Biyokömür
Özet
Tarımda sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması, toprak verimliliğinin korunması ve iyileştirilmesidir ile ilişkilidir. Toprak farklı fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özelliklere sahip canlı varlık olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Toprakların fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi amacıyla yapılan çalışmaların başında organik madde uygulamaları gelmektedir. Bunların içerisinde olan biyokömür, bitki ve hayvansal kökenli biyokütlelerin oksijensiz ortamda pirolizi ya da çok az oksijen ile gazlaştırma işlemiyle elde edilen yüksek karbon ve mineral madde içeren ürün olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Son yıllarda dünyada organik atıkların geri dönüşümüne verilen önem artmış ve biyokütlenin dönüşümüne yönelik çok sayıda teknik geliştirilmiştir. Biyokömür, kabul gören ve kullanım alanı bulan önemli biyokütle termokimyasal dönüşüm tekniklerinden birisi olarak, çeşitli yönleriyle farklı amaçlar için kullanılmaktadır. Tarımsal ve hayvansal kaynaklı atıkların biyokömüre dönüştürülmesine yönelik uygulamalar ile bu gibi atıkların yararlı hale dönüştürülmesini sağlamaktadır. Sürdürülebilir toprak verimliliğinin en önemli parametresi olan toprakların organik madde miktarının arttırılması uygulamaları önem kazanmıştır. Bu bağlamda biyokömürün en yaygın kullanım şekli toprağa uygulamaktır. Biyokömür, toprak yüzeyine diğer organik materyallerle birlikte, kompost, malç ile karıştırılarak, ya da ince öğütülmüş sıvı bir bulamaç şeklinde elle veya makine ile serilerek uygulanabilir. Biyokömür, toprak düzenleyicisi olarak, organik gübre, hayvan yemlerinde katkı maddesi, kimi zehirli gazların absorblayıcısı, enerji depolama ortamı, bazı reaksiyonlarda katalizör, binaların yapımında yapı malzemesi ve sulardaki ağır metaller ile organik kirleticilerin giderilmesinde adsorbent olarak faydalanılması gibi birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır.
Referanslar
Kavitha B, Reddy P.V.L, Kim B, Lee SS, Pandey SK, Kim, K.H. Benefits and limitations of biochar amendment in agricultural soils: A review. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 227:146-154.
Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S. Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 2007; 45(8): 629-634.
Ortaş İ. Biyokömür’ın toprak kalitesi ve bitki gelişimi üzerine etkileri. Organomineral Gübre Çalıştayı. 2018; 12-16 Mayıs, İstanbul, 53-68.
Bian R, Joseph S, Shi W, Li L, Taherymoosavi S, Pan G. Biochar DOM for plant promotion but not residual biochar for metal immobilization depended on pyrolysis temperature. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 662:571-580.
Mukherjee A, Zimmerman AR.. Organic carbon and nutrient release from a range of laboratory-produced biochars and biochar-soil mixtures. Geoderma. 2013; 193:122-130.
Qian L, Chen B. Dual role of biochars as adsorbents for aluminum: the effects of oxygen-containing organic components and the scattering of silicate particles, Environmental Science & Technology. 2013; 47: 8759–8768.
Lehmann J, Silva JP, Steiner C. Nehls T, Zech W, Glaser, B. Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological anthrosol and a ferralsol of the central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant and Soil. 2003; 249: 343–357.
Van Zwieten L, Singh BP, Kimber SWL, Murphy DV, Macdonald LM, Rust J, Morris S. An incubation study investigating the mechanisms that impact N2O flux from soil following biochar application. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2014; 191: 53-62.
Tepecik, M. Kişisel resim arşivi. 2022.
Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M. Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems-a review. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2006; 11(2):403-427.
Lorenz K, Lal R. Biochar application to soil for climate change mitigation by soil organic carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 2014; 177; 651–670.
Zhao Y, Li X, Li Y, Bao H, Xing J, Zhu Y, Nan J, Xu G. Biochar acts as an emerging soil amendment and its potential ecological risks: a review. Energies. 2023; 16(1): 410. doi:10.3390/en16010410
Naveed, M., Tanvir, B., Xiukang, W., Brtnicky, M., Ditta, A., Kucerik, J., et al. 2021. Co-Composted biochar enhances growth, physiological, and phytostabilization efficiency of brassica napus and reduces associated health risks under chromium stress. Front. Plant Sci. 2021; 12. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.775785
Urra J, Alkorta I, Garbisu C. Urra potential benefits and risks for soil health derived from the use of organic amendments in agriculture. Agronomy. 2019; 9: 542. doi: 10.3390/agronomy9090542
Brtnicky M, Kintl A, Holatko J, Hammerschmiedt T, Mustafa A, Kucerik J, et al. Effect of digestates derived from the fermentation of maize-legume intercropped culture and maize monoculture application on soil properties and plant biomass production. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric. 2022; 9 (1): 1–24. doi: 10.1186/s40538-022-00310-6
Rasool B, Mahmood-ur-Rahman, Zubair M. Synergetic efficacy of amending Pb-polluted soil with p-loaded jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) twigs biochar and foliar chitosan application for reducing Pb distribution in moringa leaf extract and improving its anti-cancer potential. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2022; 233, 344. doi: 10.1007/s11270-022-05807-2
Shen YS, Wang SL, Tzou YM, Yan YY. Kuan WH. Removal of hexavalent Cr by coconut coir and derived chars-the effect of surface functionality, Bioresource Technology. 2012; 104: 165–172.
Akgül, G. 2017. Biyokömür; üretimi ve kullanım alanları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2017; 5 (4): 485-499.
Matteson GC, Jenkins, B.M. Food and processing residues in California: resource assessment and potential for power generation, Bioresource Technology. 2007; 98 (16): 3098-3105.
Bridgwater, AV. Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass, Chemical Engineering Journal. 2003; 91(2): 87-102.
Cantrell K, Ro K, Mahajan D, Anjom M, Hunt PG. Role of thermochemical conversion in livestock waste-to-energy treatments: obstacles and opportunities, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2007; 46(26): 8918-8927.
Kimetu JM, Lehmann J, Ngoze SO, Mugendi DN, Kinyangi JM, Riha S, Verchot L, Recha JW, Pell AN. Reversibility of soil productivity decline with organic matter of differing quality along a degradation gradient. Ecosystems. 2008; 11(5): 726-739.
Chan KY, Zwieten LV, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S. Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 2008; 46 (5): 437–444.
Dias BO, Silva CA, Higashikawa FS, Roig A, Sanchez-Monedero MA. Use of biochar as bulking agent for the composting of poultry manure; effect on organic matter degradation and humification. Bioresource Technology. 2010; 101:1239–1246.
Haider G, Joseph S, Steffens D, Muller C, Taherymoosavi S, Mitchell D, Kammann C. Mineral nitrogen captured in field aged biochar is plant available. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10:13816. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70586-x
Rehman HA, and Razzaq R. Benefits of biochar on the agriculture and environment-a review. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2017; 4 (3): 207.
Sokchea H, Borin K, Preston TR. Effect of biochar from rice husks (Combusted in A downdraft gasifier or a paddy rice dryer) on production of rice fertilized with biodigester effluent or urea. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 2013; 25(1): 1-4.
Glaser B, Wiedner K, Seelig S. Biochar organic fertilizers from natural resources as substitute for mineral fertilizers. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2014; 35: 667–678.
Vaccari FP, Baronti S, Lugato E, Genesio L, Castaldi S, Fornasier F, Miglietta F. Biochar as a strategy to sequester carbon and increase yield in durum wheat. European Journal of Agronomy. 2011; 34: 231-238.
Lehmann J, Joseph, S. Biochar for environmental management: Science, Technology and İmplementation. Second Ed. Routledge. 2015; London 976 p.
Lehmann J, Rillig MC, Thies J, Masiello CA, Hockaday WC, Crowley, D. Biochar effects on soil biota–a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2011; 43(9): 1812-1836.
Zhang AF, Pang X, Li, LQ. Biochar and the effect on c stock enhancement, emission reduction of greenhouse gases and soil reclamation, Journal of Agro-Environment Science. 2009; 28: 2459-2463.
Washington JB, Joseph J.P. Sorption hystersis of ben-zene in charcoal particles, Environmental Science ve Technology. 2003; 37: 409-417.
Jeffery S, Verheijen FGA, van der Velde M, Bastos AC. A Quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment. 2011; 144: 175–187.
Steiner C, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macedo JLV, Blum WE, Zech W. Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and Soil. 2007; 291 (1-2): 275-290.
Lehmann J. 2007, A handful of carbon. Nature. 2007; 447: 143–144.
Hua L, Wu W, Liu Y, McBride MB, Chen Y. Reduction of nitrogen loss and Cu and Zn mobility during sludge composting with bamboo charcoal amendment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2009;16 (1): 1–9.
Sohi SP, Krull E, Lopez-Capel E, Bol R. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy. 2010; 105:47-82.
Arif M, Ilyas M, Riaz M, Ali K, Shah K, Haq IU, Fahad S. Biochar improves phosphorus use efficiency of organic-inorganic fertilizers, maize-wheat productivity and soil quality in a low fertility alkaline soil. Field Crop Research. 2017; 214:25-37.
Gul S, Whalen JK, Thomas BW, Sachdeva V, Deng H. Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils: mechanisms and future directions. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2015; 206: 46-59.
Jin Z, Chen C, Chen X, Jiang F, Hopkins I, Zhang X, Han X, Billy G, Benavides J. Soil acidity, available phosphorus content, and optimal biochar and nitrogen fertilizer application rates: A five-year field trial in upland red soil, China. Field Crop Research, 2019; 232:77-87.
Gao S, DeLuca TH, Cleveland CC. Biochar additions alter phosphorus and nitrogen availability in agricultural ecosystems: A meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 654: 463-472.
Esfandbod M, Phillips IR, Miller B, Rashti MR, Lan ZM, Srivastava P, Sing B, Chen C.R. Aged acidic biochar increases nitrogen retention and decreases ammonia volatilization in alkaline bauxite residue sand. Ecological Engineering. 2017; 98:157-165.
Palansooriya KN, Ok YS, Awad YM, Lee SS, Sung JK, Koutsospyros A, Moon DH. Impacts of biochar application on upland agriculture: a review. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 234: 52-56.
Edward, Y., Gideon, A., Boafo, K. and Akwasi, A.A., 2016, Effect of biochar type and rate of application on maize yield indices and water use efficiency on an ultisol in Ghana, Energy Procedia, 93:14–18 pp.
Kara, R.S. Farklı organik materyallerden elde edilen biyokömürün fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri ile biyokömür ve biyokömür ile birlikte arıtılmış karasu uygulamasının bitkisel üretimde kullanım olanakları. 2016; Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü İzmir 66 s.
Tian X, Li C, Zhang M, Wan Y, Xie Z, Chen B, Li W. Biochar derived from corn straw affected availability and distribution of soil nutrients and cotton yield. PloS One. 2018; 13 (1): e0189924, 1-19.
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Kraska P, Oleszczuk P, Andruszczak S, Kwiecinska-Poppe E, Rozylo K, Palys E, Gierasimiuk P, Michalojc Z. Effect of various biochar rates on winter rye yield and the concentration of available nutrients in the soil. Plant, Soil and Environment. 2016; 62 (11): 483-489.
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Sun Y, Gao B, Yao Y, Fang J, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Chen H, Yan L. Effects of feedstock type, production method, and pyrolysis temperature on biochar and hydrochar properties. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2014; 240: 574-578.
Bridgwater A, Meier D, Radlein D. An overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass. Organic Geochemistry. 1999; 30: 1479-1493.
Wang Y, Liu R. Comparison of characteristics of twenty-one types of biochar and their ability to remove multi-heavy metals and methylene blue in solution. Fuel Processing Technology. 2017;160: 55-63.
Brewer CE, Unger R, Schmidt-Rohr K, Brown RC. Criteria to select biochars for field studies based on biochar chemical properties. BioEnergy Research. 2011; 4: 312-323.
Fuertes AB, Arbestain MC, Sevilla M, Macia-Agullo JA, Fiol S, Lopez R. et al. Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation of corn stover. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 2010; 48: 618-626.
Xu G, Lv Y, Sun J, Shao H, Wei L. Recent advances in biochar applications in agricultural soils: benefits and environmental implications. Clean-Soil, Air, Water. 2012; 403-1098.
Şenay B, Tepecik M. Biyokömür uygulamalarının toprağın fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri ile buğdayın (Triticum aestivum L.) çimlenme ve biyomas üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024; 21(2): 297-308.
Referanslar
Kavitha B, Reddy P.V.L, Kim B, Lee SS, Pandey SK, Kim, K.H. Benefits and limitations of biochar amendment in agricultural soils: A review. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 227:146-154.
Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S. Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 2007; 45(8): 629-634.
Ortaş İ. Biyokömür’ın toprak kalitesi ve bitki gelişimi üzerine etkileri. Organomineral Gübre Çalıştayı. 2018; 12-16 Mayıs, İstanbul, 53-68.
Bian R, Joseph S, Shi W, Li L, Taherymoosavi S, Pan G. Biochar DOM for plant promotion but not residual biochar for metal immobilization depended on pyrolysis temperature. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 662:571-580.
Mukherjee A, Zimmerman AR.. Organic carbon and nutrient release from a range of laboratory-produced biochars and biochar-soil mixtures. Geoderma. 2013; 193:122-130.
Qian L, Chen B. Dual role of biochars as adsorbents for aluminum: the effects of oxygen-containing organic components and the scattering of silicate particles, Environmental Science & Technology. 2013; 47: 8759–8768.
Lehmann J, Silva JP, Steiner C. Nehls T, Zech W, Glaser, B. Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological anthrosol and a ferralsol of the central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant and Soil. 2003; 249: 343–357.
Van Zwieten L, Singh BP, Kimber SWL, Murphy DV, Macdonald LM, Rust J, Morris S. An incubation study investigating the mechanisms that impact N2O flux from soil following biochar application. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2014; 191: 53-62.
Tepecik, M. Kişisel resim arşivi. 2022.
Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M. Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems-a review. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2006; 11(2):403-427.
Lorenz K, Lal R. Biochar application to soil for climate change mitigation by soil organic carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 2014; 177; 651–670.
Zhao Y, Li X, Li Y, Bao H, Xing J, Zhu Y, Nan J, Xu G. Biochar acts as an emerging soil amendment and its potential ecological risks: a review. Energies. 2023; 16(1): 410. doi:10.3390/en16010410
Naveed, M., Tanvir, B., Xiukang, W., Brtnicky, M., Ditta, A., Kucerik, J., et al. 2021. Co-Composted biochar enhances growth, physiological, and phytostabilization efficiency of brassica napus and reduces associated health risks under chromium stress. Front. Plant Sci. 2021; 12. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.775785
Urra J, Alkorta I, Garbisu C. Urra potential benefits and risks for soil health derived from the use of organic amendments in agriculture. Agronomy. 2019; 9: 542. doi: 10.3390/agronomy9090542
Brtnicky M, Kintl A, Holatko J, Hammerschmiedt T, Mustafa A, Kucerik J, et al. Effect of digestates derived from the fermentation of maize-legume intercropped culture and maize monoculture application on soil properties and plant biomass production. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric. 2022; 9 (1): 1–24. doi: 10.1186/s40538-022-00310-6
Rasool B, Mahmood-ur-Rahman, Zubair M. Synergetic efficacy of amending Pb-polluted soil with p-loaded jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) twigs biochar and foliar chitosan application for reducing Pb distribution in moringa leaf extract and improving its anti-cancer potential. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2022; 233, 344. doi: 10.1007/s11270-022-05807-2
Shen YS, Wang SL, Tzou YM, Yan YY. Kuan WH. Removal of hexavalent Cr by coconut coir and derived chars-the effect of surface functionality, Bioresource Technology. 2012; 104: 165–172.
Akgül, G. 2017. Biyokömür; üretimi ve kullanım alanları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2017; 5 (4): 485-499.
Matteson GC, Jenkins, B.M. Food and processing residues in California: resource assessment and potential for power generation, Bioresource Technology. 2007; 98 (16): 3098-3105.
Bridgwater, AV. Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass, Chemical Engineering Journal. 2003; 91(2): 87-102.
Cantrell K, Ro K, Mahajan D, Anjom M, Hunt PG. Role of thermochemical conversion in livestock waste-to-energy treatments: obstacles and opportunities, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2007; 46(26): 8918-8927.
Kimetu JM, Lehmann J, Ngoze SO, Mugendi DN, Kinyangi JM, Riha S, Verchot L, Recha JW, Pell AN. Reversibility of soil productivity decline with organic matter of differing quality along a degradation gradient. Ecosystems. 2008; 11(5): 726-739.
Chan KY, Zwieten LV, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S. Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 2008; 46 (5): 437–444.
Dias BO, Silva CA, Higashikawa FS, Roig A, Sanchez-Monedero MA. Use of biochar as bulking agent for the composting of poultry manure; effect on organic matter degradation and humification. Bioresource Technology. 2010; 101:1239–1246.
Haider G, Joseph S, Steffens D, Muller C, Taherymoosavi S, Mitchell D, Kammann C. Mineral nitrogen captured in field aged biochar is plant available. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10:13816. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70586-x
Rehman HA, and Razzaq R. Benefits of biochar on the agriculture and environment-a review. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2017; 4 (3): 207.
Sokchea H, Borin K, Preston TR. Effect of biochar from rice husks (Combusted in A downdraft gasifier or a paddy rice dryer) on production of rice fertilized with biodigester effluent or urea. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 2013; 25(1): 1-4.
Glaser B, Wiedner K, Seelig S. Biochar organic fertilizers from natural resources as substitute for mineral fertilizers. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2014; 35: 667–678.
Vaccari FP, Baronti S, Lugato E, Genesio L, Castaldi S, Fornasier F, Miglietta F. Biochar as a strategy to sequester carbon and increase yield in durum wheat. European Journal of Agronomy. 2011; 34: 231-238.
Lehmann J, Joseph, S. Biochar for environmental management: Science, Technology and İmplementation. Second Ed. Routledge. 2015; London 976 p.
Lehmann J, Rillig MC, Thies J, Masiello CA, Hockaday WC, Crowley, D. Biochar effects on soil biota–a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2011; 43(9): 1812-1836.
Zhang AF, Pang X, Li, LQ. Biochar and the effect on c stock enhancement, emission reduction of greenhouse gases and soil reclamation, Journal of Agro-Environment Science. 2009; 28: 2459-2463.
Washington JB, Joseph J.P. Sorption hystersis of ben-zene in charcoal particles, Environmental Science ve Technology. 2003; 37: 409-417.
Jeffery S, Verheijen FGA, van der Velde M, Bastos AC. A Quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment. 2011; 144: 175–187.
Steiner C, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macedo JLV, Blum WE, Zech W. Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and Soil. 2007; 291 (1-2): 275-290.
Lehmann J. 2007, A handful of carbon. Nature. 2007; 447: 143–144.
Hua L, Wu W, Liu Y, McBride MB, Chen Y. Reduction of nitrogen loss and Cu and Zn mobility during sludge composting with bamboo charcoal amendment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2009;16 (1): 1–9.
Sohi SP, Krull E, Lopez-Capel E, Bol R. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy. 2010; 105:47-82.
Arif M, Ilyas M, Riaz M, Ali K, Shah K, Haq IU, Fahad S. Biochar improves phosphorus use efficiency of organic-inorganic fertilizers, maize-wheat productivity and soil quality in a low fertility alkaline soil. Field Crop Research. 2017; 214:25-37.
Gul S, Whalen JK, Thomas BW, Sachdeva V, Deng H. Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils: mechanisms and future directions. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2015; 206: 46-59.
Jin Z, Chen C, Chen X, Jiang F, Hopkins I, Zhang X, Han X, Billy G, Benavides J. Soil acidity, available phosphorus content, and optimal biochar and nitrogen fertilizer application rates: A five-year field trial in upland red soil, China. Field Crop Research, 2019; 232:77-87.
Gao S, DeLuca TH, Cleveland CC. Biochar additions alter phosphorus and nitrogen availability in agricultural ecosystems: A meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 654: 463-472.
Esfandbod M, Phillips IR, Miller B, Rashti MR, Lan ZM, Srivastava P, Sing B, Chen C.R. Aged acidic biochar increases nitrogen retention and decreases ammonia volatilization in alkaline bauxite residue sand. Ecological Engineering. 2017; 98:157-165.
Palansooriya KN, Ok YS, Awad YM, Lee SS, Sung JK, Koutsospyros A, Moon DH. Impacts of biochar application on upland agriculture: a review. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 234: 52-56.
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