. Afetlerde birincil sağlık hizmetlerinin ve sürveyans sisteminin kesintiye uğraması, oluşan ekolojik değişiklikler ve altyapı sorunları, enfeksiyon etkenlerinin varlığı, nüfus hareketlilikleri ve kalabalık yaşam salgınlara neden olmaktadır. Afetlerde salgınların önlenmesi için çevre sağlığı önlemlerinin alınması, düzenli bilgi toplama sisteminin oluşturulması ve birincil sağlık hizmetlerinin güçlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Afet riskini azaltmak için tüm ülkeler iş birliği içerisinde politika ve stratejiler geliştirmelidir. Politika ve stratejilerde çağdaş afet yönetimi anlayışı benimsenmeli, toplum katılımı sağlanmalı ve tüm tehlikeler bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla ele alınmalıdır.

Disasters are events that interrupt the normal functioning of life caused by natural or man-made hazards and exceed the capacity of the affected society to cope with them using its resources. The transformation of hazardous events into disasters or the severity of the disaster is influenced by exposure conditions, vulnerability, and lack of capacity. Today, the frequency and severity of disasters are increasing due to factors such as poverty, war or terrorism, migration, rapid and unplanned urbanization, and climate change. As a result of disasters, individuals are affected physically, psychologically, and socially, and resources, public health services, and medical care are inadequate. The primary problems caused by disasters are injuries and deaths, environmental degradation, and economic losses. Secondary problems include infectious diseases, psychosocial problems, and reproductive health problems. In disasters, the disruption of primary health care services and surveillance systems, ecological changes and infrastructure problems, the presence of infectious agents, population movements, and overcrowding cause epidemics. To prevent epidemics in disasters, environmental health measures should be taken, a regular information collection system should be established and primary health services should be strengthened. To reduce disaster risk, all countries should work together to develop policies and strategies. Policies and strategies should adopt a modern disaster management approach, ensure community participation, and address all hazards from a holistic perspective.

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