Nöroimmünolojik Hastalıklarda Radyolojik Yaklaşım ve Tanısal İpuçları

Wells E, Hacohen Y, Waldman A, et al. Neuroimmune disorders of the central nervous system in children in the molecular era. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018 Jul;14(7):433-445.

Matricardi S, Farello G, Savasta S, Verrotti A. Understanding Childhood Neuroimmune Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Front Pediatr. 2019 Dec 19;7:511.

Luchesa Smith A, Sudarsan N, Hemingway C, Lim M. Diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis and other relapsing demyelinating disease in childhood. Arch Dis Child. 2022 Mar;107(3):216-222.

Krupp LB, Tardieu M, Amato MP, et al. International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions. Mult Scler. 2013 Sep;19(10):1261-7.

Midaglia L, Felipe-Rucián A, Delgado Alvarez I, Montalban X, Tintoré M. Diagnostic challenge in children with an acquired demyelinating syndrome: an illustrative case report. Front Neurosci. 2023 Jul 20;17:1205065.

Padilha IG, Fonseca APA, Pettengill ALM, et al. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: from clinical basis to imaging spectrum and differential diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol. 2020 May;50(6):776-792.

Pratt LT, Meirson H, Shapira Rootman M, Ben-Sira L, Shiran SI. Radiological features in pediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease-diagnostic criteria and lesion dynamics. Pediatr Radiol. 2024 Sep 7;Epub ahead of print.

Jeong A, Oleske DM, Holman J. Epidemiology of Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Child Neurol. 2019 Oct;34(12):705-712.

Brola W, Steinborn B. Pediatric multiple sclerosis - current status of epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2020;54(6):508-517.

Brownlee WJ, Hardy TA, Fazekas F, Miller DH. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges. Lancet. 2017 Apr 1;389(10076):1336-1346.

Haki M, Al-Biati HA, Al-Tameemi ZS, Ali IS, Al-Hussaniy HA. Review of multiple sclerosis: Epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024 Feb 23;103(8):e37297.

McKay KA, Manouchehrinia A, Berrigan L, Fisk JD, Olsson T, Hillert J. Long-term Cognitive Outcomes in Patients With Pediatric-Onset vs Adult-Onset Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Sep 1;76(9):1028-1034.

Waldman A, Ness J, Pohl D, et al. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: Clinical features and outcome. Neurology. 2016 Aug 30;87(9 Suppl 2):S74-81.

Barraza G, Deiva K, Husson B, Adamsbaum C. Imaging in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis : An Iconographic Review. Clin Neuroradiol. 2021 Mar;31(1):61-71.

Rovira À, Wattjes MP, Tintoré M, et al. Evidence-based guidelines: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis-clinical implementation in the diagnostic process. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015 Aug;11(8):471-82.

Fazekas F, Barkhof F, Filippi M, et al. The contribution of magnetic resonance imaging to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1999 Aug 11;53(3):448-56.

Traboulsee A, Simon JH, Stone L, et al. Revised Recommendations of the Consortium of MS Centers Task Force for a Standardized MRI Protocol and Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Multiple Sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Mar;37(3):394-401.

Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Feb;17(2):162-173.

Verhey LH, Branson HM, Shroff MM, et al. MRI parameters for prediction of multiple sclerosis diagnosis in children with acute CNS demyelination: a prospective national cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2011 Dec;10(12):1065-73.

Hemond CC, Bakshi R. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018 May 1;8(5):a028969.

Filippi M, Rocca MA, Ciccarelli O, et al. MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Mar;15(3):292-303.

Gawne-Cain ML, O'Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, Moseley IF, Miller DH. Multiple sclerosis lesion detection in the brain: a comparison of fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and conventional T2-weighted dual spin echo. Neurology. 1997 Aug;49(2):364-70.

Gorman MP, Healy BC, Polgar-Turcsanyi M, Chitnis T. Increased relapse rate in pediatric-onset compared with adult-onset multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2009 Jan;66(1):54-9.

Verhey LH, Branson HM, Makhija M, Shroff M, Banwell B. Magnetic resonance imaging features of the spinal cord in pediatric multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study. Neuroradiology. 2010 Dec;52(12):1153-62.

van Walderveen MA, Kamphorst W, Scheltens P, et al. Histopathologic correlate of hypointense lesions on T1-weighted spin-echo MRI in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1998 May;50(5):1282-8.

Chabas D, Castillo-Trivino T, Mowry EM, Strober JB, Glenn OA, Waubant E. Vanishing MS T2-bright lesions before puberty: a distinct MRI phenotype? Neurology. 2008 Sep 30;71(14):1090-3.

Riva D, Chiapparini L, Pollo B, Balestrini MR, Massimino M, Milani N. A case of pediatric tumefactive demyelinating lesion misdiagnosed and treated as glioblastoma. J Child Neurol. 2008 Aug;23(8):944-7.

Poretti A, Chalian M, Meoded A, Huisman TA. Tumor-like lesions of the pediatric brain. J Pediatr Neuroradiol. 2012;1: 261-7.

Rojas JI, Patrucco L, Míguez J, Besada C, Cristiano E. Brain atrophy in radiologically isolated syndromes. J Neuroimaging. 2015 Jan-Feb;25(1):68-71.

Radue EW, Barkhof F, Kappos L, et al. Correlation between brain volume loss and clinical and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2015 Feb 24;84(8):784-93.

Pirko I, Lucchinetti CF, Sriram S, Bakshi R. Gray matter involvement in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2007 Feb 27;68(9):634-42.

Sanfilipo MP, Benedict RH, Weinstock-Guttman B, Bakshi R. Gray and white matter brain atrophy and neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2006 Mar 14;66(5):685-92.

Fisher E, Lee JC, Nakamura K, Rudick RA. Gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Ann Neurol. 2008 Sep;64(3):255-65.

Sudhakar SV, Muthusamy K, Mani S, Gibikote S, Shroff M. Imaging in Pediatric Demyelinating and Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain- Part 1. Indian J Pediatr. 2016 Sep;83(9):952-64.

Banwell B, Bar-Or A, Arnold DL, et al. Clinical, environmental, and genetic determinants of multiple sclerosis in children with acute demyelination: a prospective national cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2011 May;10(5):436-45.

Tenembaum S, Chitnis T, Ness J, Hahn JS; International Pediatric MS Study Group. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology. 2007 Apr 17;68(16 Suppl 2):S23-36.

Mikaeloff Y, Caridade G, Husson B, Suissa S, Tardieu M; Neuropediatric KIDSEP Study Group of the French Neuropediatric Society. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis cohort study: prognostic factors for relapse. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2007 Mar;11(2):90-5.

Pavone P, Pettoello-Mantovano M, Le Pira A, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a long-term prospective study and meta-analysis. Neuropediatrics. 2010 Dec;41(6):246-55.

Server Alonso A, Sakinis T, Pfeiffer HCV, Sandvig I, Barlinn J, Marthinsen PB. Understanding Pediatric Neuroimmune Disorder Conflicts: A Neuroradiologic Approach in the Molecular Era. Radiographics. 2020 Sep-Oct;40(5):1395-1411.

Brenton JN. Pediatric Acquired Demyelinating Disorders. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2022 Aug 1;28(4):1104-1130.

Lee YJ. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: differential diagnosis from multiple sclerosis on the basis of clinical course. Korean J Pediatr. 2011 Jun;54(6):234-40.

Callen DJ, Shroff MM, Branson HM, et al. Role of MRI in the differentiation of ADEM from MS in children. Neurology. 2009 Mar 17;72(11):968-73.

Tenembaum S, Yeh EA; Guthy-Jackson Foundation International Clinical Consortium (GJCF-ICC). Pediatric NMOSD: A Review and Position Statement on Approach to Work-Up and Diagnosis. Front Pediatr. 2020 Jun 25;8:339.

Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2004 Dec 11-17;364(9451):2106-12.

Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015 Jul 14;85(2):177-89.

Chitnis T, Ness J, Krupp L, et al. Clinical features of neuromyelitis optica in children: US Network of Pediatric MS Centers report. Neurology. 2016 Jan 19;86(3):245-52.

Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Weinshenker BG. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2006 May 23;66(10):1485-9.

Kim W, Park MS, Lee SH, et al. Characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in central nervous system aquaporin-4 autoimmunity. Mult Scler. 2010 Oct;16(10):1229-36.

Kim JE, Kim SM, Ahn SW, et al. Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Sci. 2011;302:43–48.

Kim HJ, Paul F, Lana-Peixoto MA, et al. MRI characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: an international update. Neurology. 2015 Mar 17;84(11):1165-73.

Dutra BG, da Rocha AJ, Nunes RH, Maia ACM Júnior. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: Spectrum of MR Imaging Findings and Their Differential Diagnosis. Radiographics. 2018 Jan-Feb;38(1):169-193.

Mealy MA, Whetstone A, Orman G, Izbudak I, Calabresi PA, Levy M. Longitudinally extensive optic neuritis as an MRI biomarker distinguishes neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2015 Aug 15;355(1-2):59-63.

Pekcevik Y, Mitchell CH, Mealy MA, et al. Differentiating neuromyelitis optica from other causes of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis on spinal magnetic resonance imaging. Mult Scler. 2016 Mar;22(3):302-11.

Tenembaum S, Chitnis T, Nakashima I, et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in children and adolescents. Neurology. 2016 Aug 30;87(9 Suppl 2):S59-66.

Hor JY, Asgari N, Nakashima I, et al. Epidemiology of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Its Prevalence and Incidence Worldwide. Front Neurol. 2020 Jun 26;11:501.

Ramanathan S, Dale RC, Brilot F. Anti-MOG antibody: The history, clinical phenotype, and pathogenicity of a serum biomarker for demyelination. Autoimmun Rev. 2016 Apr;15(4):307-24.

de Mol CL, Wong Y, van Pelt ED, et al. The clinical spectrum and incidence of anti-MOG-associated acquired demyelinating syndromes in children and adults. Mult Scler. 2020 Jun;26(7):806-814.

O'Connor KC, McLaughlin KA, De Jager PL, et al. Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein. Nat Med. 2007 Feb;13(2):211-7.

Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, et al. Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Mar;22(3):268-282.

Bruijstens AL, Lechner C, Flet-Berliac L, et al. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 1 - Classification of clinical phenotypes of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020 Nov;29:2-13.

Sechi E, Cacciaguerra L, Chen JJ, et al. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD): A Review of Clinical and MRI Features, Diagnosis, and Management. Front Neurol. 2022 Jun 17;13:885218.

Baumann M, Sahin K, Lechner C, et al. Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;86(3):265-72.

Hacohen Y, Rossor T, Mankad K, et al. 'Leukodystrophy-like' phenotype in children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018 Apr;60(4):417-423.

Baumann M, Grams A, Djurdjevic T, et al. MRI of the first event in pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol. 2018 Apr;265(4):845-855.

Fadda G, Brown RA, Longoni G, et al. MRI and laboratory features and the performance of international criteria in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in children and adolescents: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018 Mar;2(3):191-204.

Ferilli MAN, Paparella R, Morandini I, et al. Pediatric Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: Case Series and Literature Review. Life (Basel). 2021 Dec 23;12(1):19.

Quack L, Glatter S, Wegener-Panzer A, et al. Autoantibody status, neuroradiological and clinical findings in children with acute cerebellitis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2023 Nov;47:118-130.

Ogawa R, Nakashima I, Takahashi T, et al. MOG antibody-positive, benign, unilateral, cerebral cortical encephalitis with epilepsy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017 Jan 16;4(2):e322.

Budhram A, Mirian A, Sharma M. Meningo-cortical manifestations of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: Review of a novel clinico-radiographic spectrum. Front Neurol. 2022 Oct 20;13:1044642.

Tzanetakos D, Tzartos JS, Vakrakou AG, et al. Cortical involvement and leptomeningeal inflammation in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease: A three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI study. Mult Scler. 2022 Apr;28(5):718-729.

Ramanathan S, Prelog K, Barnes EH, et al. Radiological differentiation of optic neuritis with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies, aquaporin-4 antibodies, and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2016 Apr;22(4):470-82.

Petzold A, Fraser CL, Abegg M, et al. Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Dec;21(12):1120-1134.

Salama S, Khan M, Shanechi A, Levy M, Izbudak I. MRI differences between MOG antibody disease and AQP4 NMOSD. Mult Scler. 2020 Dec;26(14):1854-1865.

Wendel EM, Baumann M, Barisic N, et al. High association of MOG-IgG antibodies in children with bilateral optic neuritis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020 Jul;27:86-93.

Chen JJ, Flanagan EP, Jitprapaikulsan J, et al. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Positive Optic Neuritis: Clinical Characteristics, Radiologic Clues, and Outcome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018 Nov;195:8-15.

Dubey D, Pittock SJ, Krecke KN, et al. Clinical, Radiologic, and Prognostic Features of Myelitis Associated With Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Autoantibody. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Mar 1;76(3):301-309.

Fadda G, Alves CA, O'Mahony J, et al. Comparison of Spinal Cord Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features Among Children With Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2128871.

Fadda G, Flanagan EP, Cacciaguerra L, et al. Myelitis features and outcomes in CNS demyelinating disorders: Comparison between multiple sclerosis, MOGAD, and AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD. Front Neurol. 2022 Nov 7;13:1011579.

Ren C, Zhang W, Zhou A, et al. Clinical and Radiologic Features Among Children With Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Myelitis. Pediatr Neurol. 2023 Jun;143:96-99.

Bruijstens AL, Wendel EM, Lechner C, et. al. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 5 - Treatment of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020 Nov;29:41-53.

Cacciaguerra L, Abdel-Mannan O, Champsas D, et al. Radiologic Lag and Brain MRI Lesion Dynamics During Attacks in MOG Antibody-Associated Disease. Neurology. 2024 May 28;102(10):e209303.

Santoro JD, Beukelman T, Hemingway C, Hokkanen SRK, Tennigkeit F, Chitnis T. Attack phenotypes and disease course in pediatric MOGAD. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2023 May;10(5):672-685.

Abdel-Mannan O, Champsas D, Tur C, et al. Evolution of brain MRI lesions in paediatric myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) and its relevance to disease course. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2024 Apr 12;95(5):426-433.

Fadda G, Banwell B, Waters P, et al. Silent New Brain MRI Lesions in Children with MOG-Antibody Associated Disease. Ann Neurol. 2021 Feb;89(2):408-413.

Sechi E, Krecke KN, Messina SA, et al. Comparison of MRI Lesion Evolution in Different Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders. Neurology. 2021 Sep 14;97(11):e1097-e1109.

Redenbaugh V, Chia NH, Cacciaguerra L, et al. Comparison of MRI T2-lesion evolution in pediatric MOGAD, NMOSD, and MS. Mult Scler. 2023 Jun;29(7):799-808.

Cacciaguerra L, Redenbaugh V, Chen JJ, et al. Timing and Predictors of T2-Lesion Resolution in Patients With Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease. Neurology. 2023 Sep 26;101(13):e1376-e1381.

Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Dec;10(12):835-44.

Garg D, Mohammad SS, Sharma S. Autoimmune Encephalitis in Children: An Update. Indian Pediatr. 2020 Jul 15;57(7):662-670.

Sanvito, F., Pichiecchio, A., Paoletti, M. et al. Autoimmune encephalitis: what the radiologist needs to know. Neuroradiology. 2024;66(5):653–675.

Cellucci T, Van Mater H, Graus F, et al. Clinical approach to the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric patient. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020 Jan 17;7(2):e663.

Oyanguren B, Sánchez V, González FJ, et al. Limbic encephalitis: a clinical-radiological comparison between herpetic and autoimmune etiologies. Eur J Neurol. 2013 Dec;20(12):1566-70.

Reetz A, Solimena M, Matteoli M, Folli F, Takei K, De Camilli P. GABA and pancreatic beta-cells: colocalization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA with synaptic-like microvesicles suggests their role in GABA storage and secretion. EMBO J. 1991 May;10(5):1275-84.

Daif A, Lukas RV, Issa NP, et al. Antiglutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) antibody-associated epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2018 Mar;80:331-336.

Fredriksen JR, Carr CM, Koeller KK, et al. MRI findings in glutamic acid decarboxylase associated autoimmune epilepsy. Neuroradiology. 2018 Mar;60(3):239-245.

Kelley BP, Patel SC, Marin HL, Corrigan JJ, Mitsias PD, Griffith B. Autoimmune Encephalitis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Review of an Overlooked Diagnosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017 Jun;38(6):1070-1078.

Barbagallo M, Vitaliti G, Pavone P, Romano C, Lubrano R, Falsaperla R. Pediatric Autoimmune Encephalitis. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2017 Apr-Jun;12(2):130-134.

Seo JH, Lee YJ, Lee KH, Gireesh E, Skinner H, Westerveld M. Autoimmune encephalitis and epilepsy: evolving definition and clinical spectrum. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020 Aug;63(8):291-300.

Florance NR, Davis RL, Lam C, et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents. Ann Neurol. 2009 Jul;66(1):11-8.

Petit-Pedrol M, Armangue T, Peng X, et al. Encephalitis with refractory seizures, status epilepticus, and antibodies to the GABAA receptor: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Mar;13(3):276-86.

Spatola M, Petit-Pedrol M, Simabukuro MM, et al. Investigations in GABAA receptor antibody-associated encephalitis. Neurology. 2017 Mar 14;88(11):1012-1020.

da Rocha AJ, Nunes RH, Maia AC Jr, do Amaral LL. Recognizing Autoimmune-Mediated Encephalitis in the Differential Diagnosis of Limbic Disorders. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 Dec;36(12):2196-205.

Petit-Pedrol M, Sell J, Planagumà J, et al. LGI1 antibodies alter Kv1.1 and AMPA receptors changing synaptic excitability, plasticity and memory. Brain. 2018 Nov 1;141(11):3144-3159.