Sporu Bırakan Sporcuların Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar
Özet
Sporcuların aktif spor yaptıkları dönemlerde yoğun bir çalışma temposu ile hedeflerine ulaşma gayreti sarf ettikleri bilinen bir olgu olmakla beraber bu dönemde toplum içindeki itibarları onlara özgüven verirken sosyal çevre tarafından yoğun ilgi gösterilmesini sağlar. Her ne kadar yoğun ve meşakkatli bir yaşam geçiriyor olsalar bile özellikle elit sporcular kazandıkları başarılardan dolayı yeni bir aidiyetle toplumda itibar görürler ve bu onlara genel bir benlik kavramı kazandırır. Bu yaşam tarzının sonunda tüm sporcuların kariyerleri yaş, sakatlık veya tükenme nedeniyle nihayetinde sona ermesi muhakkaktır. Bu nedenle toplumda gördükleri ilgi de azalmaya ve son bulmaya başlar ki durağanlaşan yaşam tarzlarından dolayı çeşitli sorunlarla karşılaşmaya başlarlar.
Çalışmalar, kimlik krizi ve ani yaşam tarzı değişiklikleriyle ilgili zorlukların bir sporcunun aktif sporu bırakmasında yaygın olumsuz sonuçlar olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu olumsuzluklar arasında, kimlik krizi, depresyon, mental sorunlar, kilo artışı ve sosyal çevreye uyum sıkıntıları şeklinde sıralanabilir. Her ne kadar, aktif sporun bırakılması sonrasında kimlik krizlerinin iyileştirilmesini amaçlayan programlar geliştirilmiş olsa da, bunların sporcuların sonraki yaşamlarına geçişlerini desteklemek için yeterli olmadığı kanısı yaygındır. Emekli sporcuların yeni yaşam tarzlarına uyum için destek programlarının çeşitlendirilmesi ve yaygınlaştırılması gerekmektedir. Böylece çevresine ve ülkesine önemli hizmetlerde bulunmuş olan sporcuların bu yeni yaşam tarzlarında yalnız olmadıkları devletin ve çevrenin vefa gösterdiği anlaşılacağından dolayı bu sporcuların karşılaşması muhtemel sorunlarla baş edebilme iradelerini güçlendirmiş olur.
Referanslar
Alfermann, D., Stambulova, N., & Zemaityte, A. (2004). Reactions to sport career termination: a cross-national comparison of German, Lithuanian, and Russian athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 5(1), 61-75.
Bayrak, M., & Tunçkol, H. M. (2012). Sporda emeklilik olgusu ve emeklilik uyum modelleri.
Brown, J. C., Kerkhoffs, G., Lambert, M. I., & Gouttebarge, V. (2017). Forced retirement from professional rugby union is associated with symptoms of distress. International journal of sports medicine, 38(08), 582-587.
Choi, J., & Kim, H. D. (2021). Sustainable careers of athletes: themes and concepts regarding transition theories involving athletes. Sustainability, 13(9), 4824.
Churchill, T. W., Krishnan, S., Weisskopf, M., Yates, B. A., Speizer, F. E., Kim, J. H., ... & Baggish, A. L. (2018). Weight gain and health affliction among former National Football League players. The American journal of medicine, 131(12), 1491-1498.
Coakley, J. J. (1983). Leaving competitive sport: Retirement or rebirth?. Quest, 35(1), 1-11.
Cunningham, J., Broglio, S., & Wilson, F. (2018). Influence of playing rugby on long-term brain health following retirement: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 4(1), e000356.
Erpič, S. C., Wylleman, P., & Zupančič, M. (2004). The effect of athletic and non-athletic factors on the sports career termination process. Psychology of sport and exercise, 5(1), 45-59.
Fuller, R. D. (2014). Transition experiences out of intercollegiate athletics: A meta-synthesis. The Qualitative Report, 19(46), 1.
Gilmore, O. (2008). Leaving competitive sport: Scottish female athletes’ experiences of sport career transitions.
Gouttebarge, V., & Kerkhoffs, G. M. (2017). A prospective cohort study on symptoms of common mental disorders among current and retired professional ice hockey players. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 45(3), 252-258.
Hemmatinezhad, M., Benar, N., Hashemi, M., & Moemeni, S. (2013). The causes of career termination from sport and their relationship to post-retirement difficult among professional athletes in Iran. International Journal of Sport Studies, 3(1), 111-116.
Jewett, R., Kerr, G., & Tamminen, K. (2019). University sport retirement and athlete mental health: A narrative analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(3), 416-433.
Kim, Y. J., Dawson, M. C., & Cassidy, T. (2020). Crafting a one-dimensional identity: Exploring the nexus between totalisation and reinvention in an elite sports environment. Sport, education and society, 25(1), 84-97.
Kleiber, D. A., & Brock, S. C. (1992). The effect of career-ending injuries on the subsequent well-being of elite college athletes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 9(1), 70-75.
Lally, P. (2007). Identity and athletic retirement: A prospective study. Psychology of sport and exercise, 8(1), 85-99.
Matitu, B., Santiago, R., & Pasco, M. (2019). The Athletes After Retirement: How are they Doing?. Bedan Research Journal, 4(1), 136-163.
McHugh, C., Hind, K., Davey, D., & Wilson, F. (2019). Cardiovascular health of retired field-based athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 7(8), 2325967119862750.
Montero, A., Baranoff, J., Adams, R., & Drummond, M. (2024). Self-reported prevalence of sleep and mental health disorders in current and former athletes: a preliminary cross-sectional investigation of help-seeking behaviours. Australian Psychologist, 1-10.
Ogilvie, B. C., & Howe, M. (1986). The trauma of termination from athletics. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance, 365-382.
Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2013). Athletes' career transition out of sport: A systematic review. International review of sport and exercise psychology, 6(1), 22-53.
Pearson, R., & Petitpas, A. (1990). Transition of athletes: Pitfalls and prevention. Journal of counseling and development, 69(1), 7-10.
Plateau, C. R., Petrie, T. A., & Papathomas, A. (2017). Exercise attitudes and behaviours among retired female collegiate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 29, 111-115.
Rampinini, E., Coutts, A. J., Castagna, C., Sassi, R., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2007). Variation in top level soccer match performance. International journal of sports medicine, 28(12), 1018-1024.
Reifsteck, E. J. (2011). The relationship between athletic identity and physical activity levels after retirement from collegiate sports. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Rich, J., Pottratz, S. T., & Perreault, M. (2022). Strategies for early peak performance artistic athletes’ retirement from sport. Strategies, 35(2), 3-7.
Schlossberg, N. K. (1981). A model for analyzing human adaptation to transition. The counseling psychologist, 9(2), 2-18.
Schlossberg, N. K. (2005). Counseling adults in transition. Springer Publishing Company.
Schmid, M. J., Hlasová, H., Ronkainen, N. J., Conzelmann, A., & Schmid, J. (2024). Leaving elite sport, abandoning athletic identity? Development and predictors of athletic identity post-retirement. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 1-12.
Simon, J. E., & Docherty, C. L. (2017). The impact of previous athletic experience on current physical fitness in former collegiate athletes and noncollegiate athletes. Sports health, 9(5), 462-468.
Taylor, J., & Ogilvie, B. C. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of applied sport psychology, 6(1), 1-20.
Voorheis, P., Silver, M., & Consonni, J. (2023). Adaptation to life after sport for retired athletes: a scoping review of existing reviews and programs. Plos one, 18(9), e0291683.
Werthner, P., & Orlick, T. (1986). Retirement experiences of successful Olympic athletes. International journal of sport psychology.
Wippert, P. M., & Wippert, J. (2010). The effects of involuntary athletic career termination on psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(2), 133-149.
Witkowski, S., & Spangenburg, E. E. (2008). Reduced physical activity and the retired athlete: a dangerous combination?. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(12), 952-953.
Referanslar
Alfermann, D., Stambulova, N., & Zemaityte, A. (2004). Reactions to sport career termination: a cross-national comparison of German, Lithuanian, and Russian athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 5(1), 61-75.
Bayrak, M., & Tunçkol, H. M. (2012). Sporda emeklilik olgusu ve emeklilik uyum modelleri.
Brown, J. C., Kerkhoffs, G., Lambert, M. I., & Gouttebarge, V. (2017). Forced retirement from professional rugby union is associated with symptoms of distress. International journal of sports medicine, 38(08), 582-587.
Choi, J., & Kim, H. D. (2021). Sustainable careers of athletes: themes and concepts regarding transition theories involving athletes. Sustainability, 13(9), 4824.
Churchill, T. W., Krishnan, S., Weisskopf, M., Yates, B. A., Speizer, F. E., Kim, J. H., ... & Baggish, A. L. (2018). Weight gain and health affliction among former National Football League players. The American journal of medicine, 131(12), 1491-1498.
Coakley, J. J. (1983). Leaving competitive sport: Retirement or rebirth?. Quest, 35(1), 1-11.
Cunningham, J., Broglio, S., & Wilson, F. (2018). Influence of playing rugby on long-term brain health following retirement: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 4(1), e000356.
Erpič, S. C., Wylleman, P., & Zupančič, M. (2004). The effect of athletic and non-athletic factors on the sports career termination process. Psychology of sport and exercise, 5(1), 45-59.
Fuller, R. D. (2014). Transition experiences out of intercollegiate athletics: A meta-synthesis. The Qualitative Report, 19(46), 1.
Gilmore, O. (2008). Leaving competitive sport: Scottish female athletes’ experiences of sport career transitions.
Gouttebarge, V., & Kerkhoffs, G. M. (2017). A prospective cohort study on symptoms of common mental disorders among current and retired professional ice hockey players. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 45(3), 252-258.
Hemmatinezhad, M., Benar, N., Hashemi, M., & Moemeni, S. (2013). The causes of career termination from sport and their relationship to post-retirement difficult among professional athletes in Iran. International Journal of Sport Studies, 3(1), 111-116.
Jewett, R., Kerr, G., & Tamminen, K. (2019). University sport retirement and athlete mental health: A narrative analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(3), 416-433.
Kim, Y. J., Dawson, M. C., & Cassidy, T. (2020). Crafting a one-dimensional identity: Exploring the nexus between totalisation and reinvention in an elite sports environment. Sport, education and society, 25(1), 84-97.
Kleiber, D. A., & Brock, S. C. (1992). The effect of career-ending injuries on the subsequent well-being of elite college athletes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 9(1), 70-75.
Lally, P. (2007). Identity and athletic retirement: A prospective study. Psychology of sport and exercise, 8(1), 85-99.
Matitu, B., Santiago, R., & Pasco, M. (2019). The Athletes After Retirement: How are they Doing?. Bedan Research Journal, 4(1), 136-163.
McHugh, C., Hind, K., Davey, D., & Wilson, F. (2019). Cardiovascular health of retired field-based athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 7(8), 2325967119862750.
Montero, A., Baranoff, J., Adams, R., & Drummond, M. (2024). Self-reported prevalence of sleep and mental health disorders in current and former athletes: a preliminary cross-sectional investigation of help-seeking behaviours. Australian Psychologist, 1-10.
Ogilvie, B. C., & Howe, M. (1986). The trauma of termination from athletics. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance, 365-382.
Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2013). Athletes' career transition out of sport: A systematic review. International review of sport and exercise psychology, 6(1), 22-53.
Pearson, R., & Petitpas, A. (1990). Transition of athletes: Pitfalls and prevention. Journal of counseling and development, 69(1), 7-10.
Plateau, C. R., Petrie, T. A., & Papathomas, A. (2017). Exercise attitudes and behaviours among retired female collegiate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 29, 111-115.
Rampinini, E., Coutts, A. J., Castagna, C., Sassi, R., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2007). Variation in top level soccer match performance. International journal of sports medicine, 28(12), 1018-1024.
Reifsteck, E. J. (2011). The relationship between athletic identity and physical activity levels after retirement from collegiate sports. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Rich, J., Pottratz, S. T., & Perreault, M. (2022). Strategies for early peak performance artistic athletes’ retirement from sport. Strategies, 35(2), 3-7.
Schlossberg, N. K. (1981). A model for analyzing human adaptation to transition. The counseling psychologist, 9(2), 2-18.
Schlossberg, N. K. (2005). Counseling adults in transition. Springer Publishing Company.
Schmid, M. J., Hlasová, H., Ronkainen, N. J., Conzelmann, A., & Schmid, J. (2024). Leaving elite sport, abandoning athletic identity? Development and predictors of athletic identity post-retirement. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 1-12.
Simon, J. E., & Docherty, C. L. (2017). The impact of previous athletic experience on current physical fitness in former collegiate athletes and noncollegiate athletes. Sports health, 9(5), 462-468.
Taylor, J., & Ogilvie, B. C. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of applied sport psychology, 6(1), 1-20.
Voorheis, P., Silver, M., & Consonni, J. (2023). Adaptation to life after sport for retired athletes: a scoping review of existing reviews and programs. Plos one, 18(9), e0291683.
Werthner, P., & Orlick, T. (1986). Retirement experiences of successful Olympic athletes. International journal of sport psychology.
Wippert, P. M., & Wippert, J. (2010). The effects of involuntary athletic career termination on psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(2), 133-149.
Witkowski, S., & Spangenburg, E. E. (2008). Reduced physical activity and the retired athlete: a dangerous combination?. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(12), 952-953.
