Duygusal Zekâ ve Liderlik
Özet
Günümüzde liderlik becerilerini ortaya koymak, küreselleşme, hızlı gelişim, sürekli yenilik ve beklentilerdeki gelişen değişimler nedeniyle mevcut sağlık ortamında daha zorlayıcı hale gelmiştir. Sağlık meslek mensubu olarak ebeler, değişen bu ortamda sonuç odaklı hareket etmek, ileriye dönük, uygulanabilir çözümler bulma konusunda sürekli baskı altındadır. Duygusal zekâ; kişinin kendisinin ve çevresindeki kişilerin duygu ve düşüncelerini analiz ederek, elde ettiği bu veriyi davranışlarında kullanma yeteneği olarak ifade edilmektedir. Duygusal olarak zeki bireylerin, duygularını kendilerine ve başkalarına fayda sağlayacak şekilde yönetebildiği belirtilmektedir. Etkili liderlerin duyguları bastırmak yerine, duygulara dikkatli ve üretken bir şekilde ele aldığı belirtilmektedir. Duygusal zekâ, sağlık hizmetlerinde etkili liderlik için bir gereklilik olarak kabul edilmektedir. Etkili liderliğin hem olumlu bir çalışma ortamının geliştirilmesi hem de güvenli, yüksek kaliteli hizmetler geliştirmek için önemli olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Bu nedenle tüm ebeler için duygusal zekâ ve liderlik becerilerin geliştirilmesi ve etkin bir şekilde uygulanabilir olması hem sağlık hizmetlerinin etkinliğinin artırılmasında hem de toplum sağlığının güçlendirilmesi noktasında önem arz etmektedir. Bu bölümde duygusal zekâ, duygusal zekâ modelleri ve ebelikte ve etkili liderlikte duygusal zekanın önemi hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.
Referanslar
Bar-On R. Emotional and social intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory. In Bar-On R, Parker IDA (eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the work place. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.2000.p. 363-388.
Bar-On R. The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema. 2006;18:13–25.
Bar-On R. The Emotional Quotient inventory (EQ-i): A test of emotional intelligence. Toronto. Canada: Multi-Health Systems.1997.
Barrell M. Leadership and management in midwifery. In Macdonald S, Magill-Cuerden J. (eds). Mayes’Midwifery. 14 nd. ed. United Kingdom; Baillière Tindall, an imprint of Elsevier Ltd.: 2011. p. 75-85.
Bekmezci H, Ejder Apay S, Özkan H. Duygusal Zekâ ve Ebelik. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi. 2014; 1(2): 95-101.
Cavaness K, Picchioni A, Fleshman J.W. Linking emotional ıntelligence to successful health care leadership: the big five model of personality. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery. 2020;33(4), 195–203.
Carragher J, Gormley K. Leadership and emotional intelligence in nursing and midwifery education and practice: a discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2017; 73(1): 85–96.
Cherniss C. Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 2010; 3(2):110-126. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01231.x
Cooper RK, Sawaf A. Liderlikte Duygusal Zekâ. (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık, 2003.
David S, Congleton C. Emotional agility: how effective leaders manage their negative thoughts and feelings. Harvard Business Review. 2013; November:2–5.
Doğan D.S, Şahin F. Duygusal zekâ: tarihsel gelişimi ve örgütler için önemine kavramsal bir bakış. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2007; 16(1): 231-252.
Eby L.T, Adams D.M, Russell J.E.A, et al. Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: factors related to employees’ reactions to the implementation of team-based selling. Human Relations. 2000;53(3):419–442.
Gardner H. Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. 10th ed. New York, NY: Basic Books.1983.
Goleman D. An EI-based theory of performance. In Cherniss C, Goleman D (eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.2001.p. 27-44.
Goleman D. Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ for character health and lifelong achievement. New York, NY: Bantam Books.1995.
Goleman, D. Working with emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books;1998.
Grandey A.A. Emotion regulation in the workplace: a new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2000;5(01):95–110.
Grossman S, Valiga T. The new leadership challenge: Creating the future of nursing. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis 2009.
Henwood S. (ed). Practical Leadership In Nursing And Health Care. London-New York, Taylor&; Francis Group, LLC, CRC Press. 2014.
Hunter B, Warren L. Midwives׳ experiences of workplace resilience. Midwifery. 2014; 30(8), 926–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2014.03.010.
Hunter B. Conflicting ideologies as a source of emotion work in midwifery. Midwifery. 2004;20,261–272.
Kanesan P, Fauzan N. Models of emotional intelligence: a review. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 2019; 16(7):1-9.
Mahajan A, Islam S.D, Schwartz M.J, et al. Hospital is not just a factory, but a complex adaptive system-implications for perioperative care. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2017;125(01):333–341.
Mayer J.D, Caruso D.R, Salovey P. The ability model of emotional intelligence:Principles and updates. Emotion Review. 2016;8(4):290–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916639667
Mayer J.D, Salovey P. What is emotional intelligence? In Salovey P, Sluyter D (eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators. New York, NY: Basic Books;1997. p 3-31.
Menzies L.A. Case study in the functioning of social systems in the defence against anxiety. Human Relations. 1960;13: 95-121.
Mintz L.J, Stoller J.K. A systematic review of physician leadership and emotional intelligence. Journal of Graduate Medical Education. 2014; 6(1):21–31. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-13-00012.1
Miri M.R, Kermani T, Khoshbakht H, et al. The relationship between emotional intelligence and academic stress in students of medical sciences. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2013; 2(40):1-5. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.115836
Noorbakhsh S.N, Besharat M.A, Zarei J. Emotional intelligence and coping styles with stress. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010; 5:818–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.19.
O’Boyle E.H, Humphrey R.H, Pollack J.M, et al. The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organisational Behaviour. 2011; 32(5):788-818. doi:10.1002/job.714.
Patterson D, Begley A. An exploration of the importance of emotional intelligence in midwifery. Evidence Based Midwifery. 2011; 9(3):128-134.
Petrides K.V, Furnham A. Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction. European Journal of Personality. 2003; 17:39-57. doi:10.1002/per.466.
Petrides K.V, Furnham A. Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality. 2001;15(6), 425-448.
Petrides K.V. Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence questionnaire (TEIQue). In Stough C, Saklofske DH., Parker J.D. (eds.), Assessing emotional intelligence. Theory, research, and applications. Boston, MA: Springer. 2009.p. 85-101.
Petrides K.V. Trait emotional intelligence theory. Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 2010; 3, 136-139. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01213.x.
Prezerakos P.E. Nurse managers' emotional ıntelligence and effective leadership: a review of the current evidence. The Open Nursing Journal.2018;12:86–92.
Rakhshani T, Motlagh Z, Beigi V, et al. The relationship between emotional intelligence and job stress among nurses in Shiraz, Iran. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 25(6):100–109. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.6.10
Rice H, Warland J. Bearing witness: midwives experiences of witnessing traumatic birth. Midwifery. 2013;29:056–1063.
Rivers S, Handley-Miner I, Mayer J, Caruso, D. Emotional Intelligence. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2020.p 709-735. doi:10.1017/9781108770422.030.
Salovey P, Grewal D. The science of emotional ıntelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2005;14(6): 281-285.
Salovey P, Mayer J.D. Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality. 1990; 9(3):185-211.
Thorndike E.L. Intelligence and its uses. Harper’s Magazine.1920; 140: 227-235.
Yaralizadeh M, Chgini S.N, Najar S, et al. Emotional intelligence and coping with stressful conditions: the case of Iranian midwives. British Journal of Midwifery. 2020;28(7):430–434. doi:10.12968/bjom.2020.28.7.430
Referanslar
Bar-On R. Emotional and social intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory. In Bar-On R, Parker IDA (eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the work place. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.2000.p. 363-388.
Bar-On R. The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema. 2006;18:13–25.
Bar-On R. The Emotional Quotient inventory (EQ-i): A test of emotional intelligence. Toronto. Canada: Multi-Health Systems.1997.
Barrell M. Leadership and management in midwifery. In Macdonald S, Magill-Cuerden J. (eds). Mayes’Midwifery. 14 nd. ed. United Kingdom; Baillière Tindall, an imprint of Elsevier Ltd.: 2011. p. 75-85.
Bekmezci H, Ejder Apay S, Özkan H. Duygusal Zekâ ve Ebelik. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi. 2014; 1(2): 95-101.
Cavaness K, Picchioni A, Fleshman J.W. Linking emotional ıntelligence to successful health care leadership: the big five model of personality. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery. 2020;33(4), 195–203.
Carragher J, Gormley K. Leadership and emotional intelligence in nursing and midwifery education and practice: a discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2017; 73(1): 85–96.
Cherniss C. Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 2010; 3(2):110-126. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01231.x
Cooper RK, Sawaf A. Liderlikte Duygusal Zekâ. (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık, 2003.
David S, Congleton C. Emotional agility: how effective leaders manage their negative thoughts and feelings. Harvard Business Review. 2013; November:2–5.
Doğan D.S, Şahin F. Duygusal zekâ: tarihsel gelişimi ve örgütler için önemine kavramsal bir bakış. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2007; 16(1): 231-252.
Eby L.T, Adams D.M, Russell J.E.A, et al. Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: factors related to employees’ reactions to the implementation of team-based selling. Human Relations. 2000;53(3):419–442.
Gardner H. Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. 10th ed. New York, NY: Basic Books.1983.
Goleman D. An EI-based theory of performance. In Cherniss C, Goleman D (eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.2001.p. 27-44.
Goleman D. Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ for character health and lifelong achievement. New York, NY: Bantam Books.1995.
Goleman, D. Working with emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books;1998.
Grandey A.A. Emotion regulation in the workplace: a new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2000;5(01):95–110.
Grossman S, Valiga T. The new leadership challenge: Creating the future of nursing. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis 2009.
Henwood S. (ed). Practical Leadership In Nursing And Health Care. London-New York, Taylor&; Francis Group, LLC, CRC Press. 2014.
Hunter B, Warren L. Midwives׳ experiences of workplace resilience. Midwifery. 2014; 30(8), 926–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2014.03.010.
Hunter B. Conflicting ideologies as a source of emotion work in midwifery. Midwifery. 2004;20,261–272.
Kanesan P, Fauzan N. Models of emotional intelligence: a review. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 2019; 16(7):1-9.
Mahajan A, Islam S.D, Schwartz M.J, et al. Hospital is not just a factory, but a complex adaptive system-implications for perioperative care. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2017;125(01):333–341.
Mayer J.D, Caruso D.R, Salovey P. The ability model of emotional intelligence:Principles and updates. Emotion Review. 2016;8(4):290–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916639667
Mayer J.D, Salovey P. What is emotional intelligence? In Salovey P, Sluyter D (eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators. New York, NY: Basic Books;1997. p 3-31.
Menzies L.A. Case study in the functioning of social systems in the defence against anxiety. Human Relations. 1960;13: 95-121.
Mintz L.J, Stoller J.K. A systematic review of physician leadership and emotional intelligence. Journal of Graduate Medical Education. 2014; 6(1):21–31. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-13-00012.1
Miri M.R, Kermani T, Khoshbakht H, et al. The relationship between emotional intelligence and academic stress in students of medical sciences. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2013; 2(40):1-5. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.115836
Noorbakhsh S.N, Besharat M.A, Zarei J. Emotional intelligence and coping styles with stress. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010; 5:818–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.19.
O’Boyle E.H, Humphrey R.H, Pollack J.M, et al. The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organisational Behaviour. 2011; 32(5):788-818. doi:10.1002/job.714.
Patterson D, Begley A. An exploration of the importance of emotional intelligence in midwifery. Evidence Based Midwifery. 2011; 9(3):128-134.
Petrides K.V, Furnham A. Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction. European Journal of Personality. 2003; 17:39-57. doi:10.1002/per.466.
Petrides K.V, Furnham A. Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality. 2001;15(6), 425-448.
Petrides K.V. Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence questionnaire (TEIQue). In Stough C, Saklofske DH., Parker J.D. (eds.), Assessing emotional intelligence. Theory, research, and applications. Boston, MA: Springer. 2009.p. 85-101.
Petrides K.V. Trait emotional intelligence theory. Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 2010; 3, 136-139. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01213.x.
Prezerakos P.E. Nurse managers' emotional ıntelligence and effective leadership: a review of the current evidence. The Open Nursing Journal.2018;12:86–92.
Rakhshani T, Motlagh Z, Beigi V, et al. The relationship between emotional intelligence and job stress among nurses in Shiraz, Iran. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 25(6):100–109. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.6.10
Rice H, Warland J. Bearing witness: midwives experiences of witnessing traumatic birth. Midwifery. 2013;29:056–1063.
Rivers S, Handley-Miner I, Mayer J, Caruso, D. Emotional Intelligence. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2020.p 709-735. doi:10.1017/9781108770422.030.
Salovey P, Grewal D. The science of emotional ıntelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2005;14(6): 281-285.
Salovey P, Mayer J.D. Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality. 1990; 9(3):185-211.
Thorndike E.L. Intelligence and its uses. Harper’s Magazine.1920; 140: 227-235.
Yaralizadeh M, Chgini S.N, Najar S, et al. Emotional intelligence and coping with stressful conditions: the case of Iranian midwives. British Journal of Midwifery. 2020;28(7):430–434. doi:10.12968/bjom.2020.28.7.430
