Fenikeliler

İlknur Günel

doi:10.37609/akya.3248

Yazarlar

İlknur Günel

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8815-4818

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37609/akya.3248.c9591

Özet

MÖ 1200’lerde tarih sahnesine çıkan Fenikeliler, günümüz Lübnan, Suriye ve Ürdün’ünün bir bölümü ile Filistin ve İsrail’i içine alan bölgeyi yurt edinmişlerdir. Bağımsız kent-devletleri şeklinde yapılanan Fenike kentlerinin en önemlileri Byblos, Sidon, Tyros, Berytus ve Arados’tur. Bunlar politik bir çatı altında birleşmemiş, kendi kralı ve meclisi tarafından yönetilmişlerdir. Siyasal birliğin olmaması Asur, Mısır ve Persler gibi komşu güçlerin nüfuzu altına girmelerine yol açmıştır. Bu doğrultuda MÖ 4. yüzyılda Büyük İskender’in, MÖ 2. yüzyılda da Roma İmparatorluğu’nun hâkimiyeti altına girmişlerdir. Denizcilikteki başarılarıyla bilinen Fenikeliler, Akdeniz’in dört bir yanında ticaret kolonileri kurmuşlardır. MÖ 12. yüzyıldan itibaren ihtiyaç duydukları ürünleri ve hammaddeyi karşılamak amacıyla Kuzey Afrika, Sicilya, Sardinya, Kıbrıs ve İspanya’ya kadar yayılmışlardır. Mücevher, fildişi eserler, mor boyalı kumaşlar, metal kâseler, keramik günlük kullanım kapları ve şişelenmiş yağlar gibi çeşitli ticari ürünlerini tüm Akdeniz’e taşımayı başarmışlardır. Böylece hem Akdeniz deniz ticaretinin gelişmesinde rol oynamış hem de bölgeler arası maddi kültürün taşınıp yayılmasına önderlik etmişlerdir.

Referanslar

App. (=Appianos, Rhomaika) Appian’s Roman History 1, with an English translation by H. White, London, 1972. (The Loeb Classical Library).

ARABD. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, 2 cilt, Chicago, 1926-1927.

Aristot. Mir. Ausc. (=Aristoteles, De Mirabilibus Auscultationibus) On Marvelius Things Heard, with an English translation by J. A. Smith ve W. D. Rose, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1909.

BetlyonJohn Wilson Betlyon, Coinage and Mints of Phoenicia: The Pre-Alexandrine Period (Harvard Semitic Monographs)

BMCGrA Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, London, 1873-.

Diod.(=Diodoros, Bibliotheke Historike) Diodorus Sicilus Library of History, Ed. C. H. Oldfather, London, 1953. (The Loeb Classical Library)

Euseb. Praep. evang. (=Eusebius of Caesarea, Praeparatio Evangelica) Preparation for the Gospel, Tr. E. H. Gifford, 1903.

Hdt. (=Herodotos, Historiae) Tarih, Çev. M. Ökmen, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 9. Basım, İstanbul, 2013.

HGC 10 O. D. Hoover, Handbook of Coins of the Southern Levant: Phoenicia, Southern Koile Syria (Including Judaea), and Arabia, Fifth to First Centuries BC [The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series, Volume 10], Lancaster/London, 2010.

Hom. Il. (=Homeros, Iliad) İlyada, Çev. A. Erhat-A. Kadir, Türkiye İş Bankası KKültür Yayınları, 6. Basım, İstanbul, 2017.

Hom. Od. (=Homeros, Odysseia) Odysseia, Çev. A. Erhat-A. Kadir, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 5. Basım, İstanbul, 2017.

Ioseph. Ant. Iud. (=Flavius Ioesephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae) The Jewish Antiquities, with an English translation by H.St. J. Thackeray, V-VIII, Harvard University Press, London, 1950.

Iust. (=Marcus Iulianus Iustinius, Historia Philippicae et Totius Mundi Origines et Terrae Situs) Epitome of the Phlippic History of Pompeus Trogus, with an English translation by J. C. Yardley, with introduction and explanatory notes by R. Develin, Atlanta, GA 1994.

Liv. (=Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita) Roma Tarihi: Şehrin Kuruluşundan İtibaren, Çev. S. Şenbark, İstanbul, 1992 vd.

Luc. Syr. D. (=Lucianus, De dea Syra) The Syrian Goddess, with an English translation by H. A. Strong, London, 1913.

Plin. nat. (=Plinius, Naturalis Historia) The Natural History, Books 1-11, Çev. Henry T. Riley (1816-1878) & J. Bostock (1773-1846), 1855; Books 12-37, Çev. H. T. Riley (1816-1878) & J. Bostock (1773-1846), 1855. (The Perseus Project)

Ptol. geogr. (=Claudios Ptolemaios, Geographika Hyphegegis) Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia (lib. 1-3), Ed. K. Müller, Paris, 1883; Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia (lib. 4-8), Ed. C. F. A. Nobbe I-II, Leipzig, 1845.

RPC IA. Burnett ve diğerleri, Roman Provincial Coinage, Vol. I. From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius (44 BC-AD 69), British Museum Press London, 1992.

Sall. Iug. (=Sallustius, Bellum Iugurtinum) The Jugurthine War, with an English translation by J. C. Rolfe, London, New York, 1921. (The Loeb Classical Library).

Sil. pun. (=Silius ltalicus, Punica) Punica, with an English translation by J. D. Duff, London, New York, 1934. (The Loeb Classical Library).

Sol. Coll. Mem. (=Gaius Iulius Solinus, Collectanea Rerum Memorabilium) C. Iulii Solini Collectanea Rerum Memorabilium, Ed. T. Mommsen, Berlin, 1958.

Strab. (=Strabon, Geographika) The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by H. L. Jones I-VIII, London, New York 1917-1932. (The Loeb Classical Library)

Tac. ann. (=Tacitus, Annales) The Annals of Tacitus, with an English translation by A. S. Kline, 2017.

Theoc. Idyl. (=Theocritus, Idyllia) The Greek Bucolic Poets, with an English translation by J. M. Edmonds, Vol. 28, Cambridge, MA. Harvard Univserity Press, 1912. (The Loeb Classical Library)

Vell. (=Velleius Paterculus, Historia Romana) Roman History, with an English translation by F. Shipley, London, 1924. (The Loeb Classical Library)

Verg. Aen. (=Vergilius, Aeneis) Aeneas, Çev. İ. Z. Eyüboğlu, Ankara, 1995.

Arfaou, W. ve diğerleri (2021). “Historical Spatio-Syntactical Analysis of the Phoenician-Punic settlement during the first millennium B.C.”, Proceedings of the 13th Space Syntax Symposium, 1-37.

Aubet Semmler, M. E. (2002). “Notes on the Economy of the Phoenician Settlements in Southern Spain, ”The Phoenicians in Spain: An Archaeological Review of the Eighth-Sixth Centuries B.C.E, M. R. Bierling (Ed.), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, 79-96.

Aubet, M. E. (1993). The Phoenicians and The West: Politics, colonies and trade, Mary Turton (Çev.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Avanzini, A. ve diğerleri (2015). The Phoenician Exhibition, Mago Production.

Baccar, M. & F. Souq (2007). “Archaeological Sites of Sabratha and Leptis Magna”, Reactive Monitoring Report January 18-28, Centre du patrimoine mondial World Heritage Centre, 3-27.

Bakels, C. (2002). “Plant remains from Sardinia, Italy, with notes on barley and grape”, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2002, 11(1/2), 3-8.

Ballard, R. D. ve diğerleri. (2002). “Iron Age Shipwrecks in Deep Water off Ashkelon, Israel”, American Journal of Archaeology, 106(2), 151-168.

Barnett, R. (1982). “Ancient Ivories in the Middle East”, Qedem, Vol. 14, I-XV, 1-99.

Barnett, R. D. (1935). “The Nimrud Ivories and the Art of the Phoenicians”, Iraq, 2(2), 179-210.

Batmaz, A. (2013). “Urartu Dininde Kurban Kavramı ve Kurban Uygulamaları”, Belleten, S. 280, 801-832.

Bayramov, K. (2019). “Levant Gemiciliği ve Persler”, International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 3, 39-52.

Baysoy, E. (2015). “Antik Dönem Doğu Akdeniz Jeopolitiği”, Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(8), 13-21.

Bergeron, M. E. (2011). “Death, gender, and sea shells in Carthage”, Pallas, The Gods of Small Things, No. 86, 169-189.

Berk, F. M. (2019). “Eski Mezopotamya İnançlarının Yahudilik ve Hristiyanlık Üzerine Etkileri”, Mezopotamya’nın Eski Çağlarında İnanç Olgusu ve Yönetim Anlayışı, L. G. Gökçek ve diğerleri (Eds.), Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 503-540.

Bikai, P. M. (1989). “Cyprus and the Phoenicians”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 52(4), From Ruins to Riches: CAARI on Cyprus, 203-209.

Bikai, P. M. ve diğerleri (1990). “Rich and Glorious Traders of the Levant”, Archaeology, 43(2), 22-30.

Bilgi, C. (2006). Antik Kartaca Limanı, Selçuk Üniveristesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya.

Bonnefoy, Y. (2000). Antik Dünya ve Geleneksel Toplumlarda Dinler ve Mitolojiler Sözlüğü, Yılmaz, L. (Türkçe Yay. Haz.), C. I. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.

Bresson, A. (2005). “Ecology and Beyond: The Mediterranean Paradigm”, Rethinking the Mediterranean, W. V. Harris (Ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, 94-114.

Brown, S. (1992). “Perspectives on Phoenician Art”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 55(1), 6-24.

Carayon, N., Morhange C. & Marriner N. (2011). “Sidon’s Ancient Harbour: Natural Characteristics and Hazards”, Archaeology & History in the Lebanon (34-35), 433-459.

Casson, L. (1995). Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, Johns Hopkins Üniversitesi Yayını.

Christian, M. A. (2013). “Phoenician Maritime Religion: Sailors, Goddess Worship, and the Grotta Regina”, Die Welt des Orients, Bd. 43, H. 2, 179-205.

Clifford, R. J. (1990). “Phoenician Religion”, BASOR, 279, 55-64.

Doğancı, K. (2019). “Eski Roma Dininde Mezopotamya Kökenli Unsurlar”, Mezopotamya’nın Eski Çağlarında İnanç Olgusu ve Yönetim Anlayışı, L. G. Gökçek, E. Yıldırım, O. Pekşen (Eds.), İstanbul: Değişim Yayınları, 609-640.

Efe, R. ve diğerleri (2013). Dünyada, Türkiye’de, Edremit Körfezi Çevresinde Zeytin ve Zeytinyağı, Balıkesir: Edremit Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları No: 7.

Elayi, J. & Elayi, A. G. (2014). A Monetary and Political History of the Phoenician City of Byblos in the Fifth and Fourth Century B.C.E, Eisenbrauns, Indiana.

Elayi, J. (2018). The History of Phoenicia, Atlanta, Lockwood Press.

Ercolani, A. & Xella, P. (eds) (2018). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Phoenician Culture I, Leuven-Paris-Bristol: Peeters Publishing.

Erten, E. (2007). “Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi’nden Cam Pendant”, OLBA XV, 1-12.

Eski ve Yeni Ahit (Tevrat ve İncil), Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, İstanbul, 1958.

Eskiyörük, D. (2016). “Antik Çağda Zeytin ve Zeytinyağı: Kilikya Bölgesi Örneği”, Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 4/Special issue 1, 228-243.

Finkelstein, I. ve diğerleri. (2011). “Phoenician “Torpedo” Amphoras and Egypt: Standardization of Volume Based On Linear Dimensions”, Egypt and the Levant, Vol. 21, 249-259.

Gilboa, A. (2005). “Sea Peoples and Phoenicians along the Southern Phoenician Coast: A Reconciliation: AnInterpretation of Šikila (SKL) Material Culture”, BASOR, 337, 47-78.

Giner, C. A. (2013). “Purple and Aristocracy: Colour, Blood and Luxury as Social Identifiers in Antiquity”. Eds. C. A. Giner, J. O. García - M. J. M. García, Luxury and Dress: Political Power and Appearance in the Roman Empire and Its Provinces, València, 75-98.

Girgin, G. (2006). Fenikelilerde Akdeniz Ticareti, Selçuk Üniveristesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya.

Giumlia-Mair, A. (2015). “Phoenician Metalwork: Composition and Techniques”, Phoenician Bronzes in Mediterranean, ed. J. J. Avila, Real Academia De La Hıstoria Madrid, 481-515.

Guzzo, M. G. A. & Lopez, J. A. Z. (2013). “The Epigraphy of the Tophet”, Ed. Paola Xella, Tophet in the Ancient Mediterranean-Studi Epigrafi- ci e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente Antico 29-39, Verona, 159-192.

Güler, T. (2006). Antik Çağ Doğu Akdeniz Ticareti ve Ticaret Gemileri, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya.

Günel, İ. (2023). Fenike Kolonizasyonunun Akdeniz Dünyasındaki Kültürel ve Ekonomik Etkileri, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Bursa.

Güneş, A. (2013). “Kil Tabletlerden Elektronik Tabletlere: İletişim Araçlarının Tarihsel Gelişim Süreci”, E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 277-300.

Heing, B. (2018). Phoenician Trade Routes, New York: Cavendish Square Publishing.

Hodos, T. (2011). “A Phoenician past and present”, Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, S. 13, 23-45.

Holloway, R. R. (2004). The Archaeology of Ancient Sicily, Taylor & Francis e-Library.

Holst, S., (2011). Phoenician Secrets, California: Santorini Books.

Jigoulov, V. S. (2010). The Social History of Achaemenid Phoenicia: Being a Phoenician, Negotiating Empires, London: Equinox.

Johananoff, M., & Tal, O. (2021). “The Coinages of Phoenicia in the Persian Period in Light of Contemporaneous Neighboring Minting Practices”, Transformations And Crisis in the Mediterranean “Identity” and Interculturality in the Levant And Phoenician West During the 5th-2nd Centuries BCE, G. Gabarti ve T. Petrazzi (Eds.), Roma: Istituto Di Scienze Del Patrimonio Culturale CNR Edizioni, 105-122.

Karageorghis, V. (1999). “A Cypriot Silver Bowl Reconsidered 1: The Iconography of the Decoration”, Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 34, 13-20.

Kassianidou, V. (2013). ‘The Exploitation of the Landscape: Metal Resources and the Copper Trade during the Age of the Cypriot City-Kingdoms”, BASOR, 370, 49-82.

Katz, H. (2021). “The Ship from Uluburun and the Ship from Tyre: An International Trade Network in the Ancient Near East”, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), Bd. 124, H. 2, 2008, 128-142.

Kaya, M. A. (2021). İlkçağ Tarihi ve Uygarlığı, İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat.

Koren, Z. C. (2005). “The First Optimal All-Murex All-Natural Purple Dyeing in the Eastern Mediterranean in a Millennium and a Half”, Dyes in History and Archaeology 20, 136-149.

Kuhrt, A. (2013). Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu (MÖ 3000-300) Cilt II, Dilek Şendil (Çev.), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 3. Basım.

Lacerenza, G. (2021). “Fenikeliler ve Akdeniz’in Kolonileşmesi”, Antik Yakındoğu, U. Eco (Ed.), 3. Baskı, İstanbul: Alfa Tarih, 206-210.

Levi Della Vida, G. (1940). “A Phoenician Fragment from Rhodes”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 60(2), 260-264.

Lopez, J. A. Z. (2015). “Bronze and Metallurgy in Phoenician Sources”, Phoenician Bronzes in Mediterranean, J. Jiménez Ávila (Ed.), Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 29-45.

Lopez-Ruiz C. (2011). “Phoenicians”, The Homer Encyclopedia, Volume I, Margalit Finkelberg (Ed.), Blackwell Publishing, 659-661.

Markoe, G. & McGovern, P. E. (1990). “A Nation of Artisans”, Archaeology, Vol. 43, No. 2, 31-35.

Markoe, G. E. (2000). Phoenicians, London: British Museum Press.

Mazar, E., The Northern Cemetery of Akhziv (Tenth-Sixth Centuries BCE): The Tophet Site, 2 vols. CAM 19-20, Barcelona, 2009-2010.

McCarty, M. M. (2011). “Representations and the ‘Meaning’ of Ritual Change: The Case of Hadrumetum”, Ritual Dynamics in the Ancient Mediterranean: Agency, Emotion, Gender, Representation, Franz Steiner Verlag, 197-228.

Mellado, E. P. (2006). “Trade of Metals between Egypt and Other Countries from the Old until the New Kingdom”, Chronique d'Egypte, 81, 7-16.

Moscati, S. (2004). Fenikeliler, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.

Negbi, O. (1992). “Early Phoenician Presence in the Mediterranean Islands: A Reappraisal”, American Journal of Archaeology, 96(4), 599-615.

Nicolau Kormikiari M. C. (2019). “Who Were the Phoenicians? Or the Identity Crisis in the 21st Century Academy”, Fenicios, 5(2), 35-56.

Nigro, L. (2020). “Byblos, an ancient capital of the Levant”, La Revue Phenicienne. Phoenician Heritage Institute, 61-74.

Nitschke, J. L. (2013). “What is Phoenician about Phoenician Material Culture?”, Topoi Supp. 13, La Phénicie hell énistique Actes du colloque international de Toulouse, J. Aliquot & C. Bonnet (Eds.), 207-238.

Noureddine, İ. (2010). “New Light on the Phoenician Harbor at Tyre”, Near Eastern Archaeology, 73(2/3), 176-181.

Nowaszczuk, J. (2020). “A few remarks on the ancient history of the city of Hadrumetum”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI), 9(7), 66-77.

O’Bryhim, S. (2001). “An Oracular Scene from the Pozo Moro Funerary Monument”, NEA, 64(1/2), 67-70.

Onat, F. C. (2013). Çividen Mürekkebe: Hep Daha Fazlasını İstediler, İstanbul: Cinius Yayınları.

Orendi, A. & Deckers, K. (2018). “Agricultural resources on the coastal plain of Sidon during the Late Iron Age: archaeobotanical investigations at Phoenician Tell el-Burak, Lebanon”, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 27, 717-736.

Orsingher, A. (2016). “The Ceramic Repertoire of Motya: Origins and Development between the 8th and 6th Centuries BC”, Karthago Dialoge, F. Schön- H. Töpfe (Eds.), Tübingen, 283-314.

Osborne, R. (2003). “Doğal Boyalardan ve Pigmentlerden Elde Edilen Renklere İlişkin Latince Terimler”, Standart Dergisi, F. N. Ölmez (Çev.), 42(503), 46‐51.

Öztürk, N. (2012). Erzurum Müzesi Cam Eserleri.

Öztürk, Z. A. (2016). “Antik Çağın Işığında Helenistik Sanatın Sosyolojik İncelemesi”, Ulakbilge, 4(8), 299-324.

Pappa, E. (2020). “Greek magic on the Atlantic? Homeric potions and mystic cults beyond the Pillars of Herakles. New comparanda and new interpretations”, Romanitas-Revista de Estudos Grecolatinos, S. 15, 32-74.

Peckham, J. B. (1972). “The Nora Inscription”, Orientalia, 41, 457-468.

Piga, G. ve diğerleri (2020). “Woman and child: The singular testimony of a Punic tomb in the necropolis of Monte Sirai (Carbonia-Sardinia, Italy)”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 29, 1-11.

Pilkington, N. (2012). “A Note on Nora and the Nora Stone”, BASOR, 365, 45-51.

Porter, B. W. (2016). “Assembling the Iron Age Levant: The Archaeology of Communities, Polities, and Imperial Peripheries”, Journal of Archaeological Research, 24(4), 373-420.

Raban, A. & Kahanov Y. (2003). “Clay models of Phoenician vessels in the Hecht Museum at the University of Haifa, Israel”, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 32(1), 61-72.

Raban-Gerstel, N. ve diğerleri (2008). “Early Iron Age Dor (Israel): A Faunal Perspective”, BASOR, 349, 25-59.

Reece, K. (2005). The Phoenicians: Mysterious Sea Peaple (Ancient Civilizations), Rourke Pub Group Publishing.

Reese, D. S. (2010). “Shells from Sarepta (Lebanon) and East Mediterranean Purple-dye Production”, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 10. 1, 113-141.

Renzullia, A. ve diğerleri (2019). “Pantelleria Island as a centre of production for the Archaic Phoenician trade in basaltic millstones: New evidence recovered and sampled from a shipwreck off Gozo (Malta) and a terrestrial site at Cádiz (Spain)”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 24, 338-349.

Rollston, C. A. (2019). “Phoenicia and Phoenicians”, The World around the Old Testament, B. T. Arnold & B. A. Strawn (Eds.), Baker Publishing, 267-308.

Ruscillo, D. (2005). “Reconstructing Murex Royal Purple and Biblical Blue in the Aegean”, Eds. D. E. Bar -Y. Mayer, Archaemalacology Molluscs in Former Environments of Human Behaviour, Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology Oxford, 99-106.

Sader, H. (2019). The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia, Atlanta: SBL Press.

Sapir-Hen, L. ve diğerleri (2014). “Food, Economy, and Culture at Tel Dor, Israel: A Diachronic Study of Faunal Remains from 15 Centuries of Occupation”, BASOR, 371, 83-101.

Schmitz, P. C. (2002). “Reconsidering a Phoenician Inscribed Amulet from the Vicinity of Tyre”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 122(4), 817-823.

Schmitz, P. J. (2013). “Phoenician-Punic Religion”, The Cambridge History of Religions in the Ancient World, M. R. Salzman & M. A. Sweeney, Cambridge University Press (online), 205-233.

Sherratt, S. (2019). “Phoenicians in the Aegean and Aegean Silver, 11th-9th Centuries BC”, Les Phéniciens, Les Puniques Et Les Autres-Échanges et identités en Méditerranée ancienne, Orient &Méditerranée 31, L. Bonadies ve diğerleri (Eds.), 129-158.

Sherratt, S.-A. (1993). “The Growth of the Mediterranean Economy in the Early First Millennium BC”, World Archaeology, 24(3), 361-378.

Stieglitz, R. R. (1984). “Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 47 (3), 134-142.

Torelli, M. (2005). “Deniz Yolları İçin Savaş: İÖ 1000-300”, Tarih Boyunca Akdeniz Uygarlıkları, Yay. Haz. D. Abulafia, N. Elhüseyni (Çev.), İstanbul: Oğlak Yayıncılık ve Reklamcılık, 99-126.

Trendall, A. D. (1963-1964). “Archaeology in South Italy and Sicily, 1961-63”, Archaeological Reports, No. 10, 33-50.

Treumann-Watkins B. (1992). “Phoenicians in Spain”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 55(1), 28-35.

Tubb, J. N. (2003). “Phoenician Dance”, NEA, 66(3), 122-125.

Turri, L. (2021). “Metalürji Sanatı”, Antik Yakındoğu, Ed. U. Eco, 3. Baskı, İstanbul: Alfa Tarih, 360-368.

Üçler, R. K. (2022). “Erken Demir Çağı’ndan İtibaren (MÖ IX-VI. yüzyılda) Akdeniz’deki Fenike Kolonileşme Hareketleri”, Cedrus X, 47-67.

Vella, N. (2010). ““Phoenician” Metal Bowls: Boundary Objects in the Archaic Period”, Bolletino di Archeologia, 22-37.

Vonhoff, C. (2015). “Phoenician Bronzes in Cyprus”, Phoenician Bronzes in Mediterranean, ed. J. Jiménez Ávila, Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 269-294.

Waiman-Barak, P. ve diğerleri. (2017). “Iron Age Phoenician Pottery at Tel Achziv: Two Commercial Snapshots Based on Optical Mineralogy”, Rivista Di Studi Fenici XLV, Roma, 87-108.

Warne, R. L. (2000). Costume, New York: Dorling Kindersley.

Zernecke, A. E. (2013). “The Lady of the Titles: the Lady of Byblos and the Search for Her “True Name””, Die Welt des Orients, 43 (2), 226-242.