Yoksulluk Çerçevesinde Çocuk İşçiliği
Özet
Yoksulluk, farklı bağlamlarda değişen bir kavram olup, genellikle gelir eksikliği nedeniyle temel ihtiyaçların karşılanamaması olarak tanımlanır. Yoksulluğun mutlak ve göreli olmak üzere iki temel türü vardır. Mutlak yoksulluk, temel ihtiyaçların karşılanması için gereken gelir düzeyinin altındaki durumu ifade ederken, göreli yoksulluk, bireylerin bulundukları toplumdaki genel refah seviyesine göre dezavantajlı durumda olmalarını ifade eder. Ayrıca, yoksulluk sadece maddi eksikliklerle sınırlı kalmaz; sosyal dışlanma, eğitim, sağlık hizmetlerine erişim yetersizliği, evsizlik ve güvensizlik gibi sosyal sorunları da içerir. Yoksulluk, özellikle çocuklar üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaparak, onların fiziksel ve zihinsel gelişimlerini, eğitim fırsatlarını kısıtlar. Bu bağlamda, yoksullukla mücadele stratejileri, farklı ölçütlere dayalı olarak belirlenmeli ve toplumların ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel yapıları dikkate alınarak geliştirilmelidir. Küresel olarak, yoksulluk hala önemli bir sorun olmayı sürdürmekte ve farklı ülkelerde farklı tanımlar ve sınırlarla ele alınmaktadır. Bu nedenle, yoksulluğun ölçülmesi ve azaltılması için uluslararası standartlara ve yerel koşullara uygun stratejilere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Referanslar
Gordon David. Chapter 1. Definitions of Concepts for the Perceptions of Poverty and Social Exclusion 1998. (25/05/2024 tarihinde https://www.bristol.ac.uk/poverty/pse/99-Pilot/99-Pilot_1.doc adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Cheng Long. China’s Poverty Alleviation Resettlement and Rural Transformation. Springer; 2023: p. 2.
Bradshaw Jonathan. Perceptions of Poverty and Social Exclusion 1998, (25/05/2024 tarihinde https://www.bristol.ac.uk/poverty/pse/99-Pilot/99-Pilot.doc adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Rizvi A. Effects of guaranteed basic ıncome ınterventions on poverty-related outcomes in high-ıncome countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Campbell Syst Rev. 2024; 20(2): e1414. p. 9. doi: 10.1002/cl2.1414.
Avşar KŞ. Türkiye’de Çocuk Yoksulluğu. T.C. Başbakanlık Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara; Sosyal Yardım Uzmanlık Tezi; 2009: p. 15-16.
Lafourcade O., Robert SM. Development Reflections At The World Bank 2021. (20/05/2024 tarihinde https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/968851625167222961/pdf/Robert-S-McNamara-at-the-World-Bank-In-Retrospect.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Jonathan H. and Shahidur K. Handbook on Poverty and Inequality. Washington: The World Bank; 2009. p. 2-3.
Azevedo JP. Poverty measurement from noise to signal…and how the media can help, global poverty practice. World Bank Group, s. 7-10. (16/07/2024 tarihinde https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/eca/central-asia/TJ-Poverty-Measurement-Media-Training.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Nandori ES. Objective and Subjective Poverty, In: Michalos, A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Springer, Dordrecht, 2014: s. 4424-4428, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3779.
Kuivalainen S. Subjective Poverty, In: Michalos A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer: Dordrecht; 2014: p. 6432-6433. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2900.
Thain E. Reimagining Poverty Through Social Contextual Analyses: Finding New Ways to Understand ‘Getting By’. 1st ed. Routledge; 2024. p. 23.
Verme Paolo. Relative Deprivation, Discontent and Revolutions 2013: 1. (15/05/2024 tarihinde https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/developmenttalk/relative-deprivation-discontent-and-revolutions adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Feng J. & Cong NM. Relative Versus Absolute Poverty Headcount Ratios: The Full Breakdown 2014: 1. (16/05/2024 tarihinde https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/relative-versus-absolute-poverty-headcount-ratios-full-breakdown adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
DB. Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines 2022: 1. (30/04/2024 tarihinde https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines#9 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
David R. How do the Updated International Poverty Lines Affect Poverty Measurement? 2023: 1. (10/06/2024 tarihinde https://www.povertyindex.org/blog/how-do-updated-international-poverty-lines-affect-poverty-measurement adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hasell J. From $1.90 to $2.15 A Day: The Updated International Poverty Line 2022: 1. (07/07/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/from-1-90-to-2-15-a-day-the-updated-international-poverty-line adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hasell J. v.d. Poverty 2022: 1. (13/06/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/poverty?insight=the-pandemic-pushed-millions-into-extreme-poverty#key-insights adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
DB. Share of Population Living in Extreme Poverty. (30/08/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-living-on-less-than-190-marimekko#faqs adresinden ulaşılmıştır):
Roser M. What is Economic Growth? And Why is It so Important? 2021. (11/06/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/what-is-economic-growth adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Lain J. & Vishwanath T. What does movig to the 2017 ppps and new ınternational poverty lines mean for Nigeria? 2022, (06/06/2024 tarihinde https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/what-does-moving-2017-ppps-and-new-international-poverty-lines-mean-nigeria adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
OECD. Poverty Rates and Gaps. Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. OECD Publishing. Paris: OECD Factbook 2014: 66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/factbook-2014-25-en.
OECD. Poverty in Society at a Glance. OECD Social Indicators, OECD Publishing. Paris: 2019: 100. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/8483c82f-en.
OECD. Poverty Rate 2021: 1. (17/07/2024 tarihinde https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/poverty-rate.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Ritchie H. Three billion people cannot afford a healthy diet 2021: 1. (11/06/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/diet-affordability adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Roser M. Global poverty in an unequal world: who is considered poorin a rich country? and what does this mean for our understanding of global poverty? 2021: 1. (07/07/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/higher-poverty-global-line adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG). What is Poverty. (17/07/2024 tarihinde https://cpag.org.uk/child-poverty/what-poverty adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
UNICEF. Over 330 Million Children Worldwide Living in Extreme Poverty 2023. (15/08/2024 tarihinde https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/09/1140687 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Kelzer B. Over 1 in 5 Children Live in Poverty in 40 of World’s Richest Countries 2023. (30/08/2024 tarihinde https://unric.org/en/over-1-in-5-children-live-in-poverty-in-40-of-worlds-richest-countries/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
OECD. Poverty Rate. (31/08/2024 tarihinde https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/poverty-rate.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Ortiz-Ospina E ve Roser M. Child Labor 2024. (30/08/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/child-labor adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü/UÇÖ. Child Labour: A Textbook For University Students.1st ed. Geneva; 2004. s. 16.
ILOSTAT, Child Labour Statistics-Method of Computation. (08/07/2024 tarihinde https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/description-child-labour-statistics/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Jariego IM. Community prevention of child labor: evidence-based practices to promote the psychological well-being of minors. USA: Springer; 2021. p. 19-22.
Ajefu JB., Massacky F. Mobile money, child labour and school enrolment. telecommunications policy. Elsevier. 2023; vol. 47(10).
Boyden J. v.d. Tracing the consequences of child poverty: evidence from the young lives study in Ethiopia India, Peru and Vietnam. 1st ed. Bristol University Press. 2019. doi: 10.2307/j.ctvkjb390.
Adonteng-Kissi O. Parental perceptions of the nature of child labour in ruraland urban ghana: cultural versus economic necessity. Child Care in Practice. 2021; 29(2), 118–138. doi: 10.1080/13575279.2020.1868407.
Seth Rajeev v.d. Street and working children: A call for rights-based approach to their health and well-being 2024. (30/07.2024 tarihinde https://europepmc.org/article/MED/3839067 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Naeem Z. v.d. Child labor in relation to poverty. Int J HealthSci (Qassim). 2011; Jul; 5(2 Suppl 1): 48-9.
UNICEF. Global Office of Research and Foresight, Innocenti Report Card 18: Child Poverty in the Midst of Wealth. UNICEF Innocenti. Florence: 2023; p. 8
ILO, OECD, IOM ve UNICEF. Ending Child Labour, Forced Labour and Human Trafficking in Global Supply Chains. International Labour Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Organization for Migration and United Nations Children’s Fund, Geneva; 2019: p. 33-35.
Weldeyesus MA. and Alamirew AB. Profiles of child labour: Prevalence, activities, contexts, and children’s harm extent in Raya-Kobo and Angot Districts. Ethiopia; ICEP 18, 4; 2024: P. 19. doi.org/10.1186/s40723-024-00130-1.
Subrahmanian R. v.d. Eliminating Child Labour: Essential For Human Development and Ensuring Child Well-Being 2022: p. 4-5. (31.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/media/4371/file/UNICEF-Eliminating-Child-Labour-2022.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
ILO. Ending Child Labour By 2025: A Review of Policies and Programmes 2018. (30/08/2024 tarihinden https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/publication/wcms_653987.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Referanslar
Gordon David. Chapter 1. Definitions of Concepts for the Perceptions of Poverty and Social Exclusion 1998. (25/05/2024 tarihinde https://www.bristol.ac.uk/poverty/pse/99-Pilot/99-Pilot_1.doc adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Cheng Long. China’s Poverty Alleviation Resettlement and Rural Transformation. Springer; 2023: p. 2.
Bradshaw Jonathan. Perceptions of Poverty and Social Exclusion 1998, (25/05/2024 tarihinde https://www.bristol.ac.uk/poverty/pse/99-Pilot/99-Pilot.doc adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Rizvi A. Effects of guaranteed basic ıncome ınterventions on poverty-related outcomes in high-ıncome countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Campbell Syst Rev. 2024; 20(2): e1414. p. 9. doi: 10.1002/cl2.1414.
Avşar KŞ. Türkiye’de Çocuk Yoksulluğu. T.C. Başbakanlık Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara; Sosyal Yardım Uzmanlık Tezi; 2009: p. 15-16.
Lafourcade O., Robert SM. Development Reflections At The World Bank 2021. (20/05/2024 tarihinde https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/968851625167222961/pdf/Robert-S-McNamara-at-the-World-Bank-In-Retrospect.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Jonathan H. and Shahidur K. Handbook on Poverty and Inequality. Washington: The World Bank; 2009. p. 2-3.
Azevedo JP. Poverty measurement from noise to signal…and how the media can help, global poverty practice. World Bank Group, s. 7-10. (16/07/2024 tarihinde https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/eca/central-asia/TJ-Poverty-Measurement-Media-Training.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Nandori ES. Objective and Subjective Poverty, In: Michalos, A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Springer, Dordrecht, 2014: s. 4424-4428, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3779.
Kuivalainen S. Subjective Poverty, In: Michalos A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer: Dordrecht; 2014: p. 6432-6433. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2900.
Thain E. Reimagining Poverty Through Social Contextual Analyses: Finding New Ways to Understand ‘Getting By’. 1st ed. Routledge; 2024. p. 23.
Verme Paolo. Relative Deprivation, Discontent and Revolutions 2013: 1. (15/05/2024 tarihinde https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/developmenttalk/relative-deprivation-discontent-and-revolutions adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Feng J. & Cong NM. Relative Versus Absolute Poverty Headcount Ratios: The Full Breakdown 2014: 1. (16/05/2024 tarihinde https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/relative-versus-absolute-poverty-headcount-ratios-full-breakdown adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
DB. Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines 2022: 1. (30/04/2024 tarihinde https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines#9 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
David R. How do the Updated International Poverty Lines Affect Poverty Measurement? 2023: 1. (10/06/2024 tarihinde https://www.povertyindex.org/blog/how-do-updated-international-poverty-lines-affect-poverty-measurement adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hasell J. From $1.90 to $2.15 A Day: The Updated International Poverty Line 2022: 1. (07/07/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/from-1-90-to-2-15-a-day-the-updated-international-poverty-line adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hasell J. v.d. Poverty 2022: 1. (13/06/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/poverty?insight=the-pandemic-pushed-millions-into-extreme-poverty#key-insights adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
DB. Share of Population Living in Extreme Poverty. (30/08/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-living-on-less-than-190-marimekko#faqs adresinden ulaşılmıştır):
Roser M. What is Economic Growth? And Why is It so Important? 2021. (11/06/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/what-is-economic-growth adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Lain J. & Vishwanath T. What does movig to the 2017 ppps and new ınternational poverty lines mean for Nigeria? 2022, (06/06/2024 tarihinde https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/what-does-moving-2017-ppps-and-new-international-poverty-lines-mean-nigeria adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
OECD. Poverty Rates and Gaps. Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. OECD Publishing. Paris: OECD Factbook 2014: 66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/factbook-2014-25-en.
OECD. Poverty in Society at a Glance. OECD Social Indicators, OECD Publishing. Paris: 2019: 100. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/8483c82f-en.
OECD. Poverty Rate 2021: 1. (17/07/2024 tarihinde https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/poverty-rate.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Ritchie H. Three billion people cannot afford a healthy diet 2021: 1. (11/06/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/diet-affordability adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Roser M. Global poverty in an unequal world: who is considered poorin a rich country? and what does this mean for our understanding of global poverty? 2021: 1. (07/07/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/higher-poverty-global-line adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG). What is Poverty. (17/07/2024 tarihinde https://cpag.org.uk/child-poverty/what-poverty adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
UNICEF. Over 330 Million Children Worldwide Living in Extreme Poverty 2023. (15/08/2024 tarihinde https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/09/1140687 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Kelzer B. Over 1 in 5 Children Live in Poverty in 40 of World’s Richest Countries 2023. (30/08/2024 tarihinde https://unric.org/en/over-1-in-5-children-live-in-poverty-in-40-of-worlds-richest-countries/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
OECD. Poverty Rate. (31/08/2024 tarihinde https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/poverty-rate.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Ortiz-Ospina E ve Roser M. Child Labor 2024. (30/08/2024 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/child-labor adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü/UÇÖ. Child Labour: A Textbook For University Students.1st ed. Geneva; 2004. s. 16.
ILOSTAT, Child Labour Statistics-Method of Computation. (08/07/2024 tarihinde https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/description-child-labour-statistics/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Jariego IM. Community prevention of child labor: evidence-based practices to promote the psychological well-being of minors. USA: Springer; 2021. p. 19-22.
Ajefu JB., Massacky F. Mobile money, child labour and school enrolment. telecommunications policy. Elsevier. 2023; vol. 47(10).
Boyden J. v.d. Tracing the consequences of child poverty: evidence from the young lives study in Ethiopia India, Peru and Vietnam. 1st ed. Bristol University Press. 2019. doi: 10.2307/j.ctvkjb390.
Adonteng-Kissi O. Parental perceptions of the nature of child labour in ruraland urban ghana: cultural versus economic necessity. Child Care in Practice. 2021; 29(2), 118–138. doi: 10.1080/13575279.2020.1868407.
Seth Rajeev v.d. Street and working children: A call for rights-based approach to their health and well-being 2024. (30/07.2024 tarihinde https://europepmc.org/article/MED/3839067 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Naeem Z. v.d. Child labor in relation to poverty. Int J HealthSci (Qassim). 2011; Jul; 5(2 Suppl 1): 48-9.
UNICEF. Global Office of Research and Foresight, Innocenti Report Card 18: Child Poverty in the Midst of Wealth. UNICEF Innocenti. Florence: 2023; p. 8
ILO, OECD, IOM ve UNICEF. Ending Child Labour, Forced Labour and Human Trafficking in Global Supply Chains. International Labour Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Organization for Migration and United Nations Children’s Fund, Geneva; 2019: p. 33-35.
Weldeyesus MA. and Alamirew AB. Profiles of child labour: Prevalence, activities, contexts, and children’s harm extent in Raya-Kobo and Angot Districts. Ethiopia; ICEP 18, 4; 2024: P. 19. doi.org/10.1186/s40723-024-00130-1.
Subrahmanian R. v.d. Eliminating Child Labour: Essential For Human Development and Ensuring Child Well-Being 2022: p. 4-5. (31.08.2024 tarihinde https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/media/4371/file/UNICEF-Eliminating-Child-Labour-2022.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
ILO. Ending Child Labour By 2025: A Review of Policies and Programmes 2018. (30/08/2024 tarihinden https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/publication/wcms_653987.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
