Organik Tarım Biliminde Mikorizanın Kullanımı ve Önemi
Özet
Doğadaki yaklaşık 300 bin bitki türünün kök bölgelerinde mikoriza mantarları, Rhizobium bakterileri ve diğer aktinomist vs. gibi mikroorganizmalarla simbiyotik ilişkiler kurarak bitkiler ile karşılıklı birbirlerini besleyerek yaşamlarını sürdürürler. Toprak-bitki-atmosfer üçgeninde bitkilerin toprak ve atmosferden besin elementleri ve su alması, toprak yapısını geliştirmesi, toprakta karbondioksit gibi iklim değişimlerine neden olan sera gazlarının organik karbon olarak tutularak dünya ekosistemin dengeli sürdürülebilirliği bu döngü ekseninde sağlanmaktadır. Topraktaki yararlı mikroorganizmaların bilinenin ötesinde bitki gelişimi üzerine olan etkisi yakın geçmişte bilimsel bulgular ile tespit edildi. Yararlı mikroorganizmalardan mikoriza mantarları doğadaki en yaygın bitki kökleri simbiyotik ilişki kuran organizma olup, bitki türlerinin %90'nının kök sistemlerinde bulunur. Mikoriza, özellikle orman ağaçları, çayır, mera bitkileri ve yaygın olarak tükettiğimiz bahçe ve tarla bitkileri için hayati öneme sahiptirler. Bu bitkilerin bir kısmı yüksek düzeyde gübreleme ve diğer girdiler sağlansa bile mikoriza mantarları ile enfekte olmaya ihtiyaç duyar.
Ancak modern tarım, yoğun kimyasal gübre, ilaç, aşırı toprak işleme ve sulama gibi yöntemler kullanılarak yürütülmekte, bu da bitkilerin doğal adaptasyon mekanizmalarını zayıflatmakta ve girdiye bağımlı hale getirmektedir. Bu durum, toprağın biyolojik ve kimyasal verimliliğini düşürmekte, tarıma dayalı çevre kirliliğine yol açmakta ve toplum sağlığını tehdit etmektedir. Bu nedenle, organik üretim ve tüketim giderek önem kazanmaktadır.
Mikoriza enfeksiyonu, bitki gelişimini ve besin alımını artırırken, su alımını da iyileştirir ve bitkiyi hastalık ve zararlılara karşı daha dirençli hale getirir. Ayrıca, toprak yapısını iyileştirerek erozyonu önler. Mikoriza, doğal adaptasyon mekanizması olarak tarıma entegre edilerek çevre kirliliğini azaltabilir. Ancak mikoriza mantarı biyoteknolojik olarak üretilemez, çünkü obligat (mutlak bağımlı) bir organizmadır. Konuyla ilgili çalışmalar, mikorizanın çalışma mekanizmalarının anlaşılması ve kullanımının yaygınlaştırılması üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır.
Bu bağlamda günümüzde artan endüstriyel tarım uygulamalarının doğası gereği üretimin %60’ı kimyasal gübre girdine bağlı olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Yoğun kimyasal girdi kullanımı ile toprak sağlığı kadar besin zinciri üzerinden insan ve diğer canlıların sağlığını da olumsuz düzeyde etkilendiği artık kabul gören gerçeklerdir.
Bu bağlamda artan ekolojik ilkelere göre sağlıklı ve kimyasaldan mümkün olduğunca ari gıda üretimi talebi hem market düzeyinde hem de ekolojik yaşamın gereği olarak geniş insan kesimleri tarafından artan oranda talep edilmiş bulunmaktadır. Türkiye bulunduğu coğrafyada sahip olduğu uygun ekolojik özellikleri ve toprak yapısı bakımından ekolojik ilkelere dayalı organik tarımsal üretim için uygun koşullara sahiptir. Organik bitki yetiştiriciliğinde mikoriza gibi bitkilerin doğal partneri olan mikoriza mantarlarının bulundukları yerde toprak-bitki yönetimine bağlı olarak canlılığını ve etkinliğini koruması ekolojik yaşamam büyük önem katarak kimyasal girdilerin minimize edilmesine katkıda bulanabilir. Ayrıca mikoriza mantarlarına gereksinim duyan bazı bahçe bitkileri için bitki türlerine ve toprak yapısına uygun seçilecek etkin mikoriza mantarları ile organik tarım ilkelerine uygun biyolojik girdi sağlayarak toprak kalitesi ve verimliğinin artırılması, sağlıklı bitki gelişimi ve ürünleri için kullanılabilir.
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Referanslar
Ortaş İ, Under Long-Term Agricultural Systems, the Role of Mycorrhizae in Climate Change and Food Security. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 2024. 14(1): p. 101-115
Ortas I, Rafique M, and Çekiç FÖ, Do Mycorrhizal Fungi Enable Plants to Cope with Abiotic Stresses by Overcoming the Detrimental Effects of Salinity and Improving Drought Tolerance?, in Symbiotic Soil Microorganisms, N. Shrivastava, S. Mahajan, and A. Varma, Editors. 2021, Springer: Uttar Pradesh, India. p. 391-428.
Smith SE and Smith FA, Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in Plant Nutrition and Growth: New Paradigms from Cellular to Ecosystem Scales, in Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol 62, S.S. Merchant, W.R. Briggs, and D. Ort, Editors. 2011, Annual Reviews: Palo Alto. p. 227-250.
Bravo A, Brands M, Wewer V, et al., Arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific enzymes FatM and RAM2 fine-tune lipid biosynthesis to promote development of arbuscular mycorrhiza. New Phytologist, 2017. 214(4): p. 1631-1645.doi:10.1111/nph.14533
Ortas I, What is Ecological/Organic Farming? Soil Science and microbiological Point of view. Introduction and Application of Organic Fertilizers as Protectors of Our Environment, 2022: p. 90
Plett JM, Kemppainen M, Kale SD, et al., A secreted effector protein of Laccaria bicolor is required for symbiosis development. Current Biology, 2011. 21(14): p. 1197-1203.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.033
Bücking H and Kafle A, Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Nitrogen Uptake of Plants: Current Knowledge and Research Gaps. Agronomy, 2015. 5(4): p. 587-612
Ba AM, Plenchette C, Danthu P, et al., Functional compatibility of two arbuscular mycorrhizae with thirteen fruit trees in Senegal. Agroforestry Systems, 2000. 50(2): p. 95-105
Ortas I and Ustuner O, Determination of different growth media and various mycorrhizae species on citrus growth and nutrient uptake. Scientia Horticulturae, 2014. 166: p. 84-90.doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2013.12.014
Ortas I. Mycorrhizal species significantly increase citrus yield and nutrient concentration under field conditions. in 8th International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Crops. 2018. Bolzano, ITALY.
Ortaş İ, Akpinar C, Demirbas A, et al. Mycorrhizae-inoculated vegetable seedling production and use in field experiments for ecological farming. in XXX International Horticultural Congress IHC2018: International Symposium on Water and Nutrient Relations and Management of 1253. 2018.
Estaun V, Calvet C, Camprubi A, et al., Long-term effects of nursery starter substrate and AM inoculation of micropropagated peach x almond hybrid rootstock GF677. Agronomie, 1999. 19(6): p. 483-489
Ortas I and Bykova A, Effects of long-term phosphorus fertilizer applications on soil carbon and CO2 flux. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2020. 51(17): p. 2270-2279.doi:10.1080/00103624.2020.1822381
Begum N, Qin C, Ahanger MA, et al., Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Growth Regulation: Implications in Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2019. 10: p. 1068.doi:ARTN 1068 10.3389/fpls.2019.01068
Jiang S, An X, Shao Y, et al., Responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi occurrence to organic fertilizer: a meta-analysis of field studies. Plant and Soil, 2021. 469: p. 89-105
Ortas I, The importance of organic/ecological agriculture for soil and plant diversity, in Food Safety in Vegetables and Fruits, V. Pirinc, E. Alas, and Y.K. Haspolat, Editors. 2023, Orient Publications Ankara-Turkey. p. 169.
Ortaş İ, Akpınar Ç, Demirbaş A, et al. Kaya Fosfatı ve Kompost Uygulaması ile Mikoriza Aşılamasının Turunçgil Çöğürlerinin Gelişimi ve Kök Enfeksiyonu Üzerine Etkileri. in Türkiye 3. Uusal Gübre Kongresi, Tanm-Sanayi-Çevre. 2004. Tokat: Nobel Basımevi, Ankara.
Radi AJ, Ventura MU, Barazetti AR, et al., Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus on tomato promotes increasing yield under organic farming inputs. Ciência Rural, 2024. 54: p. e20220585
Douds DD, Galvez L, Franke-Snyder M, et al., Effect of compost addition and crop rotation point upon VAM fungi. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 1997. 65(3): p. 257-266
Gaur A and Adholeya A, Effects of the particle size of soil-less substrates upon AM fungus inoculum production. Mycorrhiza, 2000. 10(1): p. 43-48.doi:DOI 10.1007/s005720050286
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